1
|
Rahman MA, Islam MM, Ripon MAR, Islam MM, Hossain MS. Regulatory Roles of MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1599-1620. [PMID: 37393414 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome refers to a group of several disease conditions together with high glucose triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, lower high-density lipoprotein level, and large waist circumference. About 400 million people worldwide, one-third of the Euro-American population and 27% Chinese population over age 50 have it. microRNAs, an abundant novel class of endogenous small, non-coding RNAs in eukaryotic cells, act as negative controllers of gene expression by promoting either degradation/translational repression of target messenger RNA. More than 2000 microRNAs in the human genome have been identified and they are implicated in various biological & pathophysiological processes, including glucose homeostasis, inflammatory response, and angiogenesis. Destruction of microRNAs has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Recently the discovery of circulating microRNAs in human serum may help to promote metabolic crosstalk between organs and serves as a novel approach for the identification of various diseases, like Type 2 diabetes & atherosclerosis. In this review, we will discuss the most recent and up-to-date research on the pathophysiology and histopathology of metabolic syndrome besides their historical background and epidemiological highlight. As well as search the methodologies employed in this field of research and the potential role of microRNAs as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for metabolic syndrome in the human body. Furthermore, the significance of microRNAs in promising strategies, like stem cell therapy, which holds enormous promise for regenerative medicine in the treatment of metabolic disorders will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahmodul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdur Rahman Ripon
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Monirul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Salim Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh.
- Bangladesh Obesity Research Network (BORN), Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baylie T, Kasaw M, Getinet M, Getie G, Jemal M, Nigatu A, Ahmed H, Bogale M. The role of miRNAs as biomarkers in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1374821. [PMID: 38812786 PMCID: PMC11133523 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1374821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cause of deaths reported in women worldwide, and therefore there is a need to identify BC patients at an early stage as timely diagnosis would help in effective management and appropriate monitoring of patients. This will allow for proper patient monitoring and effective care. However, the absence of a particular biomarker for BC early diagnosis and surveillance makes it difficult to accomplish these objectives. miRNAs have been identified as master regulators of the molecular pathways that are emphasized in various tumors and that lead to the advancement of malignancies. Small, non-coding RNA molecules known as miRNAs target particular mRNAs to control the expression of genes. miRNAs dysregulation has been linked to the start and development of a number of human malignancies, including BC, since there is compelling evidence that miRNAs can function as tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes. The current level of knowledge on the role of miRNAs in BC diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment is presented in this review. miRNAs can regulate the tumorigenesis of BC through targeting PI3K pathway and can be used as prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers for BC therapy. Some miRNAs, like miR-9, miR-10b, and miR-17-5p, are becoming known as biomarkers of BC for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic outcome prediction. Other miRNAs, like miR-30c, miR-187, and miR-339-5p, play significant roles in the regulation of hallmark functions of BC, including invasion, metastasis, proliferation, resting death, apoptosis, and genomic instability. Other miRNAs, such as miR-155 and miR-210, are circulating in bodily fluids and are therefore of interest as novel, conveniently accessible, reasonably priced, non-invasive methods for the customized care of patients with BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Baylie
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Kasaw
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mamaru Getinet
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Gedefaw Getie
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Jemal
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Nigatu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Hassen Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Mihiret Bogale
