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Lentiviral Vector Induced Modeling of High-Grade Spinal Cord Glioma in Minipigs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5291. [PMID: 32210315 PMCID: PMC7093438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have applied driver mutations targeting the RTK/RAS/PI3K and p53 pathways to induce the formation of high-grade gliomas in rodent models. In the present study, we report the production of a high-grade spinal cord glioma model in pigs using lentiviral gene transfer. METHODS Six Gottingen Minipigs received thoracolumbar (T14-L1) lateral white matter injections of a combination of lentiviral vectors, expressing platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGF-B), constitutive HRAS, and shRNA-p53 respectively. All animals received injection of control vectors into the contralateral cord. Animals underwent baseline and endpoint magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were evaluated daily for clinical deficits. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical analysis was conducted. Data are presented using descriptive statistics including relative frequencies, mean, standard deviation, and range. RESULTS 100% of animals (n = 6/6) developed clinical motor deficits ipsilateral to the oncogenic lentiviral injections by a three-week endpoint. MRI scans at endpoint demonstrated contrast enhancing mass lesions at the site of oncogenic lentiviral injection and not at the site of control injections. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positive staining for GFAP, Olig2, and a high Ki-67 proliferative index. Histopathologic features demonstrate consistent and reproducible growth of a high-grade glioma in all animals. CONCLUSIONS Lentiviral gene transfer represents a feasible pathway to glioma modeling in higher order species. The present model is the first lentiviral vector induced pig model of high-grade spinal cord glioma and may potentially be used in preclinical therapeutic development programs.
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Love AJ, Yu C, Petukhova NV, Kalinina NO, Chen J, Taliansky ME. Cajal bodies and their role in plant stress and disease responses. RNA Biol 2017; 14:779-790. [PMID: 27726481 PMCID: PMC5519230 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1243650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cajal bodies (CBs) are distinct sub-nuclear structures that are present in eukaryotic living cells and are often associated with the nucleolus. CBs play important roles in RNA metabolism and formation of RNPs involved in transcription, splicing, ribosome biogenesis, and telomere maintenance. Besides these primary roles, CBs appear to be involved in additional functions that may not be directly related to RNA metabolism and RNP biogenesis. In this review, we assess possible roles of plant CBs in RNA regulatory pathways such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and RNA silencing. We also summarize recent progress and discuss new non-canonical functions of plant CBs in responses to stress and disease. It is hypothesized that CBs can regulate these responses via their interaction with poly(ADP ribose)polymerase (PARP), which is known to play an important role in various physiological processes including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It is suggested that CBs and their components modify PARP activities and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Love
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Chulang Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Natalia O. Kalinina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Michael E. Taliansky
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Complete reduction of p53 expression by RNA interference following heterozygous knockout in porcine fibroblasts. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:736-41. [PMID: 27142766 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 plays a critical role in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis in mammals. Mutations of p53 often cause various cancers. Murine models have improved our understanding on tumorigenesis associated with p53 mutations. However, mice and humans are different in many ways. For example, the short lifespans of mice limit the clinical application of the data obtained from this species. Porcine model could be an alternative as pigs share many anatomical and physiological similarities with humans. Here, we modified the expression levels of p53 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein in porcine fetal fibroblasts using a combination of gene targeting and RNA interference. First, we disrupted the p53 gene to produce p53 knockout (KO) cells. Second, the p53 shRNA expression vector was introduced into fibroblasts to isolate p53 knockdown (KD) cells. We obtained p53 KO, KD, and KO + KD fibroblasts which involve p53 KO and KD either separately or simultaneously. The mRNA expression of p53 in p53 KO fibroblasts was similar to that in the wild-type control. However, the mRNA expression levels of p53 in KD and KO + KD cells were significantly decreased. The p53 protein level significant reduced in p53 KD. Interestingly, no p53 protein was detected in KO + KD, suggesting a complete reduction of the protein by synergistic effect of KO and KD. This study demonstrated that various expression levels of p53 in porcine fibroblasts could be achieved by gene targeting and RNA interference. Moreover, complete abolishment of protein expression is feasible using a combination of gene targeting and RNA interference.
