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Sigorski D, Wesołowski W, Gruszecka A, Gulczyński J, Zieliński P, Misiukiewicz S, Kitlińska J, Iżycka-Świeszewska E. Neuropeptide Y and its receptors in prostate cancer: associations with cancer invasiveness and perineural spread. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:5803-5822. [PMID: 36583743 PMCID: PMC10356636 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a pleiotropic peptide, which is involved in many biological mechanisms important in regulation of cell growth and survival. The aim of this study was a comprehensive analysis of the NPY system in prostate pathology. METHODS The study was based on immunohistochemical analysis of NPY and its receptors, Y1R, Y2R and Y5R, in tissue samples from benign prostate (BP), primary prostate cancer (PCa) and PCa bone metastases. Tissue microarray (TMA) technique was employed, with analysis of multiple cores from each specimen. Intensity of the immunoreactivity and expression index (EI), as well as distribution of the immunostaining in neoplastic cells and stromal elements were evaluated. Perineural invasion (PNI) and extraprostatic extension (EPE) were areas of special interests. Moreover, a transwell migration assay on the LNCaP PCa cell line was used to assess the chemotactic properties of NPY. RESULTS Morphological analysis revealed homogeneous membrane and cytoplasmic pattern of NPY staining in cancer cells and its membrane localization with apical accentuation in BP glands. All elements of the NPY system were upregulated in pre-invasive prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, PCa and metastases. EI and staining intensity of NPY receptors were significantly higher in PCa then in BP with correlation between Y2R and Y5R. The strength of expression of the NPY system was further increased in the PNI and EPE areas. In bone metastases, Y1R and Y5R presented high expression scores. CONCLUSION The results of our study suggest that the NPY system is involved in PCa, starting from early stages of its development to disseminated states of the disease, and participates in the invasion of PCa into the auto and paracrine matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Sigorski
- Department of Oncology, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-228, Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, Warmian-Masurian Cancer Center of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration Hospital, 10-228, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Gruszecka
- Department of Radiology Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Gulczyński
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Pathomorphology, Copernicus Hospital, 80-803, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Zieliński
- Division of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, University Center of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Sara Misiukiewicz
- Human Science Department, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joanna Kitlińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Ewa Iżycka-Świeszewska
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland.
- Department of Pathomorphology, Copernicus Hospital, 80-803, Gdańsk, Poland.
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2
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Sánchez ML, Rodríguez FD, Coveñas R. Neuropeptide Y Peptide Family and Cancer: Antitumor Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9962. [PMID: 37373115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently available data on the involvement of neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY (PYY), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and their receptors (YRs) in cancer are updated. The structure and dynamics of YRs and their intracellular signaling pathways are also studied. The roles played by these peptides in 22 different cancer types are reviewed (e.g., breast cancer, colorectal cancer, Ewing sarcoma, liver cancer, melanoma, neuroblastoma, pancreatic cancer, pheochromocytoma, and prostate cancer). YRs could be used as cancer diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. A high Y1R expression has been correlated with lymph node metastasis, advanced stages, and perineural invasion; an increased Y5R expression with survival and tumor growth; and a high serum NPY level with relapse, metastasis, and poor survival. YRs mediate tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis; YR antagonists block the previous actions and promote the death of cancer cells. NPY favors tumor cell growth, migration, and metastasis and promotes angiogenesis in some tumors (e.g., breast cancer, colorectal cancer, neuroblastoma, pancreatic cancer), whereas in others it exerts an antitumor effect (e.g., cholangiocarcinoma, Ewing sarcoma, liver cancer). PYY or its fragments block tumor cell growth, migration, and invasion in breast, colorectal, esophageal, liver, pancreatic, and prostate cancer. Current data show the peptidergic system's high potential for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and support using Y2R/Y5R antagonists and NPY or PYY agonists as promising antitumor therapeutic strategies. Some important research lines to be developed in the future will also be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lisardo Sánchez
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco D Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
- Group GIR-USAL: BMD (Bases Moleculares del Desarrollo), University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
- Group GIR-USAL: BMD (Bases Moleculares del Desarrollo), University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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3