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Wollo, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun W, Chen J, Li J, She X, Ma H, Wang S, Liu J, Yuan Y. Vitamin D receptor-deficient keratinocytes-derived exosomal miR-4505 promotes the macrophage polarization towards the M1 phenotype. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15798. [PMID: 37554338 PMCID: PMC10405794 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vitamin D receptor (VDR) has a low level of expression in the keratinocytes of patients with psoriasis and plays a role in the development of the disease. Furthermore, the crosstalk between macrophages and psoriatic keratinocytes-derived exosomes is critical for psoriasis progression. However, the effects of VDR-deficient keratinocytes-derived exosomes (Exos-shVDR) on macrophages and their underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. METHODS VDR-deficient keratinocytes were constructed by infecting HaCaT cells with a VDR-targeting lentivirus, mimicking the VDR-deficient state observed in psoriatic keratinocytes. Exosomes were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blot. The effect of Exos-shVDR on macrophage proliferation, apoptosis, and M1/M2 polarization was assessed using cell counting kit-8 assay (CCK-8), flow cytometer, real-time quantitative polymerasechain reaction (RT-qPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mechanism underlying the effect of Exos-shVDR on macrophage function was elucidated through data mining, bioinformatics, RT-qPCR, and rescue experiments. RESULTS Our results revealed that both Exos-shVDR and Exos-shNC exhibited typical exosome characteristics, including a hemispheroid shape with a concave side and particle size ranging from 50 to 100 nm. The levels of expression of VDR were significantly lower in Exos-shVDR than in Exos-shNC. Functional experiments demonstrated that Exos-shVDR significantly promoted macrophage proliferation and polarization towards the M1 phenotype while inhibiting macrophage apoptosis. Moreover, miR-4505 was highly expressed in the skin tissue of patients with psoriasis. Its overexpression significantly increased macrophage proliferation and polarization towards M1 and inhibited apoptosis. Furthermore, the effects of Exos-shVDR on macrophage function occur through miR-4505. CONCLUSIONS Exos-shVDR exacerbates macrophage proliferation, promotes polarization towards the M1 phenotype, and inhibits macrophage apoptosis by increasing the levels of miR-4505. These results indicate that modulation of macrophage function is a potential strategy for developing new drugs for the treatment of psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Jingmen Central Hospital, Jingmen, China
| | - Jianqin Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingting Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoguang She
- Department of Dermatology, Jingmen Central Hospital, Jingmen, China
| | - Hu Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Jingmen Central Hospital, Jingmen, China
| | - Shali Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Jingmen Central Hospital, Jingmen, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Surgical Anesthesiology, Jingmen Central Hospital, Jingmen, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hadipour M, Fasihi Harandi M, Mirhendi H, Yousofi Darani H. Diagnosis of echinococcosis by detecting circulating cell-free DNA and miRNA. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:133-142. [PMID: 36756744 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2178903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diagnosis of echinococcosis is difficult and usually performed based on clinical findings, imaging, and serological test. However, all of them have limitations, especially in follow-up approaches. AREAS COVERED Detection of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and micro-RNA (miRNA) is currently a hot topic for diagnosis of echinococcosis diseases. For detecting cell-free DNA in echinococcosis patient's samples such as sera, some techniques are based on next-generation sequencing (NGS), DNA-deep sequencing, some are based on PCR-based methods, and a few works related to the detection of miRNA for the diagnosis of human echinococcosis. EXPERT OPINION In the detection of cell-free DNA in echinococcosis patient' samples, NGS and DNA-deep sequencing have shown high level of sensitivity, but are not suitable for routine clinical examination as they are expensive and inaccessible in the majority of endemic areas. However, PCR-based methods have shown a sensitivity of about 20-25%. To improve the sensitivity of these tests, improving the DNA extraction method, designing appropriate primers for detecting short-length fragments of circulating DNA, using a higher volume of a serum sample, and application of more sensitive PCR methods are recommended. In the field of miRNA detection, further works are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Hadipour
- Department of parasitology and mycology, Faculty of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research center for Hydatid disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of parasitology and mycology, Faculty of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousofi Darani
- Department of parasitology and mycology, Faculty of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wenshen Yiqi Keli Mitigates the Proliferation and Migration of Cigarette Smoke Extract-Induced Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells through miR-155/FoxO3a Axis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4427637. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/4427637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Some domestic scholars revealed the effectiveness of Wenshen Yiqi Keli (WSYQKL) on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the exact mechanism of WSYQKL on COPD is fuzzy and needs further research. We adopted UPLC-Q/TOF-MS to analyze the chemical components of WSYQKL. In in vitro experiments, human airway smooth muscle cells (hASMCs) were intervened with 2.5% cigarette smoke extract (CSE), medicine serum of WSYQKL, miR-155 mimic, and FoxO3a silencing. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, and the expressions of miR-155, PCNA, Ki67, p21, p27, and FoxO3a were examined by cell counting kit-8, EdU staining, Transwell assay, scarification assay, qRT-PCR, immunol cytochemistry, and western blot, respectively. The association between miR-155 and FoxO3a was assessed by database and luciferase reporter gene analysis. We identified 47 kinds of chemical compositions of WSYQKL in ESI+ mode and 42 kinds of components of WSYQKL in ESI− mode. The medicine serum of WSYQKL strongly alleviated the proliferation and migration of hASMCs induced by CSE in a concentration-dependent manner. The medicine serum of WSYQKL enhanced the levels of p21, p27, and FoxO3a and weakened PCNA and Ki67 levels in hASMCs induced by CSE with the increase of concentration. MiR-155 mimic or FoxO3a silencing notably advanced CSE-treated HASMC viability, proliferation, migration, and the levels of PCNA and Ki67 and downregulated the levels of p21, p27, and FoxO3a in CSE-triggered hASMCs, which was reversed by WSYQKL-containing serum. Our results described that WSYQKL alleviated the proliferation and migration of hASMCs induced by CSE by modulating the miR-155/FoxO3a axis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu J, Gu B, Lu W, Liu J, Lu J. miR-142-5p regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced bovine epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis via targeting BAG5. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1425. [PMID: 34707706 PMCID: PMC8543189 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a threat to the health of the dairy cow. MicroRNAs (miRs) serve an important role in the progression of bovine mastitis, regulating immune and defense responses. The present study aimed to investigate the possible effects and mechanisms of bovine mastitis underlying miR-142-5p and Bcl-2 associated athanogene 5 (BAG5) in in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced models. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were performed to determine mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. ELISAs were conducted to assess the levels of cytokines and an immunofluorescence assay was performed to determine the expression of BAG5. Cell Counting Kit-8, clone formation and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays were conducted to determine cell viability and proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial MAC-T cells, respectively. Flow cytometry was performed to measure MAC-T cell cycle distribution and apoptosis, and a luciferase assay was conducted to verify whether BAG5 was a target of miR-142-5p. The results indicated that miR-142-5p was upregulated in MAC-T cells treated with LPS compared with the control group. miR-142-5p mimics transfection significantly activated the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, and significantly increased the expression levels of NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins in LPS-treated cells. The luciferase activity of MAC-T cells treated with miR-142-5p mimics and BAG5 3'untranslated region wild type decreased, compared with mutant type. By contrast, BAG5 overexpression significantly downregulated the levels of cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, in LPS-treated cells. BAG5 overexpression significantly promoted cell proliferation and viability, decreased apoptosis, and regulated Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bcl-2 and Bax expression in LPS-treated MAC-T cells, which was significantly reversed by transfection with miR-142-5p mimics. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that miR-142-5p may promote the progression of bovine mastitis via targeting BAG5. Therefore, the present study provided the foundations for future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinye Lu
- Laboratory of Animal Immunonutrition, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Gu
- Laboratory of Animal Immunonutrition, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Laboratory of Animal Immunonutrition, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Immunonutrition, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Lu
- Laboratory of Animal Immunonutrition, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karabacak M, Erturan İ, Hekimler Öztürk K, Ayvaz HH, Korkmaz S, Yıldırım M, Orhan H. Is microRNA 1910-3p (miR-1910-3p) a really distinctive marker for psoriasis? Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:1098-1105. [PMID: 33356031 PMCID: PMC8283465 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2009-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Although the cause of immune activation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis is still unclear, miRs are thought to have an effect on psoriasis. This work aimed to evaluate the role of miRs (miR-4649-3p, miR-6867-5p, miR-4296, miR-210, and miR-1910-3p) that target the FOXP3 mRNA and IL-17A mRNA in psoriasis. Materials and methods Forty-four psoriasis patients and 44 healthy controls were included in the study. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used for the measurement of miRs. Serum IL-17A levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results Plasma miR-1910-3p levels were significantly lower in the patient group than the controls (P = 0.000, fc: 0.10). ROC analysis showed that plasma miR-1910-3p levels could significantly differentiate psoriasis patients from healthy controls [AUC = 0.912 (0.848–0.975), P = 0.000]. The plasma miR-4649-3p level was significantly higher in the psoriasis group compared to the controls (P = 0.000, fc: 2.99). Conclusion Decreased expression of miR-1910-3p increases the risk of developing psoriasis by approximately 50-fold and was able to use for the significant differentiation of psoriatic patients from healthy controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melek Karabacak
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - İjlal Erturan
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Kuyaş Hekimler Öztürk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Havva Hilal Ayvaz
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Selma Korkmaz
