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Humaira, Ahmad I, Shakir HA, Khan M, Franco M, Irfan M. Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Therapeutic Applications, Challenges, and Future Prospects. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2400221. [PMID: 39148315 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Almost all cell types naturally secret extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the extracellular space with variable metabolic cargo facilitating intracellular communication, posing immune-modulation capacity. Thus, "bacterial extracellular vesicles" (BEVs), with their great immunoregulatory, immune response stimulation and disease condition-altering potential, have gained importance in the medical and therapeutic industry. Various subtypes of BEVs were observed and reported in the literature, such as exosomes (30-150 nm), microvesicles (100-1000 nm), apoptotic bodies (1000-5000 nm), and oncosomes (1000-10,000 nm). As biological systems are complex entities, inserting BEVs requires extra high purity. Various techniques for BEV isolation have been employed alone or with other strategies, such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, size-exclusion chromatography, affinity-based separation, ultrafiltration, and field-flow fractionation. But to date, no BEV isolation method is considered perfect as the lack of standard protocols limits their scale-up. Medical research has focused on BEVs to explore their diverse therapeutic potential. This review particularly focused on the recent advancements in the potential medical application of BEVs, current challenges, and prospects associated with their scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz Abdullah Shakir
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Life Science, University of the Punjab New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Life Science, University of the Punjab New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Marcelo Franco
- Department of Exact Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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2
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Mazahir F, Yadav AK. Recent progress in engineered extracellular vesicles and their biomedical applications. Life Sci 2024; 350:122747. [PMID: 38797364 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To present the recent update on the isolation, engineering techniques for extracellular vesicles, limitations associated with different isolation techniques, different biomedical applications, and challenges of engineered extracellular vesicles for the benefit of researchers from academic, industry, etc. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peer-reviewed articles from most recognized journals were collected, and presented information was analyzed to discuss collection, chemical, electroporation, cellular, and membrane surface engineering to design extracellular vesicles for various therapeutic applications. In addition, we present the applications and limitations of techniques for the collection of extracellular vesicles. KEY FINDINGS There is a need for isolation techniques with the gold standard. However, advanced extracellular vesicle isolation techniques showed improved recovery, and purity of extracellular vesicles. Tumor therapy is a major part of the therapy section that illustrates the role of engineered extracellular vesicles in synergetic therapy such as phototherapy, theragnostic, and delivery of genetic materials. In addition, extracellular vesicles have shown their potential in the treatment of retinal disorders, neurodegenerative disease, tuberculosis, osteoporosis, inflammatory bowel disease, vaccine production, and wound healing. SIGNIFICANCE Engineered extracellular vesicles can deliver cargo to the specific cells, elicit an immune response and could be used for the development of the vaccines in the future. However, the progress is at the initial stage. Overall, this review will provide a comprehensive understanding and could serve as a reference for researchers in the clinical translation of engineered extracellular vesicles in different biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Mazahir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, A Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Bijnor, Lucknow-226002, India
| | - Awesh K Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, A Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Bijnor, Lucknow-226002, India.
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Dainiak N. Biology of Exfoliation of Plasma Membrane-Derived Vesicles and the Radiation Response: Historical Background, Applications in Biodosimetry and Cell-Free Therapeutics, and Quantal Mechanisms for Their Release and Function with Implications for Space Travel. Radiat Res 2024; 202:328-354. [PMID: 38981604 DOI: 10.1667/rade-24-00078.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
This historical review of extracellular vesicles in the setting of exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) traces our understanding of how vesicles were initially examined and reported in the literature in the late 1970s (for secreted exosomes) and early 1980s (for plasma membrane-derived, exfoliated vesicles) to where we are now and where we may be headed in the next decade. An emphasis is placed on biophysical properties of extracellular vesicles, energy consumption and the role of vesiculation as an essential component of membrane turnover. The impact of intercellular signal trafficking by vesicle surface and intra-vesicular lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and metabolites is reviewed in the context of biomarkers for estimating individual radiation dose after exposure to radiation, pathogenesis of disease and development of cell-free therapeutics. Since vesicles express both growth stimulatory and inhibitory molecules, a hypothesis is proposed to consider superposition in a shared space and entanglement of molecules by energy sources that are external to human cells. Implications of this approach for travel in deep space are briefly discussed in the context of clinical disorders that have been observed after space travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dainiak
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Pei J, Palanisamy CP, Jayaraman S, Natarajan PM, Umapathy VR, Roy JR, Thalamati D, Ahalliya RM, Kanniappan GV, Mironescu M. Proteomics profiling of extracellular vesicle for identification of potential biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102359. [PMID: 38821418 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The intricate origins and diverse symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pose significant challenges for both diagnosis and treatment. Exosomes and microvesicles, which carry disease-specific cargo from a variety of central nervous system cell types, have emerged as promising reservoirs of biomarkers for AD. Research on the screening of possible biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease using proteomic profiling of EVs is systematically reviewed in this comprehensive review. We highlight key methodologies employed in EV isolation, characterization, and proteomic analysis, elucidating their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, we summarize the evolving landscape of EV-associated biomarkers implicated in AD pathogenesis, including proteins involved in amyloid-beta metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal injury. The literature review highlights the necessity for robust validation strategies and standardized protocols to effectively transition EV-based biomarkers into clinical use. In the concluding section, this review delves into potential future avenues and technological advancements pivotal in crafting EV-derived biomarkers applicable to AD diagnostics and prognostics. This review contributes to our comprehension of AD pathology and the advancement of precision medicine in neurodegenerative diseases, hinting at a promising era in AD precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinJin Pei
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, 2011 QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Chella Perumal Palanisamy
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Prabhu Manickam Natarajan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences and Research, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vidhya Rekha Umapathy
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600 107, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeane Rebecca Roy
- Department of Anatomy, Bhaarath Medical College and hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600073, India
| | | | - Rathi Muthaiyan Ahalliya
- Department of Biochemistry, FASCM, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641021, India
| | | | - Monica Mironescu
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection, Research Center in Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 7-9 Ioan Ratiu Street, Sibiu 550024, Romania.