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Li S, Chen X, Chen J, Wu B, Liu J, Guo Y, Li M, Pu X. Multi-omics integration analysis of GPCRs in pan-cancer to uncover inter-omics relationships and potential driver genes. Comput Biol Med 2023; 161:106988. [PMID: 37201441 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest drug target family. Unfortunately, applications of GPCRs in cancer therapy are scarce due to very limited knowledge regarding their correlations with cancers. Multi-omics data enables systematic investigations of GPCRs, yet their effective integration remains a challenge due to the complexity of the data. Here, we adopt two types of integration strategies, multi-staged and meta-dimensional approaches, to fully characterize somatic mutations, somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs), DNA methylations, and mRNA expressions of GPCRs in 33 cancers. Results from the multi-staged integration reveal that GPCR mutations cannot well predict expression dysregulation. The correlations between expressions and SCNAs are primarily positive, while correlations of the methylations with expressions and SCNAs are bimodal with negative correlations predominating. Based on these correlations, 32 and 144 potential cancer-related GPCRs driven by aberrant SCNA and methylation are identified, respectively. In addition, the meta-dimensional integration analysis is carried out by using deep learning models, which predict more than one hundred GPCRs as potential oncogenes. When comparing results between the two integration strategies, 165 cancer-related GPCRs are common in both, suggesting that they should be prioritized in future studies. However, 172 GPCRs emerge in only one, indicating that the two integration strategies should be considered concurrently to complement the information missed by the other such that obtain a more comprehensive understanding. Finally, correlation analysis further reveals that GPCRs, in particular for the class A and adhesion receptors, are generally immune-related. In a whole, the work is for the first time to reveal the associations between different omics layers and highlight the necessity of combing the two strategies in identifying cancer-related GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Jianfang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Binjian Wu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Yanzhi Guo
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Menglong Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Xuemei Pu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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4
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Prexler C, Knape MS, Erlewein-Schweizer J, Roll W, Specht K, Woertler K, Weichert W, von Luettichau I, Rossig C, Hauer J, Richter GHS, Weber W, Burdach S. Correlation of Transcriptomics and FDG-PET SUVmax Indicates Reciprocal Expression of Stemness-Related Transcription Factor and Neuropeptide Signaling Pathways in Glucose Metabolism of Ewing Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235999. [PMID: 36497479 PMCID: PMC9735504 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ewing sarcoma (EwS), long-term treatment effects and poor survival rates for relapsed or metastatic cases require individualization of therapy and the discovery of new treatment methods. Tumor glucose metabolic activity varies significantly between patients, and FDG-PET signals have been proposed as prognostic factors. However, the biological basis for the generally elevated but variable glucose metabolism in EwS is not well understood. METHODS We retrospectively included 19 EwS samples (17 patients). Affymetrix gene expression was correlated with maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) using machine learning, linear regression modelling, and gene set enrichment analyses for functional annotation. RESULTS Expression of five genes correlated (MYBL2, ELOVL2, NETO2) or anticorrelated (FAXDC2, PLSCR4) significantly with SUVmax (adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05). Additionally, we identified 23 genes with large SUVmax effect size, which were significantly enriched for "neuropeptide Y receptor activity (GO:0004983)" (adjusted p-value = 0.0007). The expression of the members of this signaling pathway (NPY, NPY1R, NPY5R) anticorrelated with SUVmax. In contrast, three transcription factors associated with maintaining stemness displayed enrichment of their target genes with higher SUVmax: RNF2, E2F family, and TCF3. CONCLUSION Our large-scale analysis examined comprehensively the correlations between transcriptomics and tumor glucose utilization. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that stemness may be associated with increased glucose uptake, whereas neuroectodermal differentiation may anticorrelate with glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Prexler
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Marie Sophie Knape
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Roll
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A1, 48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Katja Specht
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Woertler
- Musculoskeletal Radiology Section, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Irene von Luettichau
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
- ERN PaedCan, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Julia Hauer
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Guenther H. S. Richter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charite–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weber
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Academy of Translational Medicine and Department of Molecular Oncology–British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Correspondence:
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5
