1
|
Long Z, Deng L, Li C, He Q, He Y, Hu X, Cai Y, Gan Y. Loss of EHF facilitates the development of treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:46. [PMID: 33414441 PMCID: PMC7790822 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rising of a highly aggressive subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) named treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is well known for its features of the neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) and androgen receptor (AR) independence. However, t-NEPC is still largely unknown. Here, we found that EHF is notably depressed in t-NEPC tumors, patient-derived xenografts, transgenic mice, and cell models. Results from cell lines uncovered that ADT represses EHF expression, which is required for the ADT-induced NED. Mechanism dissection revealed that ADT decreases the EHF transcription via relieving the AR binding to different androgen-responsive elements, which then promotes the expression and enzymatic activity of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), consequently catalyzing tri-methylation lysine 27 of histone H3 for transcriptional repression of its downstream genes to promote the NED. Furthermore, preclinical studies from cell and mice models proved that recovery of EHF expression or using EZH2 inhibitor can attenuate aggressive properties of CRPC cells, hinder the progression of t-NEPC, and promote the response of CPRC cells to enzalutamide. Together, we elucidate that the ADT/AR/EHF/EZH2 signaling is required for the ADT-enhanced NED and plays a critical role in the progression of t-NEPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Long
- Department of Urology, Andrology Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Deng
- Department of Urology, Andrology Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Urology, Andrology Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiangrong He
- Department of Urology, Andrology Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao He
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiheng Hu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
HMGN5 Silencing Suppresses Cell Biological Progression via AKT/MAPK Pathway in Human Glioblastoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8610271. [PMID: 32596388 PMCID: PMC7273445 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8610271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HMGN5 regulates biological function and molecular transcription via combining with a nucleosome. There has been growing evidence that aberrant expression of HMGN5 is associated with malignant neoplasm development and progression. In the present study, we found that the expression of HMGN5 is significantly higher in high-grade glioblastoma tissues than in low-grade samples. To clarify the function of HMGN5 in glioblastoma, we knocked down HMGN5 in U87 and U251 glioblastoma cells via siRNA. The results demonstrated that HMGN5 was involved in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis, migration, and invasion of glioblastoma cells. These outcomes also indicated that silencing HMGN5 possibly suppressed the expression of p-AKT and p-ERK1/2. Taken together, our research reveals that HMGN5 might be an efficient target for glioblastoma-targeted therapy.
Collapse
|
3
|
HMGN5 promotes IL-6-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of bladder cancer by interacting with Hsp27. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7282-7298. [PMID: 32315283 PMCID: PMC7202510 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with a high rate of recurrence and poor outcomes. High-mobility group nucleosome-binding domain 5 (HMGN5) is overexpressed in many cancers and could cause carcinogenesis in BC. By protein-protein-interaction (PPI) analysis, we found that heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27), also a crucial functional factor in BC carcinogenesis, is significantly related to HMGN5. Hsp27 is required for IL-6-mediated EMT via STAT3/Twist signaling in prostate cancer. Here, we hypothesize that HMGN5 may interact with Hsp27 to affect IL-6-induced EMT and invasion in BC via STAT3 signaling. In the present study, we found that HMGN5 and Hsp27 are highly expressed in BC tissues and positively correlated with each other. HMGN5 interacts with Hsp27 in vitro, to modulate the cell invasion and EMT in BC. Moreover, HMGN5 could modulate IL-6-Hsp27-induced EMT and invasion in BC cells by regulating STAT3 phosphorylation and STAT3 targeting of the Twist promoter. HMGN5 interacts with Hsp27 to promote tumor growth in a human BC xenograft model in nude mice. In summary, HMGN5 interacts with Hsp27 to promote IL-6-induced EMT, therefore promoting invasion in BC and contributing to the progression of BC.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1A Upregulates HMGN5 by Increasing the Expression of GATA1 and Plays a Role in Osteosarcoma Metastasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5630124. [PMID: 31930127 PMCID: PMC6942741 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5630124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one of the most common malignant tumors in children and adolescents and is characterized by early metastasis. High-mobility group N (HMGN) domains are involved in the development of several tumors. Our previous study found that HMGN5 is highly expressed in osteosarcoma tissues and knockdown of HMGN5 inhibits migration and invasion of U-2 OS and Saos-2 cells. A hypoxic environment is commonly found in solid tumors such as osteosarcoma and is likely to be associated with tumor metastasis, so we further explored the relationship between HMGN5 and the hypoxic environment. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1A (HIF1A) is an adaptive factor in the hypoxic environment. We found that HIF1A and HMGN5 were upregulated in osteosarcoma (OS) cells cultured in the hypoxic environment, and the results of overexpression and knockdown experiments showed that HIF1A upregulated the transcription factor GATA1 and further promoted the expression of HMGN5. In addition, MMP2 and MMP9 were subsequently upregulated through the c-jun pathway, and finally, this promoted the migration and invasion of OS cells. It is suggested that HMGN5 may be an important downstream factor for HIF1A to promote osteosarcoma metastasis. It has an important clinical significance for the selection of therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wei X, Yu L, Kong X. miR-488 inhibits cell growth and metastasis in renal cell carcinoma by targeting HMGN5. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2205-2216. [PMID: 29713189 PMCID: PMC5912367 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s156361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose microRNAs are thought to play crucial roles in tumorigenesis. Dysregulation of miR-488 has been implicated to be involved in several cancer progressions. However, the biological functions of miR-488 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the role of miR-488 in RCC development. Materials and methods The expression levels of miR-488 were detected in 38 paired RCC tumor samples and cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method. miR-488 was upregulated by mimics transfection in RCC cell lines. MTT, colony formation, transwell assay, flow cytometry assay, and a xenograft model were performed to determine cell proliferation, invasion, migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the potential target of miR-488 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot. The correlation between miR-488 expression and its target gene expression was confirmed by Spearman’s correlation analysis in 38 selected RCC tissue samples. Results We found that miR-488 was remarkably downregulated in human RCC samples and cell lines compared with paired normal tissues and cell lines. Functional investigations revealed that overexpression of miR-488 significantly suppressed cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, and promoted cell apoptosis in RCC cells. Nucleosome binding protein 1 (high-mobility group nucleosome binding domain 5 [HMGN5]) was identified as a direct target of miR-488, and an inverse relationship was found between miR-488 expression and HMGN5 mRNA levels in RCC specimens. Rescue experiments suggested that restoration of HMGN5 partially abolished miR-488-mediated cell proliferation and invasion inhibition in RCC cells through regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/the mammalian target of rapamycin and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition signaling pathways. Conclusion These data indicated that miR-488 acted as a tumor suppressor in RCC proliferation and invasion by targeting HMGN5, which might provide potential therapeutic biomarker for RCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Yu
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangbo Kong
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hong HG, Chen X, Christiani DC, Li Y. Integrated powered density: Screening ultrahigh dimensional covariates with survival outcomes. Biometrics 2017; 74:421-429. [PMID: 29120498 DOI: 10.1111/biom.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modern biomedical studies have yielded abundant survival data with high-throughput predictors. Variable screening is a crucial first step in analyzing such data, for the purpose of identifying predictive biomarkers, understanding biological mechanisms, and making accurate predictions. To nonparametrically quantify the relevance of each candidate variable to the survival outcome, we propose integrated powered density (IPOD), which compares the differences in the covariate-stratified distribution functions. The proposed new class of statistics, with a flexible weighting scheme, is general and includes the Kolmogorov statistic as a special case. Moreover, the method does not rely on rigid regression model assumptions and can be easily implemented. We show that our method possesses sure screening properties, and confirm the utility of the proposal with extensive simulation studies. We apply the method to analyze a multiple myeloma study on detecting gene signatures for cancer patients' survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyokyoung G Hong
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Xuerong Chen
- Center of Statistical Research, School of Statistics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gan Y, He L, Yao K, Tan J, Zeng Q, Dai Y, Liu J, Tang Y. Knockdown of HMGN5 increases the chemosensitivity of human urothelial bladder cancer cells to cisplatin by targeting PI3K/Akt signaling. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6463-6470. [PMID: 29163683 PMCID: PMC5691390 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group nucleosome-binding domain 5 (HMGN5) is the latest member of the HMGN family of proteins. Numerous studies have confirmed the carcinogenic role of HMGN5 in cancer, but its function in the regulation of chemosensitivity is largely unknown and controversial. A previous study by the authors of the present study demonstrated that HMGN5 contributes to the progression of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) through regulating the expression of E-cadherin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, which are associated with the sensitivity of tumor cells to cisplatin. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the regulation of HMGN5 and investigate the involvement of HMGN5 in cisplatin treatment. The results of the present study revealed that HMGN5 is able to positively regulate the expression of phosphorylated (p-)Akt in UBC cells. In addition, HMGN5 expression was negatively associated with the response of UBC cells to cisplatin. The findings indicated that HMGN5 may be a potential therapeutic target of cisplatin treatment, since cisplatin treatment reduced HMGN5 expression in a dose-dependent manner. It was also confirmed that the knockdown of HMGN5 decreased the viability, colony formation and invasion of 5637 cells but increased apoptosis under cisplatin treatment. The changes caused by HMGN5 knockdown in 5637 cells were able to be reversed by treatment with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which is a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling activator. Additionally, with the decreased expression of HMGN5, the expression of p-Akt, slug, E-cadherin and VEGF-C was subsequently inhibited. By contrast, the expression of cytochrome c, cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-poly ADP ribose polymerase was increased following HMGN5 knockdown. Consistently, these changes in protein expression were able to be reversed by IGF-1 treatment. In conclusion, findings from the in vitro experiments indicate that HMGN5 may a target of cisplatin treatment and that the inhibition of HMGN5 increases the chemosensitivity of UBC cells by inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gan
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Leye He
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tan
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zeng
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yingbo Dai