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5
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Zhou X, Xu Y, Wang X, Lu W, Tang X, Jin Y, Ye J. Single and combined strategies for mesenchymal stem cell exosomes alleviate liver fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical animal models. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1432683. [PMID: 39144628 PMCID: PMC11322148 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1432683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in treating liver fibrosis has been supported by various clinical studies. However, stem cell transplantation is limited in clinical application due to its low survival rate, low liver implantation rate, and possible carcinogenicity. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of MSC-exos due to their widespread availability, low immunogenicity, and non-carcinogenic properties. Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of MSC-exos in treating liver fibrosis and preventing progression to end-stage liver disease. Objective: This study aimed to systematically investigate the efficacy of MSC-exos single administration in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis and the combined advantages of MSC-exos in combination with drug therapy (MSC-exos-drugs). Methods: Data sources included PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, which were built up to January 2024. The population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study design (PICOS) principle was used to screen the literature, and the quality of the literature was evaluated to assess the risk of bias. Finally, the data from each study's outcome indicators were extracted for a combined analysis. Results: After screening, a total of 18 papers (19 studies) were included, of which 12 involved MSC-exos single administration for the treatment of liver fibrosis and 6 involved MSC-exos-drugs for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Pooled analysis revealed that MSC-exos significantly improved liver function, promoted the repair of damaged liver tissue, and slowed the progression of hepatic fibrosis and that MSC-exos-drugs were more efficacious than MSC-exos single administration. Subgroup analyses revealed that the use of AD-MSC-exos resulted in more consistent and significant efficacy when MSC-exos was used to treat hepatic fibrosis. For MSC-exos-drugs, a more stable end result is obtained by kit extraction. Similarly, infusion through the abdominal cavity is more effective. Conclusion: The results suggest that MSC-exos can effectively treat liver fibrosis and that MSC-exos-drugs are more effective than MSC-exos single administration. Although the results of the subgroup analyses provide recommendations for clinical treatment, a large number of high-quality experimental validations are still needed. Systematic Review Registration: CRD42024516199.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhou
- Subcenter for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Subcenter for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Subcenter for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenming Lu
- Subcenter for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xingkun Tang
- Subcenter for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yu Jin
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junsong Ye
- Subcenter for Stem Cell Clinical Translation, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincal Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering (2024SSY06291), Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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Xin GD, Liu XY, Fan XD, Zhao GJ. Exosomes repairment for sciatic nerve injury: a cell-free therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:214. [PMID: 39020385 PMCID: PMC11256477 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Sciatic nerve injury (SNI) is a common type of peripheral nerve injury typically resulting from trauma, such as contusion, sharp force injuries, drug injections, pelvic fractures, or hip dislocations. It leads to both sensory and motor dysfunctions, characterized by pain, numbness, loss of sensation, muscle atrophy, reduced muscle tone, and limb paralysis. These symptoms can significantly diminish a patient's quality of life. Following SNI, Wallerian degeneration occurs, which activates various signaling pathways, inflammatory factors, and epigenetic regulators. Despite the availability of several surgical and nonsurgical treatments, their effectiveness remains suboptimal. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm, originating from the endoplasmic reticulum. They play a crucial role in facilitating intercellular communication and have emerged as highly promising vehicles for drug delivery. Increasing evidence supports the significant potential of exosomes in repairing SNI. This review delves into the pathological progression of SNI, techniques for generating exosomes, the molecular mechanisms behind SNI recovery with exosomes, the effectiveness of combining exosomes with other approaches for SNI repair, and the changes and future outlook for utilizing exosomes in SNI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Da Xin
- Nephrology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China
| | - Xue-Yan Liu
- Cardiology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin Universit, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China
| | - Xiao-Di Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China
| | - Guan-Jie Zhao
- Nephrology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China.
