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Targeting DNA Methylation in Leukemia, Myelodysplastic Syndrome, and Lymphoma: A Potential Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Tool. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010633. [PMID: 36614080 PMCID: PMC9820560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation represents a crucial mechanism of epigenetic regulation in hematologic malignancies. The methylation process is controlled by specific DNA methyl transferases and other regulators, which are often affected by genetic alterations. Global hypomethylation and hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes are associated with hematologic cancer development and progression. Several epi-drugs have been successfully implicated in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, including the hypomethylating agents (HMAs) decitabine and azacytidine. However, combinations with other treatment modalities and the discovery of new molecules are still the subject of research to increase sensitivity to anti-cancer therapies and improve patient outcomes. In this review, we summarized the main functions of DNA methylation regulators and genetic events leading to changes in methylation landscapes. We provide current knowledge about target genes with aberrant methylation levels in leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes, and malignant lymphomas. Moreover, we provide an overview of the clinical trials, focused mainly on the combined therapy of HMAs with other treatments and its impact on adverse events, treatment efficacy, and survival rates among hematologic cancer patients. In the era of precision medicine, a transition from genes to their regulation opens up the possibility of an epigenetic-based approach as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tool.
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Behzad MM, Shahrabi S, Jaseb K, Bertacchini J, Ketabchi N, Saki N. Aberrant DNA Methylation in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Cell Fate Control, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Response. Biochem Genet 2018; 56:149-175. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-018-9841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Sobieszkoda D, Czech J, Gablo N, Kopanska M, Tabarkiewicz J, Kolacinska A, Robak T, Zawlik I. MGMT promoter methylation as a potential prognostic marker for acute leukemia. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:1433-1441. [PMID: 29181075 PMCID: PMC5701700 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.71067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been proved that genetic and epigenetic changes play a significant role in the development and progression of acute leukemia. The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequency and prognostic implications of genetic and epigenetic alterations in p15, MGMT, DNMT3A and TP53 genes in acute leukemias. MATERIAL AND METHODS We included in the study 59 patients with acute leukemia. Evaluation of TP53 and DNMT3A mutations was performed using sequencing analysis and PCR-RFLP, respectively. Methylation status of MGMT and p15 genes was evaluated using MSP and COBRA, respectively. For assessment of global DNA methylation ELISA-based kit was used. RESULTS We found that overall survival was higher for ALL patients. MGMT promoter methylation was significantly associated with patients age at the time of diagnosis (p = 0.03). TP53 and DNMT3A mutations were observed only in AML patients (16.67% and 8.8%, respectively). Patients with acute leukemia and p15 promoter methylation had significantly more frequently mutated TP53 gene (p = 0.04) and AML patients with p15 promoter methylation had significantly more frequently detected global hypomethylation of DNA (p = 0.009). In the group of ALL patients we noted an opposite trend: only patients negative for p15 promoter methylation were characterized by global DNA hypomethylation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that MGMT promoter methylation can have a considerable impact on the development of acute leukemia in older patients. DNMT3A and TP53 mutations may play a significant role in AML development. However, further studies conducted in a larger cohort of patients are needed to determine its clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Sobieszkoda
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Joanna Czech
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Chair of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Natalia Gablo
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Chair of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Marta Kopanska
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Chair of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Jacek Tabarkiewicz
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Chair of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolacinska
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Center, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Izabela Zawlik
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Chair of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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DNA Methylation Events as Markers for Diagnosis and Management of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:5472893. [PMID: 29038614 PMCID: PMC5606093 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5472893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
During the onset and progression of hematological malignancies, many changes occur in cellular epigenome, such as hypo- or hypermethylation of CpG islands in promoter regions. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that regulates gene expression and is a key event for tumorigenesis. The continuous search for biomarkers that signal early disease, indicate prognosis, and act as therapeutic targets has led to studies investigating the role of DNA in cancer onset and progression. This review focuses on DNA methylation changes as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, response to treatment, and early toxicity in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Here, we report that distinct changes in DNA methylation may alter gene function and drive malignant cellular transformation during several stages of leukemogenesis. Most of these modifications occur at an early stage of disease and may predict myeloid/lymphoid transformation or response to therapy, which justifies its use as a biomarker for disease onset and progression. Methylation patterns, or its dynamic change during treatment, may also be used as markers for patient stratification, disease prognosis, and response to treatment. Further investigations of methylation modifications as therapeutic biomarkers, which may correlate with therapeutic response and/or predict treatment toxicity, are still warranted.