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jianye Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu X, Ma W, Yan Y, Wu S. Silencing HMGN5 suppresses cell growth and promotes chemosensitivity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [PMID: 28914995 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous study has demonstrated that high mobility group nucleosome-binding domain 5 (HMGN5) is involved in tumorigenesis and the development of multidrug resistance in several human cancers. However, the role of HMGN5 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. Here, we showed that HMGN5 was significantly upregulated in ESCC cells. Knockdown of HMGN5 significantly inhibited cell growth and induced cell apoptosis of ESCC cells. Moreover, knockdown of HMGN5 increased the sensitivity of ESCC cells towards cisplatin. By contrast, overexpression of HMGN5 showed the opposite effects. Further experiments demonstrated that HMGN5 regulated the expression of multidrug resistance 1, cyclin B1, and Bcl-2. Overall, our results reveal that HMGN5 promotes tumor progression of ESCC and is also an important regulator of chemoresistance. Our study suggests that inhibition of HMGN5 may be a potential strategy for improving effectiveness of ESCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liu
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Ma
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Yan
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Suge Wu
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang W, Zheng J, Yu T, Wang J. Overexpression of microRNA-495 suppresses the proliferation and invasion and induces the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells by targeting high-mobility group nucleosome-binding domain 5. Oncol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
10
|
Cao Y, Zhang L, Wei M, Jiang X, Jia D. MicroRNA-409-3p Represses Glioma Cell Invasion and Proliferation by Targeting High-Mobility Group Nucleosome-Binding Domain 5. Oncol Res 2017; 25:1097-1107. [PMID: 28109076 PMCID: PMC7841248 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14836170586829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has suggested that aberrantly expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with glioma development and progression. The aberrant expression of miR-409-3p has been reported in several human cancers. However, little is known about the function of miR-409-3p in gliomas. The aim of this study was to investigate the specific role and molecular mechanism of miR-409-3p in gliomas. In the present study, we found that miR-409-3p was downregulated in glioma tissue and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-409-3p inhibited glioma cell invasion and proliferation, whereas suppression of miR-409-3p promoted glioma cell invasion and proliferation. High-mobility group nucleosome-binding domain 5 (HMGN5), a well-known oncogene in gliomas, was identified as a functional target of miR-409-3p using bioinformatics, dual-luciferase reporter assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, miR-409-3p was found to regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and cyclin D1. Restoration of HMGN5 expression significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-409-3p overexpression on glioma cell invasion and proliferation. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-409-3p inhibits glioma cell invasion and proliferation by targeting HMGN5, representing a potential therapeutic target for glioma.
Collapse
|
11
|
Katt ME, Placone AL, Wong AD, Xu ZS, Searson PC. In Vitro Tumor Models: Advantages, Disadvantages, Variables, and Selecting the Right Platform. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:12. [PMID: 26904541 PMCID: PMC4751256 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro tumor models have provided important tools for cancer research and serve as low-cost screening platforms for drug therapies; however, cancer recurrence remains largely unchecked due to metastasis, which is the cause of the majority of cancer-related deaths. The need for an improved understanding of the progression and treatment of cancer has pushed for increased accuracy and physiological relevance of in vitro tumor models. As a result, in vitro tumor models have concurrently increased in complexity and their output parameters further diversified, since these models have progressed beyond simple proliferation, invasion, and cytotoxicity screens and have begun recapitulating critical steps in the metastatic cascade, such as intravasation, extravasation, angiogenesis, matrix remodeling, and tumor cell dormancy. Advances in tumor cell biology, 3D cell culture, tissue engineering, biomaterials, microfabrication, and microfluidics have enabled rapid development of new in vitro tumor models that often incorporate multiple cell types, extracellular matrix materials, and spatial and temporal introduction of soluble factors. Other innovations include the incorporation of perfusable microvessels to simulate the tumor vasculature and model intravasation and extravasation. The drive toward precision medicine has increased interest in adapting in vitro tumor models for patient-specific therapies, clinical management, and assessment of metastatic potential. Here, we review the wide range of current in vitro tumor models and summarize their advantages, disadvantages, and suitability in modeling specific aspects of the metastatic cascade and drug treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moriah E Katt
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology (INBT), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda L Placone
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology (INBT), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D Wong
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology (INBT), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zinnia S Xu
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology (INBT), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology (INBT), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
High-mobility group nucleosome-binding domain 5 (HMGN5) is a new member of the high-mobility group N (HMGN) protein family that is involved in nucleosomal binding and transcriptional activation. It was first discovered in mouse, and recent studies found that the expressions of HMGN5 in many human cancers were also highly regulated, such as prostate, bladder, breast, and lung and clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Numerous reports have demonstrated that HMGN5 plays significant roles in many biological and pathological conditions, such as in developmental defects, hypersensitivity to stress, embryonic stem cell differentiation, and tumor progression. Importantly, deficiency of HMGN5 has been shown to be linked to cancer cell growth, cell cycle regulation, migration, invasion, and clinical outcomes, and it represents a promising therapeutic target for many malignant tumors. In the present review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge concerning the role of HMGN5 in cancer development and progression.
Collapse
|