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7
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Cui H, Zheng T, Qian N, Fu X, Li A, Xing S, Wang XF. Aptamer-Functionalized Magnetic Ti 3C 2 Based Nanoplatform for Simultaneous Enrichment and Detection of Exosomes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402434. [PMID: 38970554 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by cells, which play a crucial role in various pathological processes. Exosomes have shown great promise as tumor biomarkers because of the abundant secretion during tumor formation. The development of a convenient, efficient, and cost-effective method for simultaneously enriching and detecting exosomes is of utmost importance for both basic research and clinical applications. In this study, an aptamer-functionalized magnetic Ti3C2 composite material (Fe3O4@Ti3C2@PEI@DSP@aptamer@FAM-ssDNA) is prepared for the simultaneous enrichment and detection of exosomes. CD63 aptamers are utilized to recognize and capture the exosomes, followed by magnetic separation. The exosomes are then released by cleaving the disulfide bonds of DSP. Compared to traditional methods, Fe3O4@Ti3C2@PEI@DSP@aptamer@FAM-ssDNA exhibited superior efficiency in enriching exosomes while preserving their structural and functional integrity. Detection of exosome concentration is achieved through the fluorescence quenching of Ti3C2 and the competitive binding between the exosomes and a fluorescently labeled probe. This method exhibited a low detection limit of 4.21 × 104 particles mL-1, a number that is comparable to the state-of-the-art method in the detection of exosomes. The present study demonstrates a method of simultaneous enrichment and detection of exosomes with a high sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, and cost-effectiveness providing significant potential for clinical research and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tianfang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Nana Qian
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xueqi Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Aijun Li
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shu Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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Kathait P, Patel PK, Sahu AN. Harnessing exosomes and plant-derived exosomes as nanocarriers for the efficient delivery of plant bioactives. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38900607 DOI: 10.1080/17435889.2024.2354159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a category of extracellular vesicle (EV), are phospholipid bilayer structures ranging from 30 to 150 nm, produced by various organisms through the endosomal pathway. Recent studies have established the utilization of exosomes as nanocarriers for drug distribution across various therapeutic areas including cancer, acute liver injury, neuroprotection, oxidative stress, inflammation, etc. The importance of plant-derived exosomes and exosome vesicles derived from mammalian cells or milk, loaded with potent plant bioactives for various therapeutic indications are discussed along with insights into future perspectives. Moreover, this review provides a detailed understanding of exosome biogenesis, their composition, classification, stability of different types of exosomes, and different routes of administration along with the standard techniques used for isolating, purifying, and characterizing exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kathait
- Phytomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Patel
- Phytomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alakh N Sahu
- Phytomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Nurrohman DT, Chiu NF, Hsiao YS, Lai YJ, Nanda HS. Advances in Nanoplasmonic Biosensors: Optimizing Performance for Exosome Detection Applications. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:307. [PMID: 38920611 PMCID: PMC11201745 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The development of sensitive and specific exosome detection tools is essential because they are believed to provide specific information that is important for early detection, screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of cancer. Among the many detection tools, surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors are analytical devices that offer advantages in sensitivity and detection speed, thereby making the sample-analysis process faster and more accurate. In addition, the penetration depth of the SPR biosensor, which is <300 nm, is comparable to the size of the exosome, making the SPR biosensor ideal for use in exosome research. On the other hand, another type of nanoplasmonic sensor, namely a localized surface-plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensor, has a shorter penetration depth of around 6 nm. Structural optimization through the addition of supporting layers and gap control between particles is needed to strengthen the surface-plasmon field. This paper summarizes the progress of the development of SPR and LSPR biosensors for detecting exosomes. Techniques in signal amplification from two sensors will be discussed. There are three main parts to this paper. The first two parts will focus on reviewing the working principles of each sensor and introducing several methods that can be used to isolate exosomes. This article will close by explaining the various sensor systems that have been developed and the optimizations carried out to obtain sensors with better performance. To illustrate the performance improvements in each sensor system discussed, the parameters highlighted include the detection limit, dynamic range, and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Taufiq Nurrohman
- Laboratory of Nano-Photonics and Biosensors, Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
| | - Nan-Fu Chiu
- Laboratory of Nano-Photonics and Biosensors, Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Sheng Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Road, Da-an District, Taipei 10607, Taiwan;
| | - Yun-Ju Lai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
| | - Himansu Sekhar Nanda
- Biomedical Engineering and Technology Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Discipline, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing, Jabalpur 482005, India;
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Hou D, Zhou J, Xiao R, Yang K, Ding Y, Wang D, Wu G, Lei C. Optofluidic time-stretch imaging flow cytometry with a real-time storage rate beyond 5.9 GB/s. Cytometry A 2024. [PMID: 38842356 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Optofluidic time-stretch imaging flow cytometry (OTS-IFC) provides a suitable solution for high-precision cell analysis and high-sensitivity detection of rare cells due to its high-throughput and continuous image acquisition. However, transferring and storing continuous big data streams remains a challenge. In this study, we designed a high-speed streaming storage strategy to store OTS-IFC data in real-time, overcoming the imbalance between the fast generation speed in the data acquisition and processing subsystem and the comparatively slower storage speed in the transmission and storage subsystem. This strategy, utilizing an asynchronous buffer structure built on the producer-consumer model, optimizes memory usage for enhanced data throughput and stability. We evaluated the storage performance of the high-speed streaming storage strategy in ultra-large-scale blood cell imaging on a common commercial device. The experimental results show that it can provide a continuous data throughput of up to 5891 MB/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hou