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yıldırım
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Orhan
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
He G, Ding J, Zhang Y, Cai M, Yang J, Cho WC, Zheng Y. microRNA-21: a key modulator in oncogenic viral infections. RNA Biol 2021; 18:809-817. [PMID: 33499700 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1880756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses are associated with approximately 15% of human cancers. In viral infections, microRNAs play an important role in host-pathogen interactions. miR-21 is a highly conserved non-coding RNA that not only regulates the development of oncogenic viral diseases, but also responds to the regulation of intracellular signal pathways. Oncogenic viruses, including HBV, HCV, HPV, and EBV, co-evolve with their hosts and cause persistent infections. The upregulation of host miR-21 manipulates key cellular pathways to evade host immune responses and then promote viral replication. Thus, a better understanding of the role of miR-21 in viral infections may help us to develop effective genetically-engineered oncolytic virus-based therapies against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guitian He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology' and 'Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juntao Ding
- College of Life Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yong'e Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology' and 'Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology' and 'Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology' and 'Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology' and 'Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, CAAS, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Paul S, Ruiz-Manriquez LM, Serrano-Cano FI, Estrada-Meza C, Solorio-Diaz KA, Srivastava A. Human microRNAs in host-parasite interaction: a review. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:510. [PMID: 33178551 PMCID: PMC7644590 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small noncoding RNA molecules with significant capacity to regulate the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a sequence-specific manner either through translation repression or mRNA degradation triggering a fine-tuning biological impact. They have been implicated in several processes, including cell growth and development, signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, apoptosis, inflammation, and immune response modulation. However, over the last few years, extensive studies have shown the relevance of miRNAs in human pathophysiology. Common human parasitic diseases, such as Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Amoebiasis, Chagas disease, Schistosomiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Clonorchiasis, and Echinococcosis are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, identifying and characterizing parasite-specific miRNAs and their host targets, as well as host-related miRNAs, are important for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of parasite-specific diseases at the molecular level. In this review, we have demonstrated the impact of human microRNAs during host-parasite interaction as well as their potential to be used for diagnosis and prognosis purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Paul
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Luis M. Ruiz-Manriquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Francisco I. Serrano-Cano
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Carolina Estrada-Meza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Karla A. Solorio-Diaz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Aashish Srivastava
- Section of Bioinformatics, Clinical Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The circulating level of miR-122 is a potential risk factor for endothelial dysfunction in young patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:511-517. [PMID: 32042143 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are key molecules involved in the regulation of endothelial function. They are important risk factors and biomarkers for the development of hypertension related to endothelial dysfunction. However, the gene expression patterns associated with hypertension development related to endothelial dysfunction have not been fully elucidated. We conducted a case-control study of 65 patients with essential hypertension (EH) and 61 controls without EH. Plasma levels of miR-122 and its target protein high-affinity cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT-1) were measured by qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. miR-122 expression in plasma of patients with EH was significantly higher than that of the control group (p = 0.001), while CAT-1 expression in patients with EH was significantly lower than that in the control group (p = 0.018). miR-122 expression in plasma of young patients with EH was significantly higher than that in young people without EH (p = 0.0004), and CAT-1 expression in plasma of young patients with EH was also significantly lower than that of the control group (p = 0.002). CAT-1 expression in the plasma of young participants was significantly higher than that of individuals aged ≥40 years (p = 0.003), whereas miR-122 expression was significantly lower (p = 0.001). We showed that among patients with EH, the high expression of miR-122 contributed to endothelial dysfunction by suppressing the expression of the CAT-1 protein, which led to a decrease in CAT-1 expression in plasma. Therefore, high expression of miR-122 appears to be a risk factor for endothelial dysfunction in EH, especially in younger patients.