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Saalfrank A, Janssen KP, Ravon M, Flisikowski K, Eser S, Steiger K, Flisikowska T, Müller-Fliedner P, Schulze É, Brönner C, Gnann A, Kappe E, Böhm B, Schade B, Certa U, Saur D, Esposito I, Kind A, Schnieke A. A porcine model of osteosarcoma. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e210. [PMID: 26974205 PMCID: PMC4815050 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously produced pigs with a latent oncogenic TP53 mutation. Humans with TP53 germline mutations are predisposed to a wide spectrum of early-onset cancers, predominantly breast, brain, adrenal gland cancer, soft tissue sarcomas and osteosarcomas. Loss of p53 function has been observed in >50% of human cancers. Here we demonstrate that porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) convert to a transformed phenotype after activation of latent oncogenic TP53R167H and KRASG12D, and overexpression of MYC promotes tumorigenesis. The process mimics key molecular aspects of human sarcomagenesis. Transformed porcine MSCs exhibit genomic instability, with complex karyotypes, and develop into sarcomas on transplantation into immune-deficient mice. In pigs, heterozygous knockout of TP53 was sufficient for spontaneous osteosarcoma development in older animals, whereas homozygous TP53 knockout resulted in multiple large osteosarcomas in 7–8-month-old animals. This is the first report that engineered mutation of an endogenous tumour-suppressor gene leads to invasive cancer in pigs. Unlike in Trp53 mutant mice, osteosarcoma developed in the long bones and skull, closely recapitulating the human disease. These animals thus promise a model for juvenile osteosarcoma, a relatively uncommon but devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saalfrank
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - K-P Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - M Ravon
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - S Eser
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - K Steiger
- Department of Pathology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - T Flisikowska
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - P Müller-Fliedner
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - É Schulze
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - C Brönner
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - A Gnann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - E Kappe
- Department of Pathology, Bavarian Animal Health Service, Poing, Germany
| | - B Böhm
- Department of Pathology, Bavarian Animal Health Service, Poing, Germany
| | - B Schade
- Department of Pathology, Bavarian Animal Health Service, Poing, Germany
| | - U Certa
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Saur
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - I Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A Kind
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - A Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Tao Z, Zhu C, Song C, Song W, Ji G, Shan Y, Xu W, Li H. Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference of myostatin gene affects MyoD and Myf5 gene expression in duck embryonic myoblasts. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:551-8. [PMID: 26301941 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1085958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to construct lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) vectors targeting the duck MSTN gene and investigate whether these vectors can affect the development of duck primary cultured embryonic myoblasts. MSTN mRNA levels in the myoblasts were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assays and cell differentiation was assayed by photography. MSTN mRNA levels in PLL3.7-MSTN-shRNA1, PLL3.7-MSTN-shRNA2 and PLL3.7-MSTN-shRNA3 lentivirus-mediated shRNA groups were reduced by 61.6%, 76.9% and 79.1%, respectively, compared to control cells. Down-regulation of MSTN in duck embryonic myoblasts stimulated cell proliferation and inhibited differentiation, accompanied by a greater than twofold down-regulation of MyoD expression and up-regulation of Myf5 expression. These results revealed that silencing of MSTN changes the development of duck embryonic myoblasts by regulating the expression level of MyoD and Myf5 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tao
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , P.R. China
| | - C Zhu
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , P.R. China
| | - C Song
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , P.R. China
| | - W Song
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , P.R. China
| | - G Ji
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Y Shan
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , P.R. China
| | - W Xu
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , P.R. China
| | - H Li
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Sciences , Yangzhou , P.R. China
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Chung HC, Nguyen VG, Moon HJ, Kim HK, Park SJ, Lee JH, Choi MG, Kim AR, Park BK. Inhibition of porcine endogenous retrovirus in PK15 cell line by efficient multitargeting RNA interference. Transpl Int 2013; 27:96-105. [PMID: 24138389 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To effectively suppress porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV)s, RNAi technique was utilized. RNAi is the up-to-date skill for gene knockdown which simultaneously multitargets both gag and pol genes critical for replication of PERVs. Previously, two of the most effective siRNAs (gag2, pol2) were found to reduce the expression of PERVs. Concurrent treatment of these two siRNAs (gag2+pol2) showed knockdown efficiency of up to 88% compared to negative control. However, despite the high initial knockdown efficiency 48 h after transfection caused by siRNA, it may only be a transient effect of suppressing PERVs. The multitargeting vector was designed, containing both gag and pol genes and making use of POL II miR Expression Vector, which allowed for persistent and multiple targeting. This is the latest shRNA system technique expressing and