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruidong Xiao
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaining Yang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Ding
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Du Wang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoqiang Wu
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Lei
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, China
- Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Suzhou, China
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11
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Sharma A, Yadav A, Nandy A, Ghatak S. Insight into the Functional Dynamics and Challenges of Exosomes in Pharmaceutical Innovation and Precision Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:709. [PMID: 38931833 PMCID: PMC11206934 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Of all the numerous nanosized extracellular vesicles released by a cell, the endosomal-originated exosomes are increasingly recognized as potential therapeutics, owing to their inherent stability, low immunogenicity, and targeted delivery capabilities. This review critically evaluates the transformative potential of exosome-based modalities across pharmaceutical and precision medicine landscapes. Because of their precise targeted biomolecular cargo delivery, exosomes are posited as ideal candidates in drug delivery, enhancing regenerative medicine strategies, and advancing diagnostic technologies. Despite the significant market growth projections of exosome therapy, its utilization is encumbered by substantial scientific and regulatory challenges. These include the lack of universally accepted protocols for exosome isolation and the complexities associated with navigating the regulatory environment, particularly the guidelines set forth by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This review presents a comprehensive overview of current research trajectories aimed at addressing these impediments and discusses prospective advancements that could substantiate the clinical translation of exosomal therapies. By providing a comprehensive analysis of both the capabilities and hurdles inherent to exosome therapeutic applications, this article aims to inform and direct future research paradigms, thereby fostering the integration of exosomal systems into mainstream clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Subhadip Ghatak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (A.S.); (A.Y.); (A.N.)
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12
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Raj R, Agrawal P, Bhutani U, Bhowmick T, Chandru A. Spinning with exosomes: electrospun nanofibers for efficient targeting of stem cell-derived exosomes in tissue regeneration. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:032004. [PMID: 38593835 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad3cab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Electrospinning technique converts polymeric solutions into nanoscale fibers using an electric field and can be used for various biomedical and clinical applications. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived small lipid vesicles enriched with biological cargo (proteins and nucleic acids) potential therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss extending the scope of electrospinning by incorporating stem cell-derived EVs, particularly exosomes, into nanofibers for their effective delivery to target tissues. The parameters used during the electrospinning of biopolymers limit the stability and functional properties of cellular products. However, with careful consideration of process requirements, these can significantly improve stability, leading to longevity, effectiveness, and sustained and localized release. Electrospun nanofibers are known to encapsulate or surface-adsorb biological payloads such as therapeutic EVs, proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids. Small EVs, specifically exosomes, have recently attracted the attention of researchers working on regeneration and tissue engineering because of their broad distribution and enormous potential as therapeutic agents. This review focuses on current developments in nanofibers for delivering therapeutic cargo molecules, with a special emphasis on exosomes. It also suggests prospective approaches that can be adapted to safely combine these two nanoscale systems and exponentially enhance their benefits in tissue engineering, medical device coating, and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Raj
- Pandorum Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Parinita Agrawal
- Pandorum Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Utkarsh Bhutani
- Pandorum Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Tuhin Bhowmick
- Pandorum Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun Chandru
- Pandorum Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560100, Karnataka, India
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13
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Salehi M, Negahdari B, Mehryab F, Shekari F. Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Biomedical Applications, Current Challenges, and Future Perspectives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8304-8331. [PMID: 38587896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano to-micrometer-sized sacs that are released by almost all animal and plant cells and act as intercellular communicators by transferring their cargos between the source and target cells. As a safe and scalable alternative to conditioned medium-derived EVs, milk-derived EVs (miEVs) have recently gained a great deal of popularity. Numerous studies have shown that miEVs have intrinsic therapeutic actions that can treat diseases and enhance human health. Additionally, they can be used as natural drug carriers and novel classes of biomarkers. However, due to the complexity of the milk, the successful translation of miEVs from benchtop to bedside still faces several unfilled gaps, especially a lack of standardized protocols for the isolation of high-purity miEVs. In this work, by comprehensively reviewing the bovine miEVs studies, we provide an overview of current knowledge and research on miEVs while highlighting their challenges and enormous promise as a novel class of theranostics. It is hoped that this study will pave the way for clinical applications of miEVs by addressing their challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Salehi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14177-55469, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14177-55469, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mehryab
