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Aumann WK, Kazi R, Harrington AM, Wechsler DS. Novel-and Not So Novel-Inhibitors of the Multifunctional CRM1 Protein. Oncol Rev 2024; 18:1427497. [PMID: 39161560 PMCID: PMC11330842 DOI: 10.3389/or.2024.1427497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromosome Region Maintenance 1 (CRM1), also known as Exportin 1 (XPO1), is a protein that is critical for transport of proteins and RNA to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex. CRM1 inhibition with small molecule inhibitors is currently being studied in many cancers, including leukemias, solid organ malignancies and brain tumors. We review the structure of CRM1, its role in nuclear export, the current availability of CRM1 inhibitors, and the role of CRM1 in a number of distinct cellular processes. A deeper understanding of how CRM1 functions in nuclear export as well as other cellular processes may allow for the development of additional novel CRM1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waitman K. Aumann
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rafi Kazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Amanda M. Harrington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Daniel S. Wechsler
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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2
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Schütt J, Brinkert K, Plis A, Schenk T, Brioli A. Unraveling the complexity of drug resistance mechanisms to SINE, T cell-engaging therapies and CELMoDs in multiple myeloma: a comprehensive review. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2024; 7:26. [PMID: 39050883 PMCID: PMC11267153 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2024.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the understanding of multiple myeloma (MM) biology and the development of novel treatment strategies in the last two decades, MM is still an incurable disease. Novel drugs with alternative mechanisms of action, such as selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE), modulators of the ubiquitin pathway [cereblon E3 ligase modulatory drugs (CELMoDs)], and T cell redirecting (TCR) therapy, have led to significant improvement in patient outcomes. However, resistance still emerges, posing a major problem for the treatment of myeloma patients. This review summarizes current data on treatment with SINE, TCR therapy, and CELMoDs and explores their mechanism of resistance. Understanding these resistance mechanisms is critical for developing strategies to overcome treatment failure and improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Schütt
- Clinic for Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem cell transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Kerstin Brinkert
- Clinic for Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem cell transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Andrzej Plis
- Clinic for Internal Medicine C, Hematology and Oncology, Greifswald University Medicine, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Tino Schenk
- Clinic of Internal Medicine 2, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07741, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, CMB, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07741, Germany
| | - Annamaria Brioli
- Clinic for Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem cell transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Clinic for Internal Medicine C, Hematology and Oncology, Greifswald University Medicine, Greifswald 17489, Germany
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3
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Andrés CMC, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Bustamante Munguira E, Andrés Juan C, Pérez-Lebeña E. Michael Acceptors as Anti-Cancer Compounds: Coincidence or Causality? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6099. [PMID: 38892287 PMCID: PMC11172677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Michael acceptors represent a class of compounds with potential anti-cancer properties. They act by binding to nucleophilic sites in biological molecules, thereby disrupting cancer cell function and inducing cell death. This mode of action, as well as their ability to be modified and targeted, makes them a promising avenue for advancing cancer therapy. We are investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying Michael acceptors and their interactions with cancer cells, in particular their ability to interfere with cellular processes and induce apoptosis. The anti-cancer properties of Michael acceptors are not accidental but are due to their chemical structure and reactivity. The electrophilic nature of these compounds allows them to selectively target nucleophilic residues on disease-associated proteins, resulting in significant therapeutic benefits and minimal toxicity in various diseases. This opens up new perspectives for the development of more effective and precise cancer drugs. Nevertheless, further studies are essential to fully understand the impact of our discoveries and translate them into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra
- Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, 3, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Celia Andrés Juan
- Cinquima Institute and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Valladolid University, Paseo de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Lai C, Xu L, Dai S. The nuclear export protein exportin-1 in solid malignant tumours: From biology to clinical trials. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1684. [PMID: 38783482 PMCID: PMC11116501 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exportin-1 (XPO1), a crucial protein regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic transport, is frequently overexpressed in various cancers, driving tumor progression and drug resistance. This makes XPO1 an attractive therapeutic target. Over the past few decades, the number of available nuclear export-selective inhibitors has been increasing. Only KPT-330 (selinexor) has been successfully used for treating haematological malignancies, and KPT-8602 (eltanexor) has been used for treating haematologic tumours in clinical trials. However, the use of nuclear export-selective inhibitors for the inhibition of XPO1 expression has yet to be thoroughly investigated in clinical studies and therapeutic outcomes for solid tumours. METHODS We collected numerous literatures to explain the efficacy of XPO1 Inhibitors in preclinical and clinical studies of a wide range of solid tumours. RESULTS In this review, we focus on the nuclear export function of XPO1 and results from clinical trials of its inhibitors in solid malignant tumours. We summarized the mechanism of action and therapeutic potential of XPO1 inhibitors, as well as adverse effects and response biomarkers. CONCLUSION XPO1 inhibition has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy in the fight against cancer, offering a novel approach to targeting tumorigenic processes and overcoming drug resistance. SINE compounds have demonstrated efficacy in a wide range of solid tumours, and ongoing research is focused on optimizing their use, identifying response biomarkers, and developing effective combination therapies. KEY POINTS Exportin-1 (XPO1) plays a critical role in mediating nucleocytoplasmic transport and cell cycle. XPO1 dysfunction promotes tumourigenesis and drug resistance within solid tumours. The therapeutic potential and ongoing researches on XPO1 inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumours. Additional researches are essential to address safety concerns and identify biomarkers for predicting patient response to XPO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxi Lai
- Department of Colorectal SurgerySir Run Run Shaw HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Lingna Xu
- Department of Colorectal SurgerySir Run Run Shaw HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Sheng Dai
- Department of Colorectal SurgerySir Run Run Shaw HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
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5
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Huang Q, Zhao R, Xu L, Hao X, Tao S. Treatment of multiple myeloma with selinexor: a review. Ther Adv Hematol 2024; 15:20406207231219442. [PMID: 38186637 PMCID: PMC10771077 DOI: 10.1177/20406207231219442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, breakthroughs in accessible therapies for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) have been made. Nevertheless, patients with MM resistant to immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies have a very poor outcome. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new drugs for the treatment of MM. This review summarizes the mechanism of action of selinexor, relevant primary clinical trials, and recent developments in both patients with relapsed/refractory myeloma and patients with newly diagnosed myeloma. Selinexor may be useful for the treatment of refractory MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlei Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Ranran Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Xinbao Hao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Shi Tao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center, 31 Longhua Road, Haikou 570102, China
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Newell S, van der Watt PJ, Leaner VD. Therapeutic targeting of nuclear export and import receptors in cancer and their potential in combination chemotherapy. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:4-25. [PMID: 37623925 PMCID: PMC10952567 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Systemic modalities are crucial in the management of disseminated malignancies and liquid tumours. However, patient responses and tolerability to treatment are generally poor and those that enter remission often return with refractory disease. Combination therapies provide a methodology to overcome chemoresistance mechanisms and address dose-limiting toxicities. A deeper understanding of tumorigenic processes at the molecular level has brought a targeted therapy approach to the forefront of cancer research, and novel cancer biomarkers are being identified at a rapid rate, with some showing potential therapeutic benefits. The Karyopherin superfamily of proteins is soluble receptors that mediate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of proteins and RNAs, and recently, nuclear transport receptors have been recognized as novel anticancer targets. Inhibitors against nuclear export have been approved for clinical use against certain cancer types, whereas inhibitors against nuclear import are in preclinical stages of investigation. Mechanistically, targeting nucleocytoplasmic shuttling has shown to abrogate oncogenic signalling and restore tumour suppressor functions through nuclear sequestration of relevant proteins and mRNAs. Hence, nuclear transport inhibitors display broad spectrum anticancer activity and harbour potential to engage in synergistic interactions with a wide array of cytotoxic agents and other targeted agents. This review is focussed on the most researched nuclear transport receptors in the context of cancer, XPO1 and KPNB1, and highlights how inhibitors targeting these receptors can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of standard of care therapies and novel targeted agents in a combination therapy approach. Furthermore, an updated review on the therapeutic targeting of lesser characterized karyopherin proteins is provided and resistance to clinically approved nuclear export inhibitors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Newell
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Pauline J. van der Watt