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Hong Q, Chen X, Ye H, Zhou A, Gao Y, Jiang D, Wu X, Tian B, Chen Y, Wang M, Xie J, Xia Y, Duan S. Association between the methylation status of the MGMT promoter in bone marrow specimens and chemotherapy outcomes of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2851-2856. [PMID: 27073563 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene is a tumor suppressor gene that is associated with the risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the association between the methylation status of the MGMT promoter and the chemotherapeutic outcomes of patients with AML remains unknown. In the present study, 30 bone marrow samples derived from patients with AML were collected prior and subsequent to chemotherapy. The methylation status of the MGMT promoter in the bone marrow specimens was determined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that the methylation status of the MGMT promoter was influenced by different chemotherapeutic regimens. The MGMT methylation status of M4 patients (3 out of 6) were more chemosensitive, compared with that of patients with other AML subtypes (M1, 1 out of 3; M2, 0 out of 8; M3, 3 out of 7; M5, 0 out of 3; and M6, 1 out of 3). Age-based analysis revealed that the group aged ≤60 years (7 out of 24 patients) exhibited more methylation changes than patients aged >60 years (1 out of 6). Male patients (4 out of 13) were more susceptible to chemotherapy-induced methylation changes than female patients (4 out of 17). Thus, the methylation status of the MGMT promoter may serve as a potential biomarker to predict the therapeutic outcomes in male AML patients. However, further studies in larger sample sets are required to confirm the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiao Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Huadan Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Annan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Danjie Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Department of Hematology, Yuyao People's Hospital, Yuyao, Zhejiang 315400, P.R. China
| | - Bingru Tian
- Department of Hematology, Yuyao People's Hospital, Yuyao, Zhejiang 315400, P.R. China
| | - Youfen Chen
- Department of Hematology, Yuyao People's Hospital, Yuyao, Zhejiang 315400, P.R. China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Hematology, Yuyao People's Hospital, Yuyao, Zhejiang 315400, P.R. China
| | - Jiping Xie
- Department of Hematology, Yuyao People's Hospital, Yuyao, Zhejiang 315400, P.R. China
| | - Yongming Xia
- Department of Hematology, Yuyao People's Hospital, Yuyao, Zhejiang 315400, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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Verma M. The Role of Epigenomics in the Study of Cancer Biomarkers and in the Development of Diagnostic Tools. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 867:59-80. [PMID: 26530360 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics plays a key role in cancer development. Genetics alone cannot explain sporadic cancer and cancer development in individuals with no family history or a weak family history of cancer. Epigenetics provides a mechanism to explain the development of cancer in such situations. Alterations in epigenetic profiling may provide important insights into the etiology and natural history of cancer. Because several epigenetic changes occur before histopathological changes, they can serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and risk assessment. Many cancers may remain asymptomatic until relatively late stages; in managing the disease, efforts should be focused on early detection, accurate prediction of disease progression, and frequent monitoring. This chapter describes epigenetic biomarkers as they are expressed during cancer development and their potential use in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Based on epigenomic information, biomarkers have been identified that may serve as diagnostic tools; some such biomarkers also may be useful in identifying individuals who will respond to therapy and survive longer. The importance of analytical and clinical validation of biomarkers is discussed, along with challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Suite# 4E102. 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9763, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9726, USA.
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Bodoor K, Haddad Y, Alkhateeb A, Al-Abbadi A, Dowairi M, Magableh A, Bsoul N, Ghabkari A. DNA hypermethylation of cell cycle (p15 and p16) and apoptotic (p14, p53, DAPK and TMS1) genes in peripheral blood of leukemia patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:75-84. [PMID: 24528084 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation of tumor suppressor genes has been reported in all major types of leukemia with potential involvement in the inactivation of regulatory cell cycle and apoptosis genes. However, most of the previous reports did not show the extent of concurrent methylation of multiple genes in the four leukemia types. Here, we analyzed six key genes (p14, p15, p16, p53, DAPK and TMS1) for DNA methylation using methylation specific PCR to analyze peripheral blood of 78 leukemia patients (24 CML, 25 CLL, 12 AML, and 17 ALL) and 24 healthy volunteers. In CML, methylation was detected for p15 (11%), p16 (9%), p53 (23%) and DAPK (23%), in CLL, p14 (25%), p15 (19%), p16 (12%), p53 (17%) and DAPK (36%), in AML, p14 (8%), p15 (45%), p53 (9%) and DAPK (17%) and in ALL, p15 (14%), p16 (8%), and p53 (8%). This study highlighted an essential role of DAPK methylation in chronic leukemia in contrast to p15 methylation in the acute cases, whereas TMS1 hypermethylation was absent in all cases. Furthermore, hypermethylation of multiple genes per patient was observed, with obvious selectiveness in the 9p21 chromosomal region genes (p14, p15 and p16). Interestingly, methylation of p15 increased the risk of methylation in p53, and vice versa, by five folds (p=0.03) indicating possible synergistic epigenetic disruption of different phases of the cell cycle or between the cell cycle and apoptosis. The investigation of multiple relationships between methylated genes might shed light on tumor specific inactivation of the cell cycle and apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaldon Bodoor
- Department of Biology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan E-mail :
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Wertheim GBW, Smith C, Figueroa ME, Kalos M, Bagg A, Carroll M, Master SR. Microsphere-based multiplex analysis of DNA methylation in acute myeloid leukemia. J Mol Diagn 2013; 16:207-15. [PMID: 24373919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant regulation of DNA methylation is characteristic of cancer cells and clearly influences phenotypes of various malignancies. Despite clear correlations between DNA methylation and patient outcome, tests that directly measure multiple-locus DNA methylation are typically expensive and technically challenging. Previous studies have demonstrated that the prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukemia can be predicted by the DNA methylation pattern of 18 loci. We have developed a novel strategy, termed microsphere HpaII tiny fragment enrichment by ligation-mediated PCR (MELP), to simultaneously analyze the DNA methylation pattern at these loci using methylation-specific DNA digestion, fluorescently labeled microspheres, and branched DNA hybridization. The method uses techniques that are inexpensive and easily performed in a molecular laboratory. MELP accurately reflects the methylation levels at each locus analyzed and segregates patients with acute myeloid leukemia into prognostic subgroups. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of MELP as a platform for simultaneous evaluation of DNA methylation of multiple loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald B W Wertheim
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Catherine Smith
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria E Figueroa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael Kalos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Abramson Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam Bagg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin Carroll
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen R Master
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Krajnović M, Radojković M, Davidović R, Dimitrijević B, Krtolica K. Prognostic significance of epigenetic inactivation of p16, p15, MGMT and DAPK genes in follicular lymphoma. Med Oncol 2012; 30:441. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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