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6153, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
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14
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Qiu H, Liang J, Yang G, Xie Z, Wang Z, Wang L, Zhang J, Nanda HS, Zhou H, Huang Y, Peng X, Lu C, Chen H, Zhou Y. Application of exosomes in tumor immunity: recent progresses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1372847. [PMID: 38633106 PMCID: PMC11021734 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1372847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm. They contain proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other bioactive molecules, which play a crucial role in intercellular communication and material transfer. In tumor immunity, exosomes present various functions while the following two are of great importance: regulating the immune response and serving as delivery carriers. This review starts with the introduction of the formation, compositions, functions, isolation, characterization, and applications of exosomes, and subsequently discusses the current status of exosomes in tumor immunotherapy, and the recent applications of exosome-based tumor immunity regulation and antitumor drug delivery. Finally, current challenge and future prospects are proposed and hope to demonstrate inspiration for targeted readers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Junting Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhenyu Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhenpeng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Himansu Sekhar Nanda
- Biomedical Engineering and Technology Lab, Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yong Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Chengyu Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huizhi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yubin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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15
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Pang JL, Shao H, Xu XG, Lin ZW, Chen XY, Chen JY, Mou XZ, Hu PY. Targeted drug delivery of engineered mesenchymal stem/stromal-cell-derived exosomes in cardiovascular disease: recent trends and future perspectives. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1363742. [PMID: 38558788 PMCID: PMC10978787 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1363742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, stem cells and their secretomes, notably exosomes, have received considerable attention in biomedical applications. Exosomes are cellular secretomes used for intercellular communication. They perform the function of intercellular messengers by facilitating the transport of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and therapeutic substances. Their biocompatibility, minimal immunogenicity, targetability, stability, and engineerable characteristics have additionally led to their application as drug delivery vehicles. The therapeutic efficacy of exosomes can be improved through surface modification employing functional molecules, including aptamers, antibodies, and peptides. Given their potential as targeted delivery vehicles to enhance the efficiency of treatment while minimizing adverse effects, exosomes exhibit considerable promise. Stem cells are considered advantageous sources of exosomes due to their distinctive characteristics, including regenerative and self-renewal capabilities, which make them well-suited for transplantation into injured tissues, hence promoting tissue regeneration. However, there are notable obstacles that need to be addressed, including immune rejection and ethical problems. Exosomes produced from stem cells have been thoroughly studied as a cell-free strategy that avoids many of the difficulties involved with cell-based therapy for tissue regeneration and cancer treatment. This review provides an in-depth summary and analysis of the existing knowledge regarding exosomes, including their engineering and cardiovascular disease (CVD) treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Liang Pang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tiantai People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang People’s Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Shao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tiantai People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang People’s Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Xu
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Lin
- Zhejiang Healthfuture Biomedicine Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Yang Chen
- Zhejiang Healthfuture Biomedicine Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Yang Hu
- Department of Traumatology, Tiantai People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang People’s Hospital), Taizhou, China
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16
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Zhang Q, Wang H, Liu Q, Zeng N, Fu G, Qiu Y, Yang Y, Yuan H, Wang W, Li B. Exosomes as Powerful Biomarkers in Cancer: Recent Advances in Isolation and Detection Techniques. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1923-1949. [PMID: 38435755 PMCID: PMC10906735 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s453545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles derived from cells, are known to carry important bioactive molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These bioactive components play crucial roles in cell signaling, immune response, and tumor metastasis, making exosomes potential diagnostic biomarkers for various diseases. However, current methods for detecting tumor exosomes face scientific challenges including low sensitivity, poor specificity, complicated procedures, and high costs. It is essential to surmount these obstacles to enhance the precision and dependability of diagnostics that rely on exosomes. Merging DNA signal amplification techniques with the signal boosting capabilities of nanomaterials presents an encouraging strategy to overcome these constraints and improve exosome detection. This article highlights the use of DNA signal amplification technology and nanomaterials' signal enhancement effect to improve the detection of exosomes. This review seeks to offer valuable perspectives for the enhancement of amplification methods applied in practical cancer diagnosis and prognosis by providing an overview of how these novel technologies are utilized in exosome-based diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongdan Zhang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huizhen Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyi Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Zeng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Fu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixing Qiu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yupei Yang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanwen Yuan