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Wu Y, Berisha A, Borniger JC. Neuropeptides in Cancer: Friend and Foe? Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200111. [PMID: 35775608 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are small regulatory molecules found throughout the body, most notably in the nervous, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. They serve as neurotransmitters or hormones in the regulation of diverse physiological processes. Cancer cells escape normal growth control mechanisms by altering their expression of growth factors, receptors, or intracellular signals, and neuropeptides have recently been recognized as mitogens in cancer growth and development. Many neuropeptides and their receptors exist in multiple subtypes, coupling with different downstream signaling pathways and playing distinct roles in cancer progression. The consideration of neuropeptide/receptor systems as anticancer targets is already leading to new biological and diagnostic knowledge that has the potential to enhance the understanding and treatment of cancer. In this review, recent discoveries regarding neuropeptides in a wide range of cancers, emphasizing their mechanisms of action, signaling cascades, regulation, and therapeutic potential, are discussed. Current technologies used to manipulate and analyze neuropeptides/receptors are described. Applications of neuropeptide analogs and their receptor inhibitors in translational studies and radio-oncology are rapidly increasing, and the possibility for their integration into therapeutic trials and clinical treatment appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Adrian Berisha
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
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6
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Liu Y, Sun J, Han D, Cui S, Yan X. Identification of Potential Biomarkers and Small Molecule Drugs for Cutaneous Melanoma Using Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:858633. [PMID: 35433681 PMCID: PMC9006169 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.858633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a type of skin cancer with a high fatality rate, and its pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Methods: We obtained the gene expression datasets of CM through the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Subsequently, robust rank aggregation (RRA) method was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CM cases and normal skin controls. Gene functional annotation was performed to explore the potential function of the DEGs. We built the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network by the Interactive Gene database retrieval tool (STRING) and selected hub modules by Molecular Complexity Detection (MCODE). We furthered and validated our results using the TCGA-GTEX dataset. Finally, potential small molecule drugs were predicted by CMap database and verified by molecular docking method. Results: A total of 135 DEGs were obtained by RRA synthesis analysis. GMPR, EMP3, SLC45A2, PDZD2, NPY1R, DLG5 and ADH1B were screened as potential targets for CM. Furazolidone was screened as a potential small molecule drug for the treatment of CM, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of CM cell proliferation by acting on GMPR. Conclusion: We identified seven prognostic therapeutic targets associated with CM and furazolidone could be used as a potential drug for CM treatment, providing new prognostic markers, potential therapeutic targets and small molecule drugs for the treatment and prevention of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongran Han
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shengnan Cui
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shengnan Cui, ; Xiaoning Yan,
| | - Xiaoning Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Shengnan Cui, ; Xiaoning Yan,
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7
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Klaas M, Mäemets-Allas K, Heinmäe E, Lagus H, Cárdenas-León CG, Arak T, Eller M, Kingo K, Kankuri E, Jaks V. Thrombospondin-4 Is a Soluble Dermal Inflammatory Signal That Selectively Promotes Fibroblast Migration and Keratinocyte Proliferation for Skin Regeneration and Wound Healing. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:745637. [PMID: 34631719 PMCID: PMC8495264 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.745637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin-4 (THBS4) is a non-structural extracellular matrix molecule associated with tissue regeneration and a variety of pathological processes characterized by increased cell proliferation and migration. However, the mechanisms of how THBS4 regulates cell behavior as well as the pathways contributing to its effects have remained largely unexplored. In the present study we investigated the role of THBS4 in skin regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. We found that THBS4 expression was upregulated in the dermal compartment of healing skin wounds in humans as well as in mice. Application of recombinant THBS4 protein promoted cutaneous wound healing in mice and selectively stimulated migration of primary fibroblasts as well as proliferation of keratinocytes in vitro. By using a combined proteotranscriptomic pathway analysis approach we discovered that β-catenin acted as a hub for THBS4-dependent cell signaling and likely plays a key role in promoting its downstream effects. Our results suggest that THBS4 is an important contributor to wound healing and its incorporation into novel wound healing therapies may be a promising strategy for treatment of cutaneous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariliis Klaas
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Elizabeth Heinmäe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Heli Lagus
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Wound Healing Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Terje Arak
- Surgery Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mart Eller
- Surgery Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Külli Kingo
- Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viljar Jaks
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
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8