targeting like miRNA. Through antibiotics resistance characteristics utilizing this vector, miRNA-transfected PK15 cells (gag2-pol2) were selected during 10 days. An 88.1% reduction in the level of mRNA expression was found. In addition, we performed RT-activity analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization assay, and it demonstrated the highest knockdown efficiency in multitargeting (gag2+pol2) miRNA group. Therefore, according to the results above, gene knockdown system (siRNA and shRNA) through multitargeting strategy could effectively inhibit PERVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Chun Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Gigli I, Maizon DO. microRNAs and the mammary gland: A new understanding of gene expression. Genet Mol Biol 2013; 36:465-74. [PMID: 24385846 PMCID: PMC3873174 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572013005000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in cells as well as in exosomes in biological fluids such as milk. In mammary gland, most of the miRNAs studied have functions related to immunity and show alterations in their pattern of expression during lactation. In mastitis, the inflammatory response caused by Streptococcus uberis alters the expression of miRNAs that may regulate the innate immune system. These small RNAs are stable at room temperature and are resistant to repeated freeze/thaw cycles, acidic conditions and degradation by RNAse, making them resistant to industrial procedures. These properties mean that miRNAs could have multiple applications in veterinary medicine and biotechnology. Indeed, lactoglobulin-free milk has been produced in transgenic cows expressing specific miRNAs. Although plant and animal miRNAs have undergone independent evolutionary adaptation recent studies have demonstrated a cross-kingdom passage in which rice miRNA was isolated from human serum. This finding raises questions about the possible effect that miRNAs present in foods consumed by humans could have on human gene regulation. Further studies are needed before applying miRNA biotechnology to the milk industry. New discoveries and a greater knowledge of gene expression will lead to a better understanding of the role of miRNAs in physiology, nutrition and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gigli
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Daniel Omar Maizon
- INTA, EEA Anguil "Ing. Agr. Guillermo Covas", Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina
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Leuchs S, Saalfrank A, Merkl C, Flisikowska T, Edlinger M, Durkovic M, Rezaei N, Kurome M, Zakhartchenko V, Kessler B, Flisikowski K, Kind A, Wolf E, Schnieke A. Inactivation and inducible oncogenic mutation of p53 in gene targeted pigs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43323. [PMID: 23071491 PMCID: PMC3465291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the tumor suppressor p53 plays a major role in human carcinogenesis. Here we describe gene-targeted porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and live pigs carrying a latent TP53R167H mutant allele, orthologous to oncogenic human mutant TP53R175H and mouse Trp53R172H, that can be activated by Cre recombination. MSCs carrying the latent TP53R167H mutant allele were analyzed in vitro. Homozygous cells were p53 deficient, and on continued culture exhibited more rapid proliferation, anchorage independent growth, and resistance to the apoptosis-inducing chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, all characteristic of cellular transformation. Cre mediated recombination activated the latent TP53R167H allele as predicted, and in homozygous cells expressed mutant p53-R167H protein at a level ten-fold greater than wild-type MSCs, consistent with the elevated levels found in human cancer cells. Gene targeted MSCs were used for nuclear transfer and fifteen viable piglets were produced carrying the latent TP53R167H mutant allele in heterozygous form. These animals will allow study of p53 deficiency and expression of mutant p53-R167H to model human germline, or spontaneous somatic p53 mutation. This work represents the first inactivation and mutation of the gatekeeper tumor suppressor gene TP53 in a non-rodent mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Leuchs
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Saalfrank
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Claudia Merkl
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Marlene Edlinger
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Marina Durkovic
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Nousin Rezaei
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Mayuko Kurome
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Valeri Zakhartchenko
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Kind
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Targeted microRNA expression in dairy cattle directs production of β-lactoglobulin-free, high-casein milk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:16811-6. [PMID: 23027958 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210057109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk from dairy cows contains the protein β-lactoglobulin (BLG), which is not present in human milk. As it is a major milk allergen, we wished to decrease BLG levels in milk by RNAi. In vitro screening of 10 microRNAs (miRNAs), either individually or in tandem combinations, identified several that achieved as much as a 98% knockdown of BLG. One tandem construct was expressed in the mammary gland of an ovine BLG-expressing mouse model, resulting in 96% knockdown of ovine BLG in milk. Following this in vivo validation, we produced a transgenic calf, engineered to express these tandem miRNAs. Analysis of hormonally induced milk from this calf demonstrated absence of BLG and a concurrent increase of all casein milk proteins. The findings demonstrate miRNA-mediated depletion of an allergenic milk protein in cattle and validate targeted miRNA expression as an effective strategy to alter milk composition and other livestock traits.
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