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Yadav R, Singh AV, Kushwaha S, Chauhan DS. Emerging role of exosomes as a liquid biopsy tool for diagnosis, prognosis & monitoring treatment response of communicable & non-communicable diseases. Indian J Med Res 2024; 159:163-180. [PMID: 38577857 PMCID: PMC11050750 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2344_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT From an initial thought of being used as a cellular garbage bin to a promising target for liquid biopsies, the role of exosomes has drastically evolved in just a few years of their discovery in 1983. Exosomes are naturally secreted nano-sized vesicles, abundant in all types of body fluids and can be isolated intact even from the stored biological samples. Being stable carriers of genetic material (cellular DNA, mRNA and miRNA) and having specific cargo (signature content of originating cells), exosomes play a crucial role in pathogenesis and have been identified as a novel source of biomarkers in a variety of disease conditions. Recently exosomes have emerged as a promising 'liquid biopsy tool'and have shown great potential in the field of non-invasive disease diagnostics, prognostics and treatment response monitoring in both communicable as well as non-communicable diseases. However, there are certain limitations to overcome which restrict the use of exosome-based liquid biopsy as a gold standard testing procedure in routine clinical practices. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of exosomes as the liquid biopsy tool in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response monitoring in communicable and non-communicable diseases and highlights the major limitations, technical advancements and future prospects of the utilization of exosome-based liquid biopsy in clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajbala Yadav
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay Vir Singh
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Kushwaha
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Singh Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
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18
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Vychytilova-Faltejskova P, Vilmanova S, Pifkova L, Catela Ivković T, Mᶏdrzyk M, Jugas R, Machackova T, Kotoucek J, Sachlova M, Bohovicova L, Stanek T, Halamkova J, Kiss I, Slaby O. Optimized procedure for high-throughput transcriptome profiling of small extracellular vesicles isolated from low volume serum samples. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:157-167. [PMID: 37505924 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain various signaling molecules, thus playing a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication and emerging as a promising source of biomarkers. However, the lack of standardized procedures impedes their translation to clinical practice. Thus, we compared different approaches for high-throughput analysis of small EVs transcriptome. METHODS Small EVs were isolated from 150 μL of serum. Quality and quantity were assessed by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blot. Comparison of RNA extraction efficiency was performed, and expression of selected genes was analyzed by RT-qPCR. Whole transcriptome analysis was done using microarrays. RESULTS Obtained data confirmed the suitability of size exclusion chromatography for isolation of small EVs. Analyses of gene expression showed the best results in case of samples isolated by Monarch Total RNA Miniprep Kit. Totally, 7,182 transcripts were identified to be deregulated between colorectal cancer patients and healthy controls. The majority of them were non-coding RNAs with more than 70 % being lncRNAs, while protein-coding genes represented the second most common gene biotype. CONCLUSIONS We have optimized the protocol for isolation of small EVs and their RNA from low volume of sera and confirmed the suitability of Clariom D Pico Assays for transcriptome profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Vilmanova
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Pifkova
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tina Catela Ivković
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Mᶏdrzyk
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robin Jugas
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tana Machackova
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kotoucek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milana Sachlova
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Bohovicova
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Teodor Stanek
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Halamkova
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Kiss
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Slaby
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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19
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Roy Chowdhury M, Massé E. New Perspectives on Crosstalks Between Bacterial Regulatory RNAs from Outer Membrane Vesicles and Eukaryotic Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2741:183-194. [PMID: 38217654 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3565-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) help the bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions by posttranscriptional regulation of genes involved in various biological pathways including stress responses, homeostasis, and virulence. These sRNAs can be found carried by different membrane-bound vesicles like extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane vesicles (MVs), or outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs provide myriad functions in bacterial cells including carrying a cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids including sRNAs. A few interesting studies have shown that these sRNAs can be transported to the host cell by membrane vesicles and can regulate the host immune system. Although there is evidence that sRNAs can be exported to host cells and sometimes can even cross the blood-brain barrier, the exact mechanism is still unknown. In this review, we investigated the new techniques implemented in various studies, to elucidate the crosstalks between bacterial cells and human immune systems by membrane vesicles carrying bacterial regulatory sRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric Massé
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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20