Collapse
|
11
|
MicroRNAs as new immunity regulators in viral and bacterial infections. ACTA BIOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.18276/ab.2020.27-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
12
|
Zhang W, Li Y, Xi X, Zhu G, Wang S, Liu Y, Song M. MicroRNA‑15a‑5p induces pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell apoptosis in a pulmonary arterial hypertension model via the VEGF/p38/MMP‑2 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:461-474. [PMID: 31894295 PMCID: PMC6984778 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of microRNA-15a-5p (miR-15a-5p) in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and elucidate the underlying pro-apoptotic mechanism. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis and gene microarray hybridization were used to measure the expression of miR-15a-5p in the lung tissues of rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. Flow cytometry and caspase-3/9 activity assays were adopted to measure the apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was analyzed using western blotting. The results demonstrated that the expression of miR-15a-5p was significantly increased in the lung tissues of rats with MCT-induced PAH. In addition, the overexpression of miR-15a-5p reduced PASMC proliferation, induced apoptosis, promoted the activity of caspase-3/9, induced the protein expression of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax), decreased the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), increased inflammation, as indicated by the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-18, suppressed the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and promoted the protein expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in the PASMCs of rats with MCT-induced PAH. By contrast, the downregulation of miR-15a-5p increased cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, reduced the activity of caspase-3/9 and the protein expression of Bax, increased the expression of Bcl-2, inhibited inflammation (as suggested by the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18), induced the protein expression of VEGF, and suppressed the protein expression of p-p38 and MMP-2 in the PASMCs of rats with MCT-induced PAH. The inhibition of VEGF attenuated the effects of the overexpression of miR-15a-5p on the inhibition of cell proliferation, apoptotic rate, caspase-3/9 activity and protein expression of Bax, and it attenuated the increased inflammation, as indicated by the protein expression of p38 and MMP-2 in the PASMCs. In conclusion, the data of the present study demonstrated that miR-15a-5p induced the apoptosis of PASMCs in an animal model of PAH via the VEGF/p38/MMP-2 signaling pathway. However, further research is required to fully elucidate the role of miR-15a-5p in the development of PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenmei Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yanna Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Guangfa Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Infectious Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Infectious Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Man Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nanbakhsh A, Srinivasamani A, Holzhauer S, Riese MJ, Zheng Y, Wang D, Burns R, Reimer MH, Rao S, Lemke A, Tsaih SW, Flister MJ, Lao S, Dahl R, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. Mirc11 Disrupts Inflammatory but Not Cytotoxic Responses of NK Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1647-1662. [PMID: 31515257 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells generate proinflammatory cytokines that are required to contain infections and tumor growth. However, the posttranscriptional mechanisms that regulate NK cell functions are not fully understood. Here, we define the role of the microRNA cluster known as Mirc11 (which includes miRNA-23a, miRNA-24a, and miRNA-27a) in NK cell-mediated proinflammatory responses. Absence of Mirc11 did not alter the development or the antitumor cytotoxicity of NK cells. However, loss of Mirc11 reduced generation of proinflammatory factors in vitro and interferon-γ-dependent clearance of Listeria monocytogenes or B16F10 melanoma in vivo by NK cells. These functional changes resulted from Mirc11 silencing ubiquitin modifiers A20, Cbl-b, and Itch, allowing TRAF6-dependent activation of NF-κB and AP-1. Lack of Mirc11 caused increased translation of A20, Cbl-b, and Itch proteins, resulting in deubiquitylation of scaffolding K63 and addition of degradative K48 moieties on TRAF6. Collectively, our results describe a function of Mirc11 that regulates generation of proinflammatory cytokines from effector lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Nanbakhsh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Anupallavi Srinivasamani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sandra Holzhauer
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Yongwei Zheng
- Laboratory of B Cell Biology, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Demin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Laboratory of B Cell Biology, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Robert Burns
- Bioinformatics Core, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael H Reimer
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Angela Lemke
- Genome Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Shirng-Wern Tsaih
- Genome Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael J Flister
- Genome Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Shunhua Lao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Richard Dahl
- Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. .,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Genome Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Inhibition of microRNA-16 facilitates the paclitaxel resistance by targeting IKBKB via NF-κB signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1035-1041. [PMID: 29935185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor usually resistant to chemotherapy. MicroRNAs play important roles in modulation of carcinogenesis and chemoresistance, which miR-16 has been reported to mediate chemoresistance in many types of cancers. However, the role of miR-16 in HCC remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether miR-16 is participated in chemoresistance in HCC and shed light on the underlying molecular mechanisms. The findings of the current study discover that miR-16 is down-regulated in HCC tissue and cell lines. The results demonstrate that the inhibition of miR-16 renders resistance to paclitaxel in vitro and in vivo by targeting IKBKB via NF-κB signaling pathway, suggesting that miR-16 may be a meaningful therapeutic potential to overcome drug resistance in HCC.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang YL, Yu W. Association of circulating microRNA-122 with presence and severity of atherosclerotic lesions. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5218. [PMID: 30013851 PMCID: PMC6035718 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective MicroRNA (miR)-122 is highly expressed in the liver, where it has been implicated as a regulator of fatty-acid metabolism. A recent study reported that miR-122 plays a role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; however, whether it connects with severity of atherosclerotic lesion is still controversial. We therefore investigated the association between miR-122 expression and presence and severity of coronary atherosclerotic plaque. Methods During January–November 2017, we included 300 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 100 subjects as the control group. MiR-122 content was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. MiR-122 level was identified in all subjects, and the Spearman correlation between miR-122 and severity of atherosclerosis was analyzed. Results Patients with CHD had higher miR-122 expression than in control group (2.61, 0.91–8.86 vs. 1.62, 0.71–3.45, p < 0.001). Gensini score was significantly associated with miR-122 expression (r = 0.7964, p < 0.001). The odds ratio of miR-122 solely was 0.12 (95% CI [0.05–0.43]) and factors such as cholesterol, triglyceride together with miR-122 level were closely associated with atherosclerosis (all p < 0.001). Conclusions The serum level of miR-122 may be used to differentiate between mild and severe coronary atherosclerotic lesion. Use of this marker might allow non-invasive diagnosis the degree of coronary atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Haiyan People's Hospital, Haiyan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Yu
- Department of Geriatric, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shao T, Wang G, Chen H, Xie Y, Jin X, Bai J, Xu J, Li X, Huang J, Jin Y, Li Y. Survey of miRNA-miRNA cooperative regulation principles across cancer types. Brief Bioinform 2018; 20:1621-1638. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bby038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractCooperative regulation among multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) is a complex type of posttranscriptional regulation in human; however, the global view of the system-level regulatory principles across cancers is still unclear. Here, we investigated miRNA-miRNA cooperative regulatory landscape across 18 cancer types and summarized the regulatory principles of miRNAs. The miRNA-miRNA cooperative pan-cancer network exhibited a scale-free and modular architecture. Cancer types with similar tissue origins had high similarity in cooperative network structure and expression of cooperative miRNA pairs. In addition, cooperative miRNAs showed divergent properties, including higher expression, greater expression variation and a stronger regulatory strength towards targets and were likely to regulate cancer hallmark-related functions. We found a marked rewiring of miRNA-miRNA cooperation between various cancers and revealed conserved and rewired network miRNA hubs. We further identified the common hubs, cancer-specific hubs and other hubs, which tend to target known anticancer drug targets. Finally, miRNA cooperative modules were found to be associated with patient survival in several cancer types. Our study highlights the potential of pan-cancer miRNA-miRNA cooperative regulation as a novel paradigm that may aid in the discovery of tumorigenesis mechanisms and development of anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Shao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-Pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Guangjuan Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-Pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-Pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yunjin Xie
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-Pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiyun Jin
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-Pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jing Bai
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-Pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Juan Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-Pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-Pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology and Bio-Pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang S, Li J, Li J, Yang Y, Kang X, Li Y, Wu X, Zhu Q, Zhou Y, Hu Y. Up-regulation of microRNA-203 in influenza A virus infection inhibits viral replication by targeting DR1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6797. [PMID: 29717211 PMCID: PMC5931597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that play important roles in various biological processes. Much evidence shows that miRNAs are closely associated with numerous virus infections; however, involvement of cellular miRNAs in influenza A virus (IAV) infection is unclear. Here, we found that expression of miR-203 was up-regulated markedly via two different mechanisms during IAV infection. First, we examined the effects of type I interferon induced by IAV on direct activation of miR-203 expression. Next, we showed that DNA demethylation within the miR-203 promoter region in A549 cells induced its up-regulation, and that expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 was down-regulated following H5N1 virus infection. Ectopic expression of miR-203 in turn inhibited H5N1 virus replication by targeting down-regulator of transcription 1 (DR1), which was identified as a novel target of miR-203. Silencing DR1 in miR-203 knockout cells using a specific siRNA inhibited replication of the H5N1 virus, an effect similar to that of miR-203. In summary, the data show that host cell expression of miR-203 is up-regulated upon IAV infection, which increases antiviral responses by suppressing a novel target gene, DR1. Thus, we have identified a novel mechanism underlying the relationship between miR-203 and IAV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|