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Virna D. Leaner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- UCT/SAMRC Gynaecological Cancer Research CentreUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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ÖZDAŞ T, ÖZDAŞ S, CANATAR İ, ÇOŞKUN E, ŞENYURT EB, GÖRGÜLÜ O. CRM1 expression: association with high prognostic value in laryngeal cancer. Turk J Med Sci 2023; 53:909-923. [PMID: 38031942 PMCID: PMC10760544 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laryngeal cancer is a very common malignant tumor of the head and neck. While laryngeal cancer does not show any obvious early symptoms, it tends to have a poor prognosis in advanced clinical stages. Chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) mediates the nuclear export of some RNAs, major and tumor suppressor proteins and has been associated with the pathogenesis of many tumors. However, the clinicopathological significance of CRM1 gene expression in laryngeal cancer has not been clarified yet. Therefore, this study aims to detect the expression of CRM1 in laryngeal cancer and to investigate its relationship with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. METHODS CRM1 expression in matched tumor and normal tissues obtained from 43 laryngeal cancer patients were evaluated intracellular for protein and mRNA levels by immunohistochemical staining (IHC), western-blot, and quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), respectively. RESULTS IHC, western-blot, and qRT-PCR analyses showed that CRM1 expression was significantly increased in laryngeal cancer tissue compared to normal tissue. Increased expression of CRM1 has been associated with poor prognostic clinicopathological features, including advanced tumor stage, increased tumor invasion, larger tumor size, positive lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and invasive histological type by IHC, western-blot, and qRT-PCR. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with high expression of CRM1 exhibited lower overall survival compared to those with low expression (Log-rank = 7.16, p = 0.007). According to the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets, elevated CRM1 expression in head and neck cancer including cases of squamous cell laryngeal origin is associated with advanced tumor stage and histological grade (p > 0.05, for all). DISCUSSION Consequently, CRM1 plays an important role in laryngeal cancer and may serve as an indicator and prognostic factor for poor overall survival in laryngeal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talih ÖZDAŞ
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Health Science University, Adana,
Turkiye
| | - Sibel ÖZDAŞ
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, Adana,
Turkiye
| | - İpek CANATAR
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, Adana,
Turkiye
| | - Erdal ÇOŞKUN
- Genomics Team, Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA,
USA
| | - Elif Burcu ŞENYURT
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Health Science University, Adana,
Turkiye
| | - Orhan GÖRGÜLÜ
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Health Science University, Adana,
Turkiye
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8
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Xu J, Wu S, Li G. Selective nuclear export inhibitor KPT‑330 enhances the radiosensitivity of esophageal carcinoma cells. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:326. [PMID: 37346402 PMCID: PMC10280315 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the concurrent application of definitive chemoradiation has improved the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer, resistance to therapy poses a major threat to treatment. The present study aimed to investigate whether the use of KPT-330, a selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE), enhances the radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer cells. Immunohistochemical staining assays were employed to evaluate the expression and prognostic significance of chromosome maintenance protein-1 (CRM1) in 111 esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) tissues collected from patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The data showed that the expression of CRM1 in the ESCA tissues was significantly upregulated compared with that in the normal adjacent tissues. Furthermore, patients with higher CRM1 expression had significantly decreased overall survival compared with those with lower CRM1 expression. The effects of KPT-330 and/or radiation on ECA109 human ESCA cells were also evaluated. KPT-330 suppressed the viability of the ECA109 cells. A colony formation assay demonstrated that a combination of KPT-330 and radiation significantly decreased ECA109 cell proliferation. Flow cytometric analysis showed that KPT-330 increased the arrest of the ECA109 cells at the G2/M phase and induced apoptosis. In addition, western blotting revealed that the inhibitory effect of KPT-330 on cell viability was associated with the increased expression of p53 and promotion of the nuclear accumulation of the p53 protein. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that CRM1 expression is associated with the prognosis of patients with ESCA following radiotherapy. The inhibition of CRM1 expression by the SINE inhibitor KPT-330 increases radiosensitivity and is potentially useful in a combination treatment strategy for esophageal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shan Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Tan Y, Chen G, He RQ, Huang ZG, Dang YW, Luo JY, Huang WY, Huang SN, Liu R, Feng ZB. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of XPO1 in solid tumors: meta-analysis and TCGA analysis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:607-618. [PMID: 37335774 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2224505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exportin 1 (XPO1) is overexpressed in several solid tumors, and is associated with poor prognosis. Here, we aimed to evaluate the implication of XPO1 expression in solid tumors through a meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched for articles published until February 2023. Statistical data of the patients, odds ratios and hazard ratios (HRs), together with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to assess clinicopathological features and survival outcomes. Besides, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used to explore the prognostic significance of XPO1 in solid tumors. RESULTS A total of 22 works, comprising 2595 patients were included in this study. The results suggested that increased XPO1 expression was associated with a higher tumor grade, more lymph node metastasis, advanced tumor stage, and progressively worse total clinical stage. Additionally, high XPO1 expression was associated with worse overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.12-1.81, P = 0.004) and shorter progression-free survival (HR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.07-1.84, P = 0.01). An analysis using the TCGA dataset showed that high XPO1 expression was associated with poor OS and disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS XPO1 is a promising prognostic biomarker and may constitute a therapeutic target for solid tumors.PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023399159.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rong-Quan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yi-Wu Dang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jia-Yuan Luo
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wan-Ying Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Su-Ning Huang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Run Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhen-Bo Feng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Udi Y, Zhang W, Stein ME, Ricardo-Lax I, Pasolli HA, Chait BT, Rout MP. A general method for quantitative fractionation of mammalian cells. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213941. [PMID: 36920247 PMCID: PMC10040634 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcellular fractionation in combination with mass spectrometry-based proteomics is a powerful tool to study localization of key proteins in health and disease. Here we offered a reliable and rapid method for mammalian cell fractionation, tuned for such proteomic analyses. This method proves readily applicable to different cell lines in which all the cellular contents are accounted for, while maintaining nuclear and nuclear envelope integrity. We demonstrated the method's utility by quantifying the effects of a nuclear export inhibitor on nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Udi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenzhu Zhang
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Milana E Stein
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Inna Ricardo-Lax
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Hilda A Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael P Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
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11
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Enhancement of MDM2 Inhibitory Effects through Blocking Nuclear Export Mechanisms in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Cancer Genet 2022; 266-267:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Kumar AV, Kang T, Thakurta TG, Ng C, Rogers AN, Larsen MR, Lapierre LR. Exportin 1 modulates life span by regulating nucleolar dynamics via the autophagy protein LGG-1/GABARAP. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj1604. [PMID: 35363528 PMCID: PMC10938577 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Altered nucleolar and ribosomal dynamics are key hallmarks of aging, but their regulation remains unclear. Building on the knowledge that the conserved nuclear export receptor Exportin 1 (XPO-1/XPO1) modulates proteostasis and life span, we systematically analyzed the impact of nuclear export on protein metabolism. Using transcriptomic and subcellular proteomic analyses in nematodes, we demonstrate that XPO-1 modulates the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of key proteins involved in nucleolar dynamics and ribosome function, including fibrillarin (FIB-1/FBL) and RPL-11 (RPL11). Silencing xpo-1 led to marked reduction in global translation, which was accompanied by decreased nucleolar size and lower fibrillarin levels. A targeted screen of known proteostatic mediators revealed that the autophagy protein LGG-1/GABARAP modulates nucleolar size by regulating RPL-11 levels, linking specific protein degradation to ribosome metabolism. Together, our study reveals that nucleolar size and life span are regulated by LGG-1/GABARAP via ribosome protein surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita V. Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Taewook Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tara G. Thakurta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Celeste Ng
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Aric N. Rogers
- MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd., Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA
| | - Martin R. Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Louis R. Lapierre
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Kim E, Mordovkina DA, Sorokin A. Targeting XPO1-Dependent Nuclear Export in Cancer. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:S178-S70. [PMID: 35501995 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922140140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules is tightly regulated in eukaryotic cells. XPO1 is a transport factor responsible for the nuclear export of several hundred protein and RNA substrates. Elevated levels of XPO1 and recurrent mutations have been reported in multiple cancers and linked to advanced disease stage and poor survival. In recent years, several novel small-molecule inhibitors of XPO1 were developed and extensively tested in preclinical cancer models and eventually in clinical trials. In this brief review, we summarize the functions of XPO1, its role in cancer, and the latest results of clinical trials of XPO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kim
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Daria A Mordovkina
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Alexey Sorokin
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Galinski B, Alexander TB, Mitchell DA, Chatwin HV, Awah C, Green AL, Weiser DA. Therapeutic Targeting of Exportin-1 in Childhood Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6161. [PMID: 34944778 PMCID: PMC8699059 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Exportin-1 (XPO1), a key regulator of nuclear-to-cytoplasmic transport, is associated with inferior patient outcomes across a range of adult malignancies. Targeting XPO1 with selinexor has demonstrated promising results in clinical trials, leading to FDA approval of its use for multiple relapsed/refractory cancers. However, XPO1 biology and selinexor sensitivity in childhood cancer is only recently being explored. In this review, we will focus on the differential biology of childhood and adult cancers as it relates to XPO1 and key cargo proteins. We will further explore the current state of pre-clinical and clinical development of XPO1 inhibitors in childhood cancers. Finally, we will outline potentially promising future therapeutic strategies for, as well as potential challenges to, integrating XPO1 inhibition to improve outcomes for children with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basia Galinski
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.G.); (D.A.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Thomas B. Alexander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Daniel A. Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.G.); (D.A.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Hannah V. Chatwin
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Chidiebere Awah
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.G.); (D.A.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Adam L. Green
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Daniel A. Weiser
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (B.G.); (D.A.M.); (C.A.)