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Olcar HN, Isildar B, Ozkan S, Ercin M, Gezginci-Oktayoglu S, Koyuturk M. Investigation of conditioned medium properties obtained from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem/stromal cells preconditioned with dimethyloxalylglycine in a correlation with ultrastructural changes. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:159-171. [PMID: 37728208 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold significant therapeutic value due to their regeneration abilities, migration capacity, and immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory properties. These cells secrete soluble and insoluble factors, and this complex secretome contributes to their therapeutic effect. Furthermore, stimulation of cells by various external stimuli lead to secretome modifications that can increase the therapeutic efficacy. So, this study examined the effect of dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), a hypoxia-mimetic agent, on secretome profiles and exosome secretions of MSCs by evaluating conditioned medium (CM) and ultrastructural morphologies of the cells in comparison with unpreconditioned MSCs. The appropriate dose and duration of the use of DMOG were determined as 1000 μM and 24 h by evaluating the HIF-1α expression. DMOG-CM and N-CM were collected from MSCs incubated in serum-free medium with/without DMOG for 24 h, respectively. The content analysis of conditioned mediums (CMs) revealed that VEGF, NGF, and IL-4 levels were increased in DMOG-CM. Subsequently, exosomes were isolated from the CMs and were shown by transmission electron microscopy and Western blot analysis in both groups. The effects of CMs on proliferation and migration were determined by in vitro wound healing tests; both CMs increased the fibroblast's migratory and proliferative capacities. According to the ultrastructural evaluation, autophagosome, autolysosome, myelin figure, and microvesicular body structures were abundant in DMOG-preconditioned MSCs. Consistent with the high number of autophagic vacuoles, Beclin-1 expression was increased in those cells. These findings suggested that DMOG could alter MSCs' secretion profile, modify their ultrastructural morphology accordingly, and make the CM a more potent therapeutic tool. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Preconditioning mesenchymal stem/stromal cells with dimethyloxalylglycine, a hypoxia-mimetic agent, could modify cellular metabolism. Hypoxic mechanisms lead to alterations in the ultrastructural characteristics of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. Preconditioning with dimethyloxalylglycine leads to ultrastructural and metabolic changes of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells along with modifications in their secretome profiles. Preconditioning of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells could render them a more potent therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanife Nurdan Olcar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Basak Isildar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serbay Ozkan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Ercin
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Gezginci-Oktayoglu
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meral Koyuturk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Hormozi A, Hasanzadeh S, Ebrahimi F, Daei N, Hajimortezayi Z, Mehdizadeh A, Zamani M. Treatment with Exosomes Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A New Window of Healing Science in Regenerative Medicine. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:879-893. [PMID: 37622719 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230824165014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have been conducted on the potential applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) over recent years due to their growing importance in regenerative medicine. Exosomes are considered cargos capable of transporting proteins, peptides, lipids, mRNAs, and growth factors. MSCsderived exosomes are also involved in the prevention or treatment of a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, skin disorders, lung diseases, osteoarthritis, damaged tissue repair, and other diseases. This review attempted to summarize the importance of employing MSCs in regenerative medicine by gathering and evaluating information from current literature. The role of MSCs and the potential applications of MSCs-derived exosomes have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Hormozi
- Student Research Committee, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Sajedeh Hasanzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ebrahimi
- Student Research Committee, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Narges Daei
- Student Research Committee, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Zahra Hajimortezayi
- Student Research Committee, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Zamani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Altıntaş Ö, Saylan Y. Exploring the Versatility of Exosomes: A Review on Isolation, Characterization, Detection Methods, and Diverse Applications. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16029-16048. [PMID: 37874907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of intercellular communication and can be classified based on their physical properties, biomolecular structure, and origin. Among EVs, exosomes have garnered significant attention due to their potential as therapeutic and diagnostic tools. Exosomes are released via fusion of multivesicular bodies on plasma membranes and can be isolated from various biofluids using methods such as differential ultracentrifugation, immune affinity capture, ultrafiltration, and size exclusion chromatography. Herein, an overview of different techniques for exosome characterization and isolation, as well as the diverse applications of exosome detection, including their potential use in drug delivery and disease diagnosis, is provided. Additionally, we discuss the emerging field of exosome detection by sensors, which offers an up-and-coming avenue for point-of-care diagnostic tools development. Overall, this review aims to provide a exhaustive and up-to-date summary of the current state of exosome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Altıntaş
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeşeren Saylan
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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23
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Koksal AR, Ekmen N, Aydin Y, Nunez K, Sandow T, Delk M, Moehlen M, Thevenot P, Cohen A, Dash S. A Single-Step Immunocapture Assay to Quantify HCC Exosomes Using the Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Nanoparticle-Tracking Analysis. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2023; 10:1935-1954. [PMID: 37936599 PMCID: PMC10627088 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s423043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles could serve as a non-invasive biomarker for early cancer detection. However, limited methods to quantitate cancer-derived vesicles in the native state remain a significant barrier to clinical translation. Aim This research aims to develop a rapid, one-step immunoaffinity approach to quantify HCC exosomes directly from a small serum volume. Methods HCC-derived exosomes in the serum were captured using fluorescent phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated antibodies targeted to GPC3 and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Total and HCC-specific exosomes were then quantified in culture supernatant or patient-derived serums using fluorescence nanoparticle tracking analysis (F-NTA). The performance of HCC exosome quantification in the serum was compared with the tumor size determined by MRI. Results Initially we tested the detection limits of the F-NTA using synthetic fluorescent and non-fluorescent beads. The assay showed an acceptable sensitivity with a detection range of 104-108 particles/mL. Additionally, the combination of immunocapture followed by size-exclusion column purification allows the isolation of smaller-size EVs and quantification by F-NTA. Our assay demonstrated that HCC cell culture releases a significantly higher quantity of GPC3 or GPC3+AFP positive EVs (100-200 particles/cell) compared to non-HCC culture (10-40 particles/cell) (p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively). The F-NTA enables absolute counting of HCC-specific exosomes in the clinical samples with preserved biological immunoreactivity. The performance of F-NTA was clinically validated in serum from patients ± cirrhosis and with confirmed HCC. F-NTA quantification data show selective enrichment of AFP and GPC3 positive EVs in HCC serum compared to malignancy-free cirrhosis (AUC values for GPC3, AFP, and GPC3/AFP were found 0.79, 0.71, and 0.72 respectively). The MRI-confirmed patient cohort indicated that there was a positive correlation between total tumor size and GPC3-positive exosome concentration (r:0.78 and p<0.001). Conclusion We developed an immunocapture assay that can be used for simultaneous isolation and quantification of HCC-derived exosomes from a small serum volume with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Riza Koksal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Nergiz Ekmen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yucel Aydin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kelley Nunez
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tyler Sandow
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Molly Delk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Martin Moehlen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Paul Thevenot
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ari Cohen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, USA
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24
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Wu W, He J. Unveiling the functional paradigm of exosome-derived long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer: based on a narrative review and systematic review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:15219-15247. [PMID: 37578522 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The intricate mechanisms underlying intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment remain largely elusive. Recently, attention has shifted towards exploring the intercellular signaling mediated by exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) within this context. This comprehensive systematic review aims to elucidate the functional paradigm of exosome-derived lncRNAs in cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The review provides a comprehensive narrative of lncRNA definition, characteristics, as well as the formation, sorting, and uptake processes of exosome-derived lncRNAs. Additionally, it describes comprehensive technology for exosome research and nucleic acid drug loading. This review further systematically examines the cellular origins, functional roles, and underlying mechanisms of exosome-derived lncRNAs in recipient cells within the cancer setting. RESULTS The functional paradigm of exosome-derived lncRNAs in cancer mainly depends on the source cells and sorting mechanism of exosomal lncRNAs, the recipient cells and uptake mechanisms of exosomal lncRNAs, and the specific molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in recipient cells. The source cells of exosomal lncRNAs mainly involved in the current review included tumor cells, cancer stem cells, normal cells, macrophages, and cancer-associated fibroblasts. CONCLUSION This synthesis of knowledge offers valuable insights for accurately identifying exosomal lncRNAs with potential as tumor biomarkers. Moreover, it aids in the selection of appropriate targeting strategies and preclinical models, thereby facilitating the clinical translation of exosomal lncRNAs as promising therapeutic targets against cancer. Through a comprehensive understanding of the functional role of exosome-derived lncRNAs in cancer, this review paves the way for advancements in personalized medicine and improved treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Wu
- Department of General Surgery (Gastrointestinal Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Jia He
- Faculty Affairs and Human Resources Management Department, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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25
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Patel G, Agnihotri TG, Gitte M, Shinde T, Gomte SS, Goswami R, Jain A. Exosomes: a potential diagnostic and treatment modality in the quest for counteracting cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023; 46:1159-1179. [PMID: 37040056 PMCID: PMC10088756 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are nanosized bio vesicles formed when multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane merge and discharge into bodily fluids. They are well recognized for facilitating intercellular communication by transporting numerous biomolecules, including DNA, RNAs, proteins, and lipids, and have been implicated in varied diseases including cancer. Exosomes may be altered to transport a variety of therapeutic payloads, including as short interfering RNAs, antisense oligonucleotides, chemotherapeutic drugs, and immunological modulators, and can be directed to a specific target. Exosomes also possess the potential to act as a diagnostic biomarker in cancer, in addition to their therapeutic potential. CONCLUSION In this review, the physiological roles played by exosomes were summarized along with their biogenesis process. Different isolation techniques of exosomes including centrifugation-based, size-based, and polymer precipitation-based techniques have also been described in detail with a special focus on cancer therapeutic applications. The review also shed light on techniques of incubation of drugs with exosomes and their characterization methods covering the most advanced techniques. Myriad applications of exosomes in cancer as diagnostic biomarkers, drug delivery carriers, and chemoresistance-related issues have been discussed at length. Furthermore, a brief overview of exosome-based anti-cancer vaccines and a few prominent challenges concerning exosomal delivery have been concluded at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Tejas Girish Agnihotri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Manoj Gitte
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Tanuja Shinde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Shyam Sudhakar Gomte
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Roshan Goswami
- Biological E Limited, Plot No-1, Phase 2, Kolthur Village, Medchal District, Shameerpet Mdl, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Aakanