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Sun DL, Poddar S, Pan RD, Rosser EW, Abt ER, Van Valkenburgh J, Le TM, Lok V, Hernandez SP, Song J, Li J, Turlik A, Chen X, Cheng CA, Chen W, Mona CE, Stuparu AD, Vergnes L, Reue K, Damoiseaux R, Zink JI, Czernin J, Donahue TR, Houk KN, Jung ME, Radu CG. Isoquinoline thiosemicarbazone displays potent anticancer activity with in vivo efficacy against aggressive leukemias. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:392-410. [PMID: 33479645 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00594c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A potent class of isoquinoline-based α-N-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (HCT) compounds has been rediscovered; based upon this scaffold, three series of antiproliferative agents were synthesized through iterative rounds of methylation and fluorination modifications, with anticancer activities being potentiated by physiologically relevant levels of copper. The lead compound, HCT-13, was highly potent against a panel of pancreatic, small cell lung carcinoma, prostate cancer, and leukemia models, with IC50 values in the low-to-mid nanomolar range. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that fluorination at the 6-position of HCT-13 was beneficial for ligand-copper complex formation, stability, and ease of metal-center reduction. Through a chemical genomics screen, we identify DNA damage response/replication stress response (DDR/RSR) pathways, specifically those mediated by ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein kinase (ATR), as potential compensatory mechanism(s) of action following HCT-13 treatment. We further show that the cytotoxicity of HCT-13 is copper-dependent, that it promotes mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) dysfunction, induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and selectively depletes guanosine nucleotide pools. Lastly, we identify metabolic hallmarks for therapeutic target stratification and demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of HCT-13 against aggressive models of acute leukemias in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA . .,Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Soumya Poddar
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA . .,Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA
| | - Roy D Pan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA . .,Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Ethan W Rosser
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA . .,Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Evan R Abt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA . .,Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA
| | - Juno Van Valkenburgh
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA . .,Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Thuc M Le
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA . .,Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA
| | - Vincent Lok
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Selena P Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Janet Song
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Joanna Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Aneta Turlik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Chi-An Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA . .,Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Christine E Mona
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA . .,Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA
| | - Andreea D Stuparu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA . .,Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Human Genetics , David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics , David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA.,Molecular Biology Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- UCLA Metabolomic Center , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA
| | - Jeffrey I Zink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Johannes Czernin
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA . .,Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA
| | - Timothy R Donahue
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA . .,Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA.,Department of Surgery , University of California, Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USA
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Michael E Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Caius G Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA . .,Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division , University of California, Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA
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