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Wu P, Xiang T, Wang J, Lv R, Ma S, Yuan L, Wu G, Che X. Identification of immunization-related new prognostic biomarkers for papillary renal cell carcinoma by integrated bioinformatics analysis. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:241. [PMID: 34620162 PMCID: PMC8499437 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01092-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) being the second most common type of kidney cancer, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Targeted therapies in the past have not been successful because of the lack of a clear understanding of the molecular mechanism. Hence, exploring the underlying mechanisms and seeking novel biomarkers for pursuing a precise prognostic biomarker and appropriate therapies are critical. Material and methods In our research, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened from the TCGA and GEO databases, and a total of 149 upregulated and 285 downregulated genes were sorted. This was followed by construction of functional enrichment and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, and then the top 15 DEGs were selected for further analysis. The P4HB gene was chosen as our target gene by repetitively validating multiple datasets, and higher levels of P4HB expression predicted lower overall survival (OS) in patients with pRCC. Results We found that P4HB not only connects with immune cell infiltration and co-expression with PD-1, PD-L2, and CTLA-4, but also has a strong connection with the newly discovered hot gene, TOX. Conclusion We speculate that P4HB is a novel gene involved in the progression of pRCC through immunomodulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-021-01092-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Tingting Xiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Liguang Rehabilitation Hospital of Dalian Development Zone, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Run Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Shaoxin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Limei Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Guangzhen Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China.
| | - Xiangyu Che
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China.
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9
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Lin T, Lin Z, Mai P, Zhang E, Peng L. Identification of prognostic biomarkers associated with the occurrence of portal vein tumor thrombus in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11786-11807. [PMID: 33878734 PMCID: PMC8109071 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) is strongly correlated to the staging and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, the mechanisms of PVTT formation remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between primary tumor (PT) and PVTT tissues and comprehensively explored the underlying mechanisms of PVTT formation. The DEGs between PT and paired PVTT tissues were analyzed using transcriptional data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The expression, clinical relevance, prognostic significance, genetic alternations, DNA methylation, correlations with immune infiltration, co-expression correlations, and functional enrichment analysis of the DEGs were explored using multiple databases. As result, 12 DEGs were commonly down-expressed in PVTT compared with PT tissues among three datasets. The expression of DCN, CCL21, IGJ, CXCL14, FCN3, LAMA2, and NPY1R was progressively decreased from normal liver, PT, to PVTT tissues, whose up-expression associated with favorable survivals of HCC patients. The genetic alternations and DNA methylation of the DEGs frequently occurred, and several methylated CpG sites of the DEGs significantly correlated with outcomes of HCC patients. The immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment of HCC was correlated with the expression level of the DEGs. Besides, the DEGs and their co-expressive genes participated in the biological processes of extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and focal adhesion. In summary, this study indicated the dysregulation of ECM and focal adhesion might contribute to the formation of PVTT. And the above seven genes might serve as potential biomarkers of PVTT occurrence and prognosis of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lin
- The Fourth Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhimei Lin
- The Fourth Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peipei Mai
- The Fourth Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - E Zhang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lisheng Peng
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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10
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Dietrich P, Wormser L, Fritz V, Seitz T, De Maria M, Schambony A, Kremer AE, Günther C, Itzel T, Thasler WE, Teufel A, Trebicka J, Hartmann A, Neurath MF, von Hörsten S, Bosserhoff AK, Hellerbrand C. Molecular crosstalk between Y5 receptor and neuropeptide Y drives liver cancer. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:2509-2526. [PMID: 31999643 DOI: 10.1172/jci131919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is clearly age-related and represents one of the deadliest cancer types worldwide. As a result of globally increasing risk factors including metabolic disorders, the incidence rates of HCC are still rising. However, the molecular hallmarks of HCC remain poorly understood. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY receptors represent a highly conserved, stress-activated system involved in diverse cancer-related hallmarks including aging and metabolic alterations, but its impact on liver cancer had been unclear. Here, we observed increased expression of NPY5 receptor (Y5R) in HCC, which correlated with tumor growth and survival. Furthermore, we found that its ligand NPY was secreted by peritumorous hepatocytes. Hepatocyte-derived NPY promoted HCC progression by Y5R activation. TGF-β1 was identified as a regulator of NPY in hepatocytes and induced Y5R in invasive cancer cells. Moreover, NPY conversion by dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP4) augmented Y5R activation and function in liver cancer. The TGF-β/NPY/Y5R axis and DPP4 represent attractive therapeutic targets for controlling liver cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dietrich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum.,Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, and
| | | | | | | | - Monica De Maria
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schambony
- Biology Department, Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Timo Itzel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Teufel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Region of Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, and.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Region of Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Franz Penzoldt Center, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja K Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Region of Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Region of Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Chen F, Zhou Y, Yang K, Shen M, Wang Y. NPY stimulates cholesterol synthesis acutely by activating the SREBP2-HMGCR pathway through the Y1 and Y5 receptors in murine hepatocytes. Life Sci 2020; 262:118478. [PMID: 32976883 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is partially attributed to disturbance in cholesterol metabolism and sympathetic overactivity. Excessive levels of the sympathetic neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) positively correlated with both NAFLD and cholesterol accumulation. We wanted to determine, for the first time, whether NPY promotes cholesterol accumulation directly in hepatocytes and elucidate the underlying mechanism. MAIN METHODS In vivo, NPY was injected through the hepatic portal vein into SD rats. One hour later, serum and liver tissues were collected. In vitro, BRL-3A hepatocytes were treated with NPY, and with Y1, Y2, Y5, receptor antagonists as well as with extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) antagonist, respectively. Cholesterol content was measured by coupled enzyme method. Precursor sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2 (pSREBP2), mature SREBP2 (mSREBP2), HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), ERK1/2, pERK1/2, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and pPKA protein expression levels were examined by western blotting. KEY FINDINGS In rats, intraportal vein injection of NPY activates pSREBP2, mSREBP2, and HMGCR protein expression, and induces hepatic cholesterol accumulation. In BRL-3A cells, we observed that NPY increases cholesterogenic protein expression and cholesterol synthesis through Y1 and Y5 receptors. This effect is mediated by the activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrated, for the first time, that NPY can activate the cholesterogenic pathway and elucidated the underlying mechanism. Thus, NPY and NPY receptors might be new targets for the treatment of NAFLD and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110032, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110032, China
| | - Keyu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110032, China
| | - Mingyang Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110032, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110032, China.
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12
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Sun WW, ShangGuan T, Zhu P, Li HK, Jiang M, Yang P, Li LY, Zhang ZH. Role of hepatic neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptors in a methionine-choline-deficient model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Life Sci 2020; 245:117356. [PMID: 31991181 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS NPY-Y1R plays an important role in dietary regulation. Although germline knockdown of NPY-Y1R in mice alleviates high-fat-diet-induced obesity and increases CPT1α levels in the liver, the role of the Y1 receptor in specific tissues has not been studied. MAIN METHODS MCD diet is the most widely used method to establish a model of lean NASH in a short time. We therefore evaluated the role of liver NPY-Y1R in NASH progression. KEY FINDINGS In mice with liver-specific knockout of NPY-Y1R (LivKO) and wild-type control littermates fed MCD diet for 4 weeks, NPY-Y1R deficiency significantly decreased body and liver weight. Moreover, NPY-Y1R deletion protected mice against hepatic steatosis and injury. LivKO decreased TG, TC, and FFA levels in the liver and alanine aminotransferase activity in plasma. To clarify the mechanism, we evaluated the key enzymes involved in triglyceride hydrolase and fatty-acid oxidase. Expression of ATGL, CPT1α, and ACO was significantly increased in LivKO mice, whereas expression of fatty-acid synthase was significantly decreased. mRNA expression analysis revealed a marked reduction of genes involved in de-novo lipogenesis and monosaturated fatty-acid synthesis, including sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 1c and fatty-acid synthase. Moreover, liver injury-related factors were significantly decreased in LivKO mice, such as TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and MCP-1. Thus, NPY-Y1R deficiency in the liver alleviates lipid deposition and injury. However, NPY-Y1R did not affect inflammation and fibrosis. SIGNIFICANCE NPY-Y1R deficiency in the liver directly suppresses not only hepatic steatosis, but also liver injury, and thus provides a treatment option for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Tao ShangGuan
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Hua-Kang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Lin-Yu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China.
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13
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Li X, Lv J, Liu S. MCM3AP-AS1 KD Inhibits Proliferation, Invasion, and Migration of PCa Cells via DNMT1/DNMT3 (A/B) Methylation-Mediated Upregulation of NPY1R. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:265-278. [PMID: 32193153 PMCID: PMC7078492 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous tumor that commonly occurs among males worldwide. This study explored the potential role that long non-coding RNA MCM3AP antisense RNA 1 (MCM3AP-AS1) plays in PCa progression, and investigated its mechanism. MCM3AP-AS1 and neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 (NPY1R) expression was determined in PCa cells. The regulatory role of MCM3AP-AS1 in PCa cells was defined using scratch test, Transwell assay, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, and flow cytometry. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used to test the methylation level of NPY1R. Subsequently, the interaction among MCM3AP-AS1, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)1/DNMT3 (A/B), and NPY1R was investigated using RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Finally, we observed xenograft tumor in nude mice. MCM3AP-AS1 was highly, whereas NPY1R was poorly, expressed in PCa. Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of MCM3AP-AS1 promoted proliferation, invasion, and migration while suppressing apoptosis of PCa cells, whereas opposite trends were detected after inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. MCM3AP-AS1 promoted methylation of NPY1R promoter via recruitment of DNMT1/DNMT3 (A/B), thereby downregulating NPY1R expression to activate the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, overexpressed MCM3AP-AS1 was observed to facilitate PCa development in vivo, which could be reversed by overexpressed NPY1R. Altogether, MCM3AP-AS1 silencing inhibits PCa progression by disrupting methylation of the NPY1R promoter to inactivate the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji'nan 250021, P. R. China; Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jiancheng Lv
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji'nan 250021, P. R. China.
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14
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Expression of neuropeptide Y is increased in an activated human HSC cell line. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9500. [PMID: 31263154 PMCID: PMC6602956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an abundant neuropeptide in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems. Transgenic mice overexpressing NPY in noradrenergic neurons have increased level of hepatic triglycerides, fatty acids and cholesterol, which contributed to the development of hepatosteatosis. However, the roles of NPY in the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the expression and secretion of NPY in human immortalized HSC LX-2 cells and the regulatory function of NPY on the fibrogenic response in LX-2 cells, to explore the potential association between NPY and LX-2 activation. The results showed an increase in the expression and secretion of NPY(1–36) in activated LX-2 cells. Both endogenous and exogenous NPY(1–36) induced the phosphorylation of mTOR, p70S6K, and 4EBP1 and promoted the fibrogenic response via NPY Y1 receptor subtype (NPY1R), as these responses were blocked by either an NPY1R antagonist (BIBP3226) or NPY1R knockdown. Moreover, NPY(1–36) serum levels were increased in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and presented a positive relationship with MELD scores in LC patients. These findings suggest that immortalized HSCs LX-2 have the potential to produce NPY(1–36). High serum levels of NPY(1–36) is correlated with hepatic dysfunction in cirrhotic patients.
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15
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Men X, Ma J, Wu T, Pu J, Wen S, Shen J, Wang X, Wang Y, Chen C, Dai P. Transcriptome profiling identified differentially expressed genes and pathways associated with tamoxifen resistance in human breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 9:4074-4089. [PMID: 29423105 PMCID: PMC5790522 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) resistance is an important clinical problem in the treatment of breast cancer. In order to identify the mechanism of TAM resistance for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, we screened the transcriptome using RNA-seq and compared the gene expression profiles between the MCF-7 mamma carcinoma cell line and the TAM-resistant cell line TAMR/MCF-7, 52 significant differential expression genes (DEGs) were identified including SLIT2, ROBO, LHX, KLF, VEGFC, BAMBI, LAMA1, FLT4, PNMT, DHRS2, MAOA and ALDH. The DEGs were annotated in the GO, COG and KEGG databases. Annotation of the function of the DEGs in the KEGG database revealed the top three pathways enriched with the most DEGs, including pathways in cancer, the PI3K-AKT pathway, and focal adhesion. Then we compared the gene expression profiles between the Clinical progressive disease (PD) and the complete response (CR) from the cancer genome altas (TCGA). 10 common DEGs were identified through combining the clinical and cellular analysis results. Protein-protein interaction network was applied to analyze the association of ER signal pathway with the 10 DEGs. 3 significant genes (GFRA3, NPY1R and PTPRN2) were closely related to ER related pathway. These significant DEGs regulated many biological activities such as cell proliferation and survival, motility and migration, and tumor cell invasion. The interactions between these DEGs and drug resistance phenomenon need to be further elucidated at a functional level in further studies. Based on our findings, we believed that these DEGs could be therapeutic targets, which can be explored to develop new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Men
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Tong Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Junyi Pu
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Shaojia Wen
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xun Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yamin Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Penggao Dai
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
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16
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Linkage mapping aided by de novo genome and transcriptome assembly in Portunus trituberculatus: applications in growth-related QTL and gene identification. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7874. [PMID: 28801606 PMCID: PMC5554138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-resolution genetic linkage map is an essential tool for decoding genetics and genomics in non-model organisms. In this study, a linkage map was constructed for the swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) with 10,963 markers; as far as we know, this number of markers has never been achieved in any other crustacean. The linkage map covered 98.85% of the whole genome with a mean marker interval of 0.51 cM. The de novo assembly based on genome and transcriptome sequencing data enabled 2,378 explicit annotated markers to be anchored to the map. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping revealed 10 growth-related QTLs with a phenotypic variance explained (PVE) range of 12.0-35.9. Eight genes identified from the growth-related QTL regions, in particular, RE1-silencing transcription factor and RNA-directed DNA polymerase genes with nonsynonymous substitutions, were considered important growth-related candidate genes. We have demonstrated that linkage mapping aided by de novo assembly of genome and transcriptome sequencing could serve as an important platform for QTL mapping and the identification of trait-related genes.
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17
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Genes encoding neuropeptide receptors are epigenetic markers in patients with head and neck cancer: a site-specific analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76318-76328. [PMID: 29100314 PMCID: PMC5652708 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staging and pathological grading systems are useful but imperfect predictors of recurrence in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). To identify potential prognostic markers, we examined the methylation status of eight neuropeptide receptor gene promoters in 231 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. The NPFFR1, NPFFR2, HCRTR1, HCRTR2, NPY1R, NPY2R, NPY4R, and NPY5R promoters were methylated in 80.5%, 79.2%, 67.1%, 73.2%, 35.1%, 36.4%, 38.5%, and 35.9% of the samples, respectively. In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, the odds ratio for recurrence was 2.044 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.323–3.156; P = 0.001) when the NPY2R promoter was methylated. In patients without lymph node metastasis (n = 100), methylation of NPY2R (compared with methylation of the other seven genes) best correlated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) (odds ratio, 2.492; 95% CI, 1.190–5.215; P = 0.015). In patients with oral cancer (n = 69), methylated NPY1R and NPY2R were independent prognostic factors for poor DFS, both individually and, even more so, in combination (odds ratio, 3.90; 95% CI, 1.523–9.991; P = 0.005). Similar findings were observed for NPY2R and NPY4R in patients with oropharyngeal cancer (n = 162) (odds ratio, 5.663; 95% CI, 1.507–21.28; P = 0.010).
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