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15
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Passirani C, Vessières A, La Regina G, Link W, Silvestri R. Modulating undruggable targets to overcome cancer therapy resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 60:100788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells with a clinical course characterized by multiple relapses and treatment refractoriness. While recent treatment advancements have extended overall survival (OS), refractory MM has a poor prognosis, with a median OS of between 4 and 6 months. Nuclear export inhibition, specifically inhibition of CRM1/XPO1, is an emerging novel treatment modality that has shown promise in treatment-refractory MM. Initially discovered in yeast in 1983, early clinical applications were met with significant toxicities that limited their utility. The creation of small molecule inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) has improved on toxicity limitations and has led to investigation in a number of malignancies at the preclinical and clinical stages. Preclinical studies of SINEs in MM have shown that these molecules are cytotoxic to myeloma cells, play a role in therapy resensitization, and suggest a role in limiting bone disease progression. In July 2019, selinexor became the first nuclear export inhibitor approved for use in relapsed/refractory MM based on the STORM trial. As of May 2020, there were eight ongoing trials combining selinexor with standard treatment regimens in relapsed/refractory MM. Eltanexor, a second-generation SINE, is also under investigation and has shown preliminary signs of efficacy in an early clinical trial while potentially having an improved toxicity profile compared with selinexor. Results in ongoing trials will help further define the role of SINEs in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Lancman
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1185, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ajai Chari
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1185, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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17
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Galinski B, Luxemburg M, Landesman Y, Pawel B, Johnson KJ, Master SR, Freeman KW, Loeb DM, Hébert JM, Weiser DA. XPO1 inhibition with selinexor synergizes with proteasome inhibition in neuroblastoma by targeting nuclear export of IkB. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101114. [PMID: 33975179 PMCID: PMC8131731 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
XPO1 is overabundant in high-risk neuroblastoma and correlates with poor survival. Neuroblastoma cells are sensitive to XPO1 inhibition with selinexor. Use of selinexor results in nuclear retention of IkB, diminishing NF-kB activity. Selinexor and bortezomib act synergistically through promotion of apoptosis. Synergy is mediated in part, through IkB regulation of NF-kB activity.
Across many cancer types in adults, upregulation of the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic transport protein Exportin-1 (XPO1) correlates with poor outcome and responsiveness to selinexor, an FDA-approved XPO1 inhibitor. Similar data are emerging in childhood cancers, for which selinexor is being evaluated in early phase clinical studies. Using proteomic profiling of primary tumor material from patients with high-risk neuroblastoma, as well as gene expression profiling from independent cohorts, we have demonstrated that XPO1 overexpression correlates with poor patient prognosis. Neuroblastoma cell lines are also sensitive to selinexor in the low nanomolar range. Based on these findings and knowledge that bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, blocks degradation of XPO1 cargo proteins, we hypothesized that combination treatment with selinexor and bortezomib would synergistically inhibit neuroblastoma cellular proliferation. We observed that selinexor promoted nuclear retention of IkB and that bortezomib augmented the ability of selinexor to induce cell-cycle arrest and cell death by apoptosis. This synergy was abrogated through siRNA knockdown of IkB. The synergistic effect of combining selinexor and bortezomib in vitro provides rationale for further investigation of this combination treatment for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basia Galinski
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Ullmann 813 Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| | - Marcus Luxemburg
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Ullmann 813 Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | | | - Bruce Pawel
- Clinical Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, United States
| | - Katherine J Johnson
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Stephen R Master
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kevin W Freeman
- Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, United States
| | - David M Loeb
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States
| | - Jean M Hébert
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Ullmann 813 Bronx, NY 10461, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States
| | - Daniel A Weiser
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Ullmann 813 Bronx, NY 10461, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States
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18
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Breitbach JT, Louke DS, Tobin SJ, Watts MR, Davies AE, Fenger JM. The selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) verdinexor exhibits biologic activity against canine osteosarcoma cell lines. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:362-373. [PMID: 33438820 PMCID: PMC8248106 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Verdinexor (KPT-335) is a novel orally bioavailable selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) compound that inhibits the function of the nuclear export protein Exportin 1 (XPO1/CRM1). In the present study, we sought to characterize the expression of XPO1 in primary canine osteosarcoma (OS) tumour samples, OS cell lines and normal osteoblasts and evaluate the in vitro activity of verdinexor alone or in combination with doxorubicin. Canine OS cell lines and a subset of primary OS tumours showed increased XPO1 transcript and protein expression as compared with normal canine osteoblast cells. All canine OS cell lines exhibited dose-dependent growth inhibition and increased caspase 3,7 activity in response to low nanomolar concentrations of verdinexor (IC50 concentrations ranging from 21 to 74 nM). Notably, growth inhibition of normal canine osteoblast cell lines treated with verdinexor was observed at high micromolar concentrations (IC50 = 21 μM). The combination of verdinexor and doxorubicin resulted in potent inhibition of cell viability and demonstrated synergetic activity in three canine OS cell lines. Concordantly, OS cell lines showed increased γH2A.X foci following treatment with doxorubicin and recovery in verdinexor compared with cells treated with doxorubicin and recovered in normal media for 24 hours. These findings demonstrate that verdinexor has biologic activity against canine OS cell lines at physiologically relevant doses and suggest that XPO1 inhibition in combination with standard doxorubicin treatment offers promising potential for chemotherapeutic intervention in canine OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Breitbach
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Darian S Louke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Savannah J Tobin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mauria R Watts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexander E Davies
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joelle M Fenger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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19
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Xu HW, Jia S, Liu M, Li X, Meng X, Wu X, Yu L, Wang M, Jin CY. A low toxic CRM1 degrader: Synthesis and anti-proliferation on MGC803 and HGC27. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112708. [PMID: 32810752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) is the sole nuclear exporter of several tumor suppressor, a growth regulatory protein as an attractive cancer drug target. In the present work, a novel CRM1 degrader was discovered from newly synthesized α, β-unsaturated-δ-lactone based on a natural product Goniothalamin. It induces apoptosis of both MGC803 and HGC27 cell lines via degrading CRM1. Selective inhibition was observed for the proliferation of gastric cancer cell lines MGC803, HGC27 comparing to Human Gastric Mucosal Epithelial Cell Line (GES1). For the first time, CRM1 inhibitor or degrader inducing apoptosis in gastric carcinoma was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Drug Preparation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, KeXueDaDao, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Shilong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Drug Preparation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mengbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Drug Preparation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Drug Preparation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xia Meng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Drug Preparation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Drug Preparation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Drug Preparation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Menglin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Drug Preparation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Cheng-Yun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Drug Preparation, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, KeXueDaDao, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, PR China.
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20
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Wu S, Qiao Q, Li G. A Radiosensitivity Gene Signature and XPO1 Predict Clinical Outcomes for Glioma Patients. Front Oncol 2020; 10:871. [PMID: 32612949 PMCID: PMC7308508 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Glioma is the most common and fatal primary brain tumor that has a high risk of recurrence in adults. Identification of predictive biomarkers is necessary to optimize therapeutic strategies. This study investigated the predictive efficacy of a previously identified radiosensitivity signature as well as Exportin 1 (XPO1) expression levels. Methods: A total of 1,552 patients diagnosed with glioma were analyzed using the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases. The radiosensitive and radioresistant groups were identified based on a radiosensitivity signature. Patients were also stratified into XPO1-high and XPO1-low groups based on XPO1 mRNA expression levels. Overall survival rates were compared across patient groups. Differential gene expression was detected and analyzed through pathway enrichment and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). To predict 1-, 3-, and 5-years survival rates for glioma patients, a nomogram was established combining the radiosensitivity gene signature, XPO1 status, and clinical characteristics. An artificial intelligence clustering system and a survival prediction system of glioma were developed to predict individual risk. Results: This proposed classification based on a radiosensitivity gene signature and XPO1 expression levels provides an independent prognostic factor for glioma. The RR-XPO1-high group shows a poor prognosis and may benefit most from radiotherapy-combined anti-XPO1 treatment. The nomogram based on the radiosensitivity gene signature, XPO1 expression, and clinical characteristics performs more optimally compared to the WHO classification and IDH status in predicting survival rates for glioma patients. The online clustering and prediction systems make it accessible to predict risk and optimize treatment for a special patient. The cell cycle, p53, and focal adhesion pathways are associated with more invasive glioma cases. Conclusion: Combining the radiosensitivity signature and XPO1 expression is a favorable approach to predict outcomes as well as determine optimal therapeutic strategies for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiao Qiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Ferreira BI, Cautain B, Grenho I, Link W. Small Molecule Inhibitors of CRM1. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:625. [PMID: 32574233 PMCID: PMC7221118 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport through the nuclear pore complex is used by cancer cells to evade tumor-suppressive mechanisms. Several tumor-suppressors have been shown to be excluded from the cell nucleus in cancer cells by the nuclear export receptor CRM1 and abnormal expression of CRM1 is oncogenic. Inhibition of CRM1 has long been postulated as potential approach for the treatment of cancer and to overcome therapy resistance. Furthermore, the nuclear export of viral components mediated by the CRM1 is crucial in various stages of the viral lifecycle and assembly of many viruses from diverse families, including coronavirus. However, the first nuclear export inhibitors failed or never entered into clinical trials. More recently CRM1 reemerged as a cancer target and a successful proof of concept was achieved with the clinical approval of Selinexor. The chemical complexity of natural products is a promising perspective for the discovery of new nuclear export inhibitors with a favorable toxicity profile. Several screening campaigns have been performed and several natural product-based nuclear export inhibitors have been identified. With this review we give an overview over the role of CRM1-mediated nuclear export in cancer and the effort made to identify and develop nuclear export inhibitors in particular from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana I Ferreira
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Bastien Cautain
- Fundacion MEDINA Parque tecnológico ciencias de la salud, Granada, Spain.,Evotec France, Toulouse, France
| | - Inês Grenho
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Wolfgang Link
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Fan Z, Pei R, Sha K, Chen L, Wang T, Lu Y. Comprehensive characterization of driver genes in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:382-390. [PMID: 32565964 PMCID: PMC7285964 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common hematological malignancy and is one of the most frequent non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Large-scale genomic studies have defined genetic drivers of DLBCL and their association with functional and clinical outcomes. However, the lymphomagenesis of DLBCL is yet to be fully understood. In the present study, four computational tools OncodriveFM, OncodriveCLUST, integrated Cancer Genome Score and Driver Genes and Pathways were used to detect driver genes and driver pathways involved in DLBCL. The aforementioned tools were also used to perform an integrative investigation of driver genes, including co-expression network, protein-protein interaction, copy number variation and survival analyses. The present study identified 208 driver genes and 31 driver pathways in DLBCL. IGLL5, MLL2, BTG2, B2M, PIM1, CARD11 were the top five frequently mutated genes in DLBCL. NOTCH3, LAMC1, COL4A1, PDGFRB and KDR were the 5 hub genes in the blue module that were associated with patient age. TP53, MYC, EGFR, PTEN, IL6, STAT3, MAPK8, TNF and CDH1 were at the core of the protein-protein interaction network. PRDM1, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, TNFAIP3, RSPO3 were the top five frequently deleted driver genes in DLBCL, while ACTB, BTG2, PLET1, CARD11, DIXDC1 were the top five frequently amplified driver genes in DLBCL. High EIF3B, MLH1, PPP1CA and RECQL4 expression was associated with decreased overall survival rate of patients with DLBCL. High XPO1 and LYN expression were associated with increased overall survival rate of patients with DLBCL. The present study improves the understanding of the biological processes and pathways involved in lymphomagenesis. The driver genes, EIF3B, MLH1, PPP1CA, RECQL4, XPO1 and LYN, pave the way for developing prognostic biomarkers and new therapeutic strategies for DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fan
- Department of Hematology, Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Renzhi Pei
- Department of Hematology, Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Keya Sha
- Department of Hematology, Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Lieguang Chen
- Department of Hematology, Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Hematology, Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Hematology, Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, P.R. China
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23
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Zhu H, Yang Y, Wang L, Xu X, Wang T, Qian H. Leptomycin B inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cultured gastric carcinoma cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:290-296. [PMID: 31619134 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1673148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and progression through modulating nuclear export of several proteins. However, the precise effects of CRM1 inhibitor on gastric carcinoma have not yet been illustrated. Here, we investigated the potential anti-cancer activities of leptomycin B, the most potent CRM1 antagonist, on cultured gastric carcinoma cells. Our findings demonstrate that CRM1 was highly expressed in four gastric carcinoma cell lines. Leptomycin B inhibited the viability of HGC-27 and AGS cells in a dose- and time-dependent pattern. Leptomycin B at the dose of 10 nM or 100 nM suppressed the migration and invasion of HGC-27 and AGS cells. Leptomycin B elevated the expressions of autophagy-related protein LC3-II and autophagy substrate p62. Moreover, leptomycin B enhanced the LC3-positive puncta formation in cells. Our data suggest that leptomycin B may exert an anti-cancer activity possibly through interfering autophagy function in gastric carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hepan Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoran Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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24
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Depping R, von Fallois M, Landesman Y, Kosyna FK. The Nuclear Export Inhibitor Selinexor Inhibits Hypoxia Signaling Pathways And 3D Spheroid Growth Of Cancer Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:8387-8399. [PMID: 31632086 PMCID: PMC6793465 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s213208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules is critical for both cell physiology and pathophysiology. Exportin 1 (XPO1), the major nuclear export receptor, is involved in the cellular adaptation to reduced oxygen availability by controlling the nuclear activity of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Recently, a specific inhibitor of XPO1, selinexor (KPT-330), has been identified that inhibits nuclear export of cargo proteins by binding to the XPO1 cargo-binding pocket. Patients and methods We used different cancer cell lines from human tissues and evaluated the physiological activity of selinexor on the hypoxia response pathway in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell cultures in quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR experiments and luciferase reporter gene assays. A three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid culture model of MCF-7 breast cancer cells was established to analyze the effect of selinexor on 3D tumor spheroid structure, formation and viability. Results Selinexor treatment reduces HIF-transcriptional activity and expression of the HIF-1 target gene solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1). Moreover, 3D tumor spheroid structure, formation and viability are inhibited in response to selinexor-induced nuclear export inhibition. Conclusion Here, we demonstrate the effect of specific XPO1-inhibition on the hypoxic response on the molecular level in 2D and 3D culture models of MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Depping
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Working Group Hypoxia, University of Lübeck, Lübeck D-23562, Germany
| | - Moritz von Fallois
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Working Group Hypoxia, University of Lübeck, Lübeck D-23562, Germany.,Clinic for Radiotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck D-23562, Germany
| | | | - Friederike Katharina Kosyna
- Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Working Group Hypoxia, University of Lübeck, Lübeck D-23562, Germany
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25
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Birnbaum DJ, Finetti P, Birnbaum D, Mamessier E, Bertucci F. XPO1 Expression Is a Poor-Prognosis Marker in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E596. [PMID: 31052304 PMCID: PMC6572621 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) is one of the most aggressive human cancers and new systemic therapies are urgently needed. Exportin-1 (XPO1), which is a member of the importin-β superfamily of karyopherins, is the major exporter of many tumor suppressor proteins that are involved in the progression of PAC. Promising pre-clinical data using XPO1 inhibitors have been reported in PAC, but very few data are available regarding XPO1 expression in clinical samples. Retrospectively, we analyzed XPO1 mRNA expression in 741 pancreatic samples, including 95 normal, 73 metastatic and 573 primary cancers samples, and searched for correlations with clinicopathological and molecular data, including overall survival. XPO1 expression was heterogeneous across the samples, higher in metastatic samples than in the primary tumors, and higher in primaries than in the normal samples. "XPO1-high" tumors were associated with positive pathological lymph node status and aggressive molecular subtypes. They were also associated with shorter overall survival in both uni- and multivariate analyses. Supervised analysis between the "XPO1-high" and "XPO1-low" tumors identified a robust 268-gene signature, whereby ontology analysis suggested increased XPO1 activity in the "XPO1-high" tumors. XPO1 expression refines the prognostication in PAC and higher expression exists in secondary versus primary tumors, which supports the development of XPO1 inhibitors in this so-lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jérémie Birnbaum
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Prédictive, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR725, F-13273 Marseille, France.
- Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13273 Marseille, France.
- Département de Chirurgie Générale et Viscérale, AP-HM, F-13000 Marseille, France.
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Prédictive, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR725, F-13273 Marseille, France.
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Prédictive, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR725, F-13273 Marseille, France.
| | - Emilie Mamessier
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Prédictive, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR725, F-13273 Marseille, France.
| | - François Bertucci
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Prédictive, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR725, F-13273 Marseille, France.
- Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13273 Marseille, France.
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26
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Harries LW. RNA Biology Provides New Therapeutic Targets for Human Disease. Front Genet 2019; 10:205. [PMID: 30906315 PMCID: PMC6418379 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA is the messenger molecule that conveys information from the genome and allows the production of biomolecules required for life in a responsive and regulated way. Most genes are able to produce multiple mRNA products in response to different internal or external environmental signals, in different tissues and organs, and at specific times in development or later life. This fine tuning of gene expression is dependent on the coordinated effects of a large and intricate set of regulatory machinery, which together orchestrate the genomic output at each locus and ensure that each gene is expressed at the right amount, at the right time and in the correct location. This complexity of control, and the requirement for both sequence elements and the entities that bind them, results in multiple points at which errors may occur. Errors of RNA biology are common and found in association with both rare, single gene disorders, but also more common, chronic diseases. Fortunately, complexity also brings opportunity. The existence of many regulatory steps also offers multiple levels of potential therapeutic intervention which can be exploited. In this review, I will outline the specific points at which coding RNAs may be regulated, indicate potential means of intervention at each stage, and outline with examples some of the progress that has been made in this area. Finally, I will outline some of the remaining challenges with the delivery of RNA-based therapeutics but indicate why there are reasons for optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna W. Harries
- RNA-Mediated Mechanisms of Disease, College of Medicine and Health, The Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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27
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Özdaş S, Özdaş T. Crm1 knockdown by specific small interfering RNA reduces cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in head and neck cancer cell lines. Turk J Biol 2019; 42:132-143. [PMID: 30814875 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common and most aggressive type of head and neck cancer. Current approaches for the treatment of HNSCC are not sufficient to increase the patient survival or to reduce the high recurrence rate. Consequently, there is a need to explore the molecular characteristics of this cancer in order to discover potential therapeutic target molecules. The overexpression of chromosome region maintenance 1 (Crm1), responsible for the transport of different classes of macromolecules from the nuclear membrane to the cytoplasm, in various cancer cells has made it an attractive target molecule in cancer research. It has been reported that transcription factors, which are the target cargo proteins of Crm1, have critical roles in regulating intracellular processes via their expression levels and functions, which in turn are regulated by the cell cycle and signaling proteins. Previous findings show that head and neck cancer cells overexpress Crm1 and that these cells become highly dependent on Crm1 function. The results of this study show that after decreasing Crm1 expression levels in HNSCC cells through either treatment with specific Crm1 RNA interference (siRNA) or the selective Crm1 inhibitor leptomycin B (LMB), cell viability, proliferation, migration, and wound-healing abilities decreased, suppressing tumorigenic properties through the induction of apoptosis. Crm1 is a powerful diagnostic biomarker because of its central role in cancerogenesis, and it has a high potential for the development of targeted Crm1 molecules or synthetic agents, such as LMB, as well as for the improvement of the clinical features in head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Özdaş
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Adana Science and Technology University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Talih Özdaş
- Otolaryngology Clinic, Adana Numune Education and Research Hospital , Adana , Turkey
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28
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Li J, Guo L, Chai L, Ai Z. Comprehensive Analysis of Driver Genes in Personal Genomes of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 18:1533033819830966. [PMID: 30852945 PMCID: PMC6413433 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819830966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize personal driver genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma independent of somatic mutation frequencies. METHODS Personal cancer driver genes were predicted by Integrated CAncer GEnome Score in 417 patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma using 26 786 somatic mutations from The Cancer Genome Atlas, followed by an integrated investigation on personal driver genes. RESULTS A total of 233 personal driver genes were determined by Integrated CAncer GEnome Score. The coexpression network analysis found 5 coexpressed modules. The blue module was significantly negatively correlated with all 5 clinical features, including cancer stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, age, and survival status (death). CTNNB1, TGFBR2, KDR, FLT1, and INSR were the hub genes in the blue module. The expression of 79 personal driver genes was significantly associated with clinical outcomes of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The set of personal driver genes sheds insights into the tumorigenesis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and paves the way for developing personalized medicine for clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji
University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Department of Nephrology, The Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai,
China
| | - Li Chai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji
University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zisheng Ai
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Tongji University,
Shanghai, China
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29
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Kosyna FK, Depping R. Controlling the Gatekeeper: Therapeutic Targeting of Nuclear Transport. Cells 2018; 7:cells7110221. [PMID: 30469340 PMCID: PMC6262578 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear transport receptors of the karyopherin superfamily of proteins transport macromolecules from one compartment to the other and are critical for both cell physiology and pathophysiology. The nuclear transport machinery is tightly regulated and essential to a number of key cellular processes since the spatiotemporally expression of many proteins and the nuclear transporters themselves is crucial for cellular activities. Dysregulation of the nuclear transport machinery results in localization shifts of specific cargo proteins and associates with the pathogenesis of disease states such as cancer, inflammation, viral illness and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, inhibition of the nuclear transport system has future potential for therapeutic intervention and could contribute to the elucidation of disease mechanisms. In this review, we recapitulate clue findings in the pathophysiological significance of nuclear transport processes and describe the development of nuclear transport inhibitors. Finally, clinical implications and results of the first clinical trials are discussed for the most promising nuclear transport inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike K Kosyna
- Institute of Physiology, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Depping
- Institute of Physiology, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany.
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30
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Aboukameel A, Muqbil I, Baloglu E, Senapedis W, Landesman Y, Argueta C, Kauffman M, Chang H, Kashyap T, Shacham S, Neggers JE, Daelemans D, Heath EI, Azmi AS. Down-regulation of AR splice variants through XPO1 suppression contributes to the inhibition of prostate cancer progression. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35327-35342. [PMID: 30450161 PMCID: PMC6219671 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies have shown that the expression of AR splice variants (ARv) lacking ligand-binding domain is associated with castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and higher risk of tumor metastasis and recurrence. Nuclear export protein XPO1 regulates the nuclear localization of many proteins including tumor suppressor proteins. Increased XPO1 in prostate cancer is associated with a high Gleason score and bone metastasis. In this study, we found that high expression of AR splice variant 7 (AR-v7) was correlated with increased XPO1 expression. Silencing of XPO1 by RNAi or treatment with Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) compounds selinexor and eltanexor (KPT-8602) down-regulated the expression of AR, AR-v7 and ARv567es at mRNA and protein levels. XPO1 silencing also inhibited the expression of AR and ARv regulators including FOXA1, Src, Vav3, MED1 and Sam68, leading to the suppression of ARv and AR target genes, UBE2C and PSA. By targeting XPO1/ARv signaling, SINE suppressed prostate cancer (PCa) growth in vitro and in vivo and potentiated the anti-cancer activity of anti-AR agents, enzalutamide and abiraterone. Therefore, XPO1 inhibition could be a novel promising agent used in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics and AR-targeted therapy for the better treatment of PCa, especially CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hua Chang
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc, Newton, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jasper E Neggers
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat, Belgium
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat, Belgium
| | | | - Asfar S Azmi
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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31
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Subhash VV, Yeo MS, Wang L, Tan SH, Wong FY, Thuya WL, Tan WL, Peethala PC, Soe MY, Tan DSP, Padmanabhan N, Baloglu E, Shacham S, Tan P, Koeffler HP, Yong WP. Anti-tumor efficacy of Selinexor (KPT-330) in gastric cancer is dependent on nuclear accumulation of p53 tumor suppressor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12248. [PMID: 30115935 PMCID: PMC6095850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exportin-1 (XPO1) controls the nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking of several key growth regulatory and tumor suppressor proteins. Nuclear export blockade through XPO1 inhibition is a target for therapeutic inhibition in many cancers. Studies have suggested XPO1 upregulation as an indicator of poor prognosis in gastric cancer. In the current study, we investigated the anti-tumor efficacy of selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) compounds KPT-185, KTP-276 and clinical stage selinexor (KPT-330) in gastric cancer. XPO1 was found to be overexpressed in gastric cancer as compared to adjacent normal tissues and was correlated with poor survival outcomes. Among the 3 SINE compounds, in vitro targeting of XPO1 with selinexor resulted in greatest potency with significant anti-proliferative effects at nano molar concentrations. XPO1 inhibition by selinexor resulted in nuclear accumulation of p53, causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Also, inhibition of XPO1 lead to the cytoplasmic retention of p21 and suppression of survivin. Orally administered selienxor caused significant inhibition of tumor growth in xenograft models of gastric cancer. Furthermore, combination of selinexor with irinotecan exhibited greater anti-tumor effect compared to individual treatment. Taken together, our study underscores the therapeutic utility of XPO1 targeting in gastric cancer and suggests the potential benefits of XPO1 inhibition in-combination with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Vijay Subhash
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Shi Yeo
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi Hui Tan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Foong Ying Wong
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Win Lwin Thuya
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Woei Loon Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Praveen C Peethala
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mu Yar Soe
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David S P Tan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nisha Padmanabhan
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Erkan Baloglu
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc, Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Patrick Tan
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Peng Yong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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32
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Argueta C, Kashyap T, Klebanov B, Unger TJ, Guo C, Harrington S, Baloglu E, Lee M, Senapedis W, Shacham S, Landesman Y. Selinexor synergizes with dexamethasone to repress mTORC1 signaling and induce multiple myeloma cell death. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25529-25544. [PMID: 29876006 PMCID: PMC5986633 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell neoplasm that results in over 11,000 deaths in the United States annually. The backbone therapy for the treatment of MM patients almost always includes combinations with corticosteroids such as dexamethasone (DEX). We found that DEX in combination with selinexor, an inhibitor of exportin-1 (XPO1) activity, synergistically inhibits the mTOR pathway and subsequently promotes cell death in MM cells. Specifically, we show that selinexor induces the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and when combined with dexamethasone increases GR transcriptional activity. Moreover, we found that key downstream targets of the mTOR pathway are deregulated by the combination and identified a mechanism in which GR enhances the expression of REDD1 in GR positive cells while suppressing mTOR activity and cell viability. While the single agent activity of selinexor in MM cells appears to be GR-independent, synergy with DEX depends on GR expression. These data suggest that patients with tumor cells that are GR positive will benefit substantially from the combination. The current findings are consistent with the beneficial therapeutic outcome in patients with MM when treated with the combination of selinexor and DEX. In addition, they provide a rationale for testing GR and REDD1 as predictive and prognostic markers of response, respectively, for patients treated with this beneficial combination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cathy Guo
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc, Newton, MA 02459, USA
| | | | | | - Margaret Lee
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc, Newton, MA 02459, USA
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33
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Saulino DM, Younes PS, Bailey JM, Younes M. CRM1/XPO1 expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma correlates with survivin expression and the proliferative activity. Oncotarget 2018; 9:21289-21295. [PMID: 29765539 PMCID: PMC5940369 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CRM1/XPO1 (CRM1) is a nuclear export chaperone that mediates the export of proteins essential to growth regulation and tumor suppression. Its overexpression in tumors was found to be associated with poor prognosis. Selective inhibitors of nuclear export are in phase I and II clinical trials for several tumor types. Our aim was to investigate CRM1 expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) and its relationship to survivin expression and the proliferative activity. Sections of tissue microarray containing 76 formalin fixed and paraffin embedded PAC were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CRM1, survivin, and Cyclin A. Expression levels of CRM1 and survivin and the proliferative activity, the S-phase fraction (SPF) in tumor cells, were determined using a quantitative digital image analysis solution (OTMIAS). Sixty-six of the 76 (86%) PAC showed positive staining for CRM1, and 10 (14%) were completely negative. The mean CRM1 expression levels ranged from 0.3 to 53 units and the median from 0.3 to 45 units. There was significant positive correlation between the mean and median expression levels of CRM1 in tumor cells and the mean and median levels of survivin (p<0.001). Moreover, there was positive correlation between the mean and median CRM1 levels in tumor cells and the SPF (p=0.013). Our results show that CRM1 is expressed in a significant proportion of PAC, and increased CRM1 levels correlates with increased survivin levels and increased proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Saulino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pamela S Younes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer M Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mamoun Younes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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34
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Yue L, Sun ZN, Yao YS, Shen Z, Wang HB, Liu XP, Zhou F, Xiang JY, Yao RY, Niu HT. CRM1, a novel independent prognostic factor overexpressed in invasive breast carcinoma of poor prognosis. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7515-7522. [PMID: 29725458 PMCID: PMC5920404 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in females globally and is more aggressive at later stages. Chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) is involved in the nuclear export of proteins and RNAs and has been associated with a number of malignancies. However, the clinicopathological significance of its expression in BC remains to be elucidated therefore this was investigated in the present study. CRM1 expression in 280 breast cancer tissues and 60 normal tissues was retrospectively analyzed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting. IHC investigation demonstrated that CRM1 expression was significantly increased in BC compared with the normal breast epithelium (P<0.0001). Overexpression of CRM1 was markedly associated with poor prognostic characteristics, including larger tumor size (P=0.024), positive lymph node metastasis (P=0.032), invasive histological type (P=0.004) and distant metastasis (P=0.026). Significant associations were also observed between increased CRM1 expression and the progesterone receptor (P=0.028) and Ki67 (P=0.019). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients with high CRM1 expression exhibited a reduced disease-free survival and overall survival compared with those with low CRM1 expression (P=0.013). In the multivariate analysis, CRM1 expression (P=0.011), tumor size (P=0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.001) were independent prognostic markers of BC. In conclusion, CRM1 serves an important role in BC and may serve as a predictive and prognostic factor for a poor outcome in patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yue
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Ni Sun
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Sai Yao
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Zan Shen
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital, Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Ping Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Yu Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Yong Yao
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Tao Niu
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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35
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Zhang Z, Xu L, Sun C. Comprehensive characterization of cancer genes in hepatocellular carcinoma genomes. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1503-1510. [PMID: 29434842 PMCID: PMC5777097 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to detect moderate or low-frequency mutated cancer driver genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), using OncodriveFM and Dendrix. Following this, integrated analyses were conducted on these novel cancer driver genes. A total of 112,980 somatic mutations were retrieved from TCGA and classified into 11 categories based on their function. Driver genes and pathways were predicted by OncodriveFM and Dendrix, followed by differential expression, DNA-methylation, copy number variations and survival analyses. Overall, non-synonymous mutations accounted for >60% (72,149/112, 980) of total variants, 108 and 3 driver genes were determined by OncodriveFM and Dendrix, respectively. Tumor protein p53, SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4, smad family member 3, RB transcriptional corepressor 1, catenin β 1, smad family member 4, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 and TSC complex subunit 2 are at the core of the driver gene interaction network. Two genes, transportin 1 (TNPO1) and chaperonin containing TCP1 subunit 3 (CCT3), were hypomethylated and overexpressed, and high expression of TNPO1 and CCT3 indicated a poor prognosis in patients with HCC. β-carotene oxygenase 2 was hypermethylated, under-expressed and associated with favorable prognosis in HCC. The present study has identified a set of novel cancer genes and pathways, offering potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Liping Xu
- Department of Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas Surgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Changyu Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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36
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Tyler PM, Servos MM, de Vries RC, Klebanov B, Kashyap T, Sacham S, Landesman Y, Dougan M, Dougan SK. Clinical Dosing Regimen of Selinexor Maintains Normal Immune Homeostasis and T-cell Effector Function in Mice: Implications for Combination with Immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:428-439. [PMID: 28148714 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Selinexor (KPT-330) is a first-in-class nuclear transport inhibitor currently in clinical trials as an anticancer agent. To determine how selinexor might affect antitumor immunity, we analyzed immune homeostasis in mice treated with selinexor and found disruptions in T-cell development, a progressive loss of CD8 T cells, and increases in inflammatory monocytes. Antibody production in response to immunization was mostly normal. Precursor populations in bone marrow and thymus were unaffected by selinexor, suggesting that normal immune homeostasis could recover. We found that a high dose of selinexor given once per week preserved nearly normal immune functioning, whereas a lower dose given 3 times per week did not restore immune homeostasis. Both naïve and effector CD8 T cells cultured in vitro showed impaired activation in the presence of selinexor. These experiments suggest that nuclear exportins are required for T-cell development and function. We determined the minimum concentration of selinexor required to block T-cell activation and showed that T-cell-inhibitory effects of selinexor occur at levels above 100 nmol/L, corresponding to the first 24 hours post-oral dosing. In a model of implantable melanoma, selinexor treatment at 10 mg/kg with a 4-day drug holiday led to intratumoral IFNγ+, granzyme B+ cytotoxic CD8 T cells that were comparable with vehicle-treated mice. Overall, selinexor treatment leads to transient inhibition of T-cell activation, but clinically relevant once and twice weekly dosing schedules that incorporate sufficient drug holidays allow for normal CD8 T-cell functioning and development of antitumor immunity. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(3); 428-39. ©2017 AACRSee related article by Farren et al., p. 417.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Tyler
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Romy C de Vries
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,University of Amsterdam, Program in Biomedical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sharon Sacham
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., Newton, Massachusetts
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37
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Shintani M, Tashiro A, Sangawa A, Yamao N, Kamoshida S. Expression of chromosomal regional maintenance protein-1 may be associated with subcellular survivin expression in human gastric and colorectal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 12:4630-4634. [PMID: 28105170 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, is a potential prognostic marker and molecular target for anticancer therapies. Chromosomal regional maintenance protein-1 (CRM-1) mediates the nuclear export of proteins such as survivin. The aims of the present study were to compare the expression and subcellular localization of CRM-1 in human gastric and colorectal carcinomas and to assess the association between CRM-1 and survivin expression in these tumor types. The nuclear and cytoplasmic CRM-1 expression rates in gastric carcinoma were 61% (42/69) and 29% (20/69), respectively, while the nuclear and cytoplasmic CRM-1 expression rates in colorectal carcinoma were 55% (43/78) and 37% (29/78), respectively. Nuclear and cytoplasmic CRM-1 expression was found to be significantly correlated with nuclear and cytoplasmic survivin expression in colorectal carcinoma, but not gastric carcinoma. These results indicate that CRM-1 expression patterns differ between gastric and colorectal carcinomas and thus, we hypothesize that CRM-1-mediated nuclear export of survivin may be deregulated in gastric carcinoma. Therefore, CRM-1 may exhibit different functions in gastric and colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Shintani
- Laboratory of Pathology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0142, Japan
| | - Akito Tashiro
- Laboratory of Pathology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0142, Japan
| | - Akiko Sangawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka 543-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0011, Japan
| | - Shingo Kamoshida
- Laboratory of Pathology, Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0142, Japan
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Zhou F, Chen E, You D, Song Y, Sun Z, Yue L. Both high expression of nucleophosmin/B23 and CRM1 predicts poorer prognosis in human gastric cancer. APMIS 2016; 124:1046-1053. [PMID: 27714846 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophosmin/B23 and CRM1 are molecular markers which play an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression in gastric cancer (GC). However, the association between the two remains unclear. This study evaluated the expression and the correlation of B23 and CRM1 in GC. B23 and CRM1 expression in GC and adjacent noncancerous tissues (ANCT) of gastrectomy specimens from 131 GC patients was measured by immunohistochemistry. Positive expression rates of B23 and CRM1 were significantly higher in GC tissues than in ANCT. The high expression rates of B23 and CRM1 were significantly higher in patients with more advanced tumor stages and distant metastasis (all p < 0.05). Only high expression of CRM1was correlated with positive Her2 status (p = 0.01). B23 expression was positively correlated with CRM1expression in GC tissues (p = 0.038). Univariate analysis showed that TNM stage (p = 0.0001), metastasis (p = 0.027), B23 (p = 0.0111), and CRM1 expression (p = 0.0019) were significant risk factors affecting overall survival. Both high expression of B23 and CRM1 in GC patients suggests poor prognosis, co-expression of the two (p = 0.043) even worse. Cox multivariate analysis showed that positive B23 (p = 0.0231) and CRM1 (p = 0.0048) expression were both independent prognostic factors that negatively correlated with survival. We revealed the co-expression of B23 or CRM1 in GC. The expression levels of B23 or CRM1 were closely related to poor prognosis in GC, and both B23 or CRM1 were independent risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Ercheng Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Dong You
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Yipeng Song
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhenni Sun
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medical, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lu Yue
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medical, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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García-Santisteban I, Arregi I, Alonso-Mariño M, Urbaneja MA, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Bañuelos S, Rodríguez JA. A cellular reporter to evaluate CRM1 nuclear export activity: functional analysis of the cancer-related mutant E571K. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4685-4699. [PMID: 27312238 PMCID: PMC11108298 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The exportin CRM1 binds nuclear export signals (NESs), and mediates active transport of NES-bearing proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Structural and biochemical analyses have uncovered the molecular mechanisms underlying CRM1/NES interaction. CRM1 binds NESs through a hydrophobic cleft, whose open or closed conformation facilitates NES binding and release. Several cofactors allosterically modulate the conformation of the NES-binding cleft through intramolecular interactions involving an acidic loop and a C-terminal helix in CRM1. This current model of CRM1-mediated nuclear export has not yet been evaluated in a cellular setting. Here, we describe SRV100, a cellular reporter to interrogate CRM1 nuclear export activity. Using this novel tool, we provide evidence further validating the model of NES binding and release by CRM1. Furthermore, using both SRV100-based cellular assays and in vitro biochemical analyses, we investigate the functional consequences of a recurrent cancer-related mutation, which targets a residue near CRM1 NES-binding cleft. Our data indicate that this mutation does not necessarily abrogate the nuclear export activity of CRM1, but may increase its affinity for NES sequences bearing a more negatively charged C-terminal end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraia García-Santisteban
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Arregi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Marián Alonso-Mariño
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - María A Urbaneja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonia Bañuelos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Jose A Rodríguez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.
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40
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Yao M, Xie C, Kiang MY, Teng Y, Harman D, Tiffen J, Wang Q, Sved P, Bao S, Witting P, Holst J, Dong Q. Targeting of cytosolic phospholipase A2α impedes cell cycle re-entry of quiescent prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34458-74. [PMID: 26416244 PMCID: PMC4741466 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle re-entry of quiescent cancer cells has been proposed to be involved in cancer progression and recurrence. Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes membrane glycerophospholipids to release arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids that are implicated in cancer cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to determine the role of cPLA2α in cell cycle re-entry of quiescent prostate cancer cells. When PC-3 and LNCaP cells were rendered to a quiescent state, the active form of cPLA2α with a phosphorylation at Ser505 was lower compared to their proliferating state. Conversely, the phospho-cPLA2α levels were resurgent during the induction of cell cycle re-entry. Pharmacological inhibition of cPLA2α with Efipladib upon induction of cell cycle re-entry inhibited the re-entry process, as manifested by refrained DNA synthesis, persistent high proportion of cells in G0/G1 and low percentage of cells in S and G2/M phases, together with a stagnant recovery of Ki-67 expression. Simultaneously, Efipladib prohibited the emergence of Skp2 while maintained p27 at a high level in the nuclear compartment during cell cycle re-entry. Inhibition of cPLA2α also prevented an accumulation of cyclin D1/CDK4, cyclin E/CDK2, phospho-pRb, pre-replicative complex proteins CDC6, MCM7, ORC6 and DNA synthesis-related protein PCNA during induction of cell cycle re-entry. Moreover, a pre-treatment of the prostate cancer cells with Efipladib during induction of cell cycle re-entry subsequently compromised their tumorigenic capacity in vivo. Hence, cPLA2α plays an important role in cell cycle re-entry by quiescent prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Central Clinical School and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chanlu Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Central Clinical School and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Parramatta, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Mei-Yee Kiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Central Clinical School and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ying Teng
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Central Clinical School and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David Harman
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, University of Western Sydney, Parramatta, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jessamy Tiffen
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Qian Wang
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul Sved
- Department of Urology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Shisan Bao
- Department of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul Witting
- Department of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Qihan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Central Clinical School and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Parramatta, NSW 2751, Australia
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41
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Sun Q, Chen X, Zhou Q, Burstein E, Yang S, Jia D. Inhibiting cancer cell hallmark features through nuclear export inhibition. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2016; 1:16010. [PMID: 29263896 PMCID: PMC5661660 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treating cancer through inhibition of nuclear export is one of the best examples of basic research translation into clinical application. Nuclear export factor chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1; Xpo1 and exportin-1) controls cellular localization and function of numerous proteins that are critical for the development of many cancer hallmarks. The diverse actions of CRM1 are likely to explain the broad ranging anti-cancer potency of CRM1 inhibitors observed in pre-clinical studies and/or clinical trials (phase I–III) on both advanced-stage solid and hematological tumors. In this review, we compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of different CRM1 inhibitors, and discuss the potential benefit of unexplored non-covalent CRM1 inhibitors. This emerging field has uncovered that nuclear export inhibition is well poised as an attractive target towards low-toxicity broad-spectrum potent anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Da Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China 2nd University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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42
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Sun H, Lin DC, Cao Q, Guo X, Marijon H, Zhao Z, Gery S, Xu L, Yang H, Pang B, Lee VKM, Lim HJ, Doan N, Said JW, Chu P, Mayakonda A, Thomas T, Forscher C, Baloglu E, Shacham S, Rajalingam R, Koeffler HP. CRM1 Inhibition Promotes Cytotoxicity in Ewing Sarcoma Cells by Repressing EWS-FLI1-Dependent IGF-1 Signaling. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2687-97. [PMID: 26956669 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is an aggressive bone malignancy that mainly affects children and young adults. The mechanisms by which EWS (EWSR1) fusion genes drive the disease are not fully understood. CRM1 (XPO1) traffics proteins from the nucleus, including tumor suppressors and growth factors, and is overexpressed in many cancers. A small-molecule inhibitor of CRM1, KPT-330, has shown therapeutic promise, but has yet to be investigated in the context of EWS. In this study, we demonstrate that CRM1 is also highly expressed in EWS. shRNA-mediated or pharmacologic inhibition of CRM1 in EWS cells dramatically decreased cell growth while inducing apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, and protein expression alterations to several cancer-related factors. Interestingly, silencing of CRM1 markedly reduced EWS-FLI1 fusion protein expression at the posttranscriptional level and upregulated the expression of the well-established EWS-FLI1 target gene, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), which inhibits IGF-1. Accordingly, KPT-330 treatment attenuated IGF-1-induced activation of the IGF-1R/AKT pathway. Furthermore, knockdown of IGFBP3 increased cell growth and rescued the inhibitory effects on IGF-1 signaling triggered by CRM1 inhibition. Finally, treatment of EWS cells with a combination of KPT-330 and the IGF-1R inhibitor, linsitinib, synergistically decreased cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo Taken together, these findings provide a strong rationale for investigating the efficacy of combinatorial inhibition of CRM1 and IGF-1R for the treatment of EWS. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2687-97. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Sun
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
| | - De-Chen Lin
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Helene Marijon
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sigal Gery
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Liang Xu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brendan Pang
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Huey Jin Lim
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ngan Doan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan W Said
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peiguo Chu
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anand Mayakonda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tom Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Charles Forscher
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Raja Rajalingam
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore. National University Cancer Institute, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
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43
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Stelma T, Chi A, van der Watt PJ, Verrico A, Lavia P, Leaner VD. Targeting nuclear transporters in cancer: Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:268-80. [PMID: 26970212 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Karyopherin superfamily is a major class of soluble transport receptors consisting of both import and export proteins. The trafficking of proteins involved in transcription, cell signalling and cell cycle regulation among other functions across the nuclear membrane is essential for normal cellular functioning. However, in cancer cells, the altered expression or localization of nuclear transporters as well as the disruption of endogenous nuclear transport inhibitors are some ways in which the Karyopherin proteins are dysregulated. The value of nuclear transporters in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer is currently being elucidated with recent studies highlighting their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Stelma
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, SAMRC/UCT Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alicia Chi
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, SAMRC/UCT Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pauline J van der Watt
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, SAMRC/UCT Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Annalisa Verrico
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy, C/O University of Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lavia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy, C/O University of Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Virna D Leaner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, SAMRC/UCT Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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44
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Ohkoshi S, Yano M, Matsuda Y. Oncogenic role of p21 in hepatocarcinogenesis suggests a new treatment strategy. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12150-6. [PMID: 26576099 PMCID: PMC4641132 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i42.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A well-known tumor suppressor, p21, acts paradoxically by promoting tumor growth in some cellular conditions. These conflicting functions have been demonstrated in association with the HBx gene and in hepatocarcinogenesis. The molecular behavior of p21 depends on its subcellular localization. Nuclear p21 may inhibit cell proliferation and be proapoptotic, while cytoplasmic p21 may have oncogenic and anti-apoptotic functions. Because most typical tumor suppressive proteins also have different effects according to subcellular localization, elucidating the regulatory mechanisms underlying nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of these proteins would be significant and may lead to a new strategy for anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. Chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) is a major nuclear export receptor involved in transport of tumor suppressors from nucleus to cytoplasm. Expression of CRM1 is enhanced in a variety of malignancies and in vitro studies have shown the efficacy of specific inhibition of CRM1 against cancer cell lines. Interestingly, interferon may keep p21 in the nucleus; this is one of the mechanisms of its anti-hepatocarcinogenic function. Here we review the oncogenic property of p21, which depends on its subcellular localization, and discuss the rationale underlying a new strategy for HCC treatment and prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Drug Design
- Humans
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Exportin 1 Protein
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45
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Dickmanns A, Monecke T, Ficner R. Structural Basis of Targeting the Exportin CRM1 in Cancer. Cells 2015; 4:538-68. [PMID: 26402707 PMCID: PMC4588050 DOI: 10.3390/cells4030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the interference of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking with the establishment and maintenance of various cancers. Nucleocytoplasmic transport is highly regulated and coordinated, involving different nuclear transport factors or receptors, importins and exportins, that mediate cargo transport from the cytoplasm into the nucleus or the other way round, respectively. The exportin CRM1 (Chromosome region maintenance 1) exports a plethora of different protein cargoes and ribonucleoprotein complexes. Structural and biochemical analyses have enabled the deduction of individual steps of the CRM1 transport cycle. In addition, CRM1 turned out to be a valid target for anticancer drugs as it exports numerous proto-oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Clearly, detailed understanding of the flexibility, regulatory features and cooperative binding properties of CRM1 for Ran and cargo is a prerequisite for the design of highly effective drugs. The first compound found to inhibit CRM1-dependent nuclear export was the natural drug Leptomycin B (LMB), which blocks export by competitively interacting with a highly conserved cleft on CRM1 required for nuclear export signal recognition. Clinical studies revealed serious side effects of LMB, leading to a search for alternative natural and synthetic drugs and hence a multitude of novel therapeutics. The present review examines recent progress in understanding the binding mode of natural and synthetic compounds and their inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Dickmanns
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, GZMB, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
| | - Thomas Monecke
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, GZMB, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
| | - Ralf Ficner
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, GZMB, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
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46
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Kanda M, Kodera Y. Recent advances in the molecular diagnostics of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:9838-9852. [PMID: 26379391 PMCID: PMC4566379 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i34.9838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death in the world, representing a major global health issue. Although the incidence of GC is declining, the outcomes for GC patients remain dismal because of the lack of effective biomarkers to detect early GC and predict both recurrence and chemosensitivity. Current tumor markers for GC, including serum carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9, are not ideal due to their relatively low sensitivity and specificity. Recent improvements in molecular techniques are better able to identify aberrant expression of GC-related molecules, including oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, and DNA methylation, as novel molecular markers, although the molecular pathogenesis of GC is complicated by tumor heterogeneity. Detection of genetic and epigenetic alterations from gastric tissue or blood samples has diagnostic value in the management of GC. There are high expectations for molecular markers that can be used as new screening tools for early detection of GC as well as for patient stratification towards personalized treatment of GC through prediction of prognosis and drug-sensitivity. In this review, the studies of potential molecular biomarkers for GC that have been reported in the publicly available literature between 2012 and 2015 are reviewed and summarized, and certain highlighted papers are examined.
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47
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Xu D, Marquis K, Pei J, Fu SC, Cağatay T, Grishin NV, Chook YM. LocNES: a computational tool for locating classical NESs in CRM1 cargo proteins. Bioinformatics 2015; 31:1357-65. [PMID: 25515756 PMCID: PMC4410651 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Classical nuclear export signals (NESs) are short cognate peptides that direct proteins out of the nucleus via the CRM1-mediated export pathway. CRM1 regulates the localization of hundreds of macromolecules involved in various cellular functions and diseases. Due to the diverse and complex nature of NESs, reliable prediction of the signal remains a challenge despite several attempts made in the last decade. RESULTS We present a new NES predictor, LocNES. LocNES scans query proteins for NES consensus-fitting peptides and assigns these peptides probability scores using Support Vector Machine model, whose feature set includes amino acid sequence, disorder propensity, and the rank of position-specific scoring matrix score. LocNES demonstrates both higher sensitivity and precision over existing NES prediction tools upon comparative analysis using experimentally identified NESs. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION LocNES is freely available at http://prodata.swmed.edu/LocNES CONTACT: yuhmin.chook@utsouthwestern.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darui Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA, Department of Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA
| | - Kara Marquis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA, Department of Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA
| | - Jimin Pei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA, Department of Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA
| | - Szu-Chin Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA, Department of Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA
| | - Tolga Cağatay
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA, Department of Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA, Department of Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA, Department of Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA, Department of Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA
| | - Yuh Min Chook
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA, Department of Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA, Department of Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA
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Deng K, Yang L, Hu B, Wu H, Zhu H, Tang C. The prognostic significance of pretreatment serum CEA levels in gastric cancer: a meta-analysis including 14651 patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124151. [PMID: 25879931 PMCID: PMC4400039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is commonly used as a serum tumor marker in clinical practice; however, its prognostic value for gastric cancer patients remains uncertain. This meta-analysis was performed to assess the prognostic value of CEA and investigate CEA as a tumor marker. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE and other databases were searched for potentially eligible studies. Forty-one studies reporting the prognostic effect of pretreatment serum CEA expression in gastric cancer patients were selected. Data on 14651 eligible patients were retrieved for the meta-analysis. Based on the data extracted from the available literature, the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for an adverse prognosis were estimated for gastric cancer patients with elevated pretreatment serum levels of CEA (CEA+) relative to patients with normal pretreatment CEA levels (CEA-). RESULTS The CEA+ patients had a significantly poorer prognosis than the CEA- patients in terms of overall survival (OS: HR 1.716, 95% CI 1.594 - 1.848, P< 0.001), disease-specific survival (DSS: HR 1.940, 95% CI 1.563 - 2.408, P< 0.001), and disease-free survival (DFS: HR 2.275, 95% CI 1.836 - 2.818, P< 0.001). Publication bias and an influence of different cut-off values were not observed (all P> 0.05). In the pooled analyses of multivariate-adjusted HRs, the results suggested that pretreatment serum CEA may be an independent prognostic factor in gastric cancer (OS: HR 1.681, 95% CI 1.425 - 1.982; DSS: HR 1.900, 95% CI 1.441 - 2.505; DFS: HR 2.579, 95% CI 1.935 - 3.436). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The meta-analysis based on the available literature supported the association of elevated pretreatment serum CEA levels with a poor prognosis for gastric cancer and a nearly doubled risk of mortality in gastric cancer patients. CEA may be an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients and may aid in determining appropriate treatment which may preferentially benefit the CEA+ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengwei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
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Gravina GL, Senapedis W, McCauley D, Baloglu E, Shacham S, Festuccia C. Nucleo-cytoplasmic transport as a therapeutic target of cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:85. [PMID: 25476752 PMCID: PMC4272779 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shuttling of specific proteins out of the nucleus is essential for the regulation of the cell cycle and proliferation of both normal and malignant tissues. Dysregulation of this fundamental process may affect many other important cellular processes such as tumor growth, inflammatory response, cell cycle, and apoptosis. It is known that XPO1 (Exportin-1/Chromosome Region Maintenance 1/CRM1) is the main mediator of nuclear export in many cell types. Nuclear proteins exported to the cytoplasm by XPO1 include the drug targets topoisomerase IIα (topo IIα) and BCR-ABL and tumor suppressor proteins such as Rb, APC, p53, p21, and p27. XPO1 can mediate cell proliferation through several pathways: (i) the sub-cellular localization of NES-containing oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins, (ii) the control of the mitotic apparatus and chromosome segregation, and (iii) the maintenance of nuclear and chromosomal structures. The XPO1 protein is elevated in ovarian carcinoma, glioma, osteosarcoma, pancreatic and cervical cancer. There is a growing body of research indicating that XPO1 may have an important role as a prognostic marker in solid tumors. Because of this, nuclear export inhibition through XPO1 is a potential target for therapeutic intervention in many cancers. The best understood XPO1 inhibitors are the small molecule nuclear export inhibitors (NEIs; Leptomycin B and derivatives, ratjadones, PKF050-638, valtrate, ACA, CBS9106, selinexor/KPT-330, and verdinexor/KPT-335). Selinexor and verdinexor are orally bioavailable, highly potent, small molecules that are classified as Selective Inhibitors of Nuclear Export (SINE). KPT-330 is the only NEI currently in Phase I/II human clinical trials in hematological and solid cancers. Of all the potential targets in nuclear cytoplasmic transport, the nuclear export receptor XPO1 remains the best understood and most advanced therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Gravina
- />Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Dilara McCauley
- />Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA USA
| | - Erkan Baloglu
- />Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA USA
| | - Sharon Shacham
- />Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., 85 Wells Avenue, Newton, MA USA
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- />Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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50
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van der Watt PJ, Zemanay W, Govender D, Hendricks DT, Parker MI, Leaner VD. Elevated expression of the nuclear export protein, Crm1 (exportin 1), associates with human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:730-8. [PMID: 24898882 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear export receptor, Crm1 (exportin 1), is involved in the nuclear translocation of proteins and certain RNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and is thus crucial for the correct localisation of cellular components. Crm1 has recently been reported to be highly expressed in certain types of cancers, yet its expression in oesophageal cancer has not been investigated to date. We investigated the expression of Crm1 in normal and tumour tissues derived from 56 patients with human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its functional significance in oesophageal cancer cell line models. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Crm1 expression was significantly elevated in oesophageal tumour tissues compared to normal tissues and its localisation shifted from predominantly nuclear to nuclear and cytoplasmic. Real‑time RT‑PCR revealed that Crm1 expression was elevated at the mRNA level. To determine the functional significance of elevated Crm1 expression in oesophageal cancer, its expression was inhibited using siRNA, and a significant decrease in cell proliferation was observed associated with G1 cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis. Similarly, leptomycin B (LMB) treatment resulted in the effective killing of oesophageal cancer cells at nanomolar concentrations. Normal oesophageal epithelial cells, however, were much less sensitive to Crm1 inhibition with siRNA and LMB. Together, this study reveals that Crm1 expression is increased in oesophageal cancer and is required for the proliferation and survival of oesophageal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline J van der Watt
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Widaad Zemanay
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dhirendra Govender
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, NHLS-Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Denver T Hendricks
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M I Parker
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Virna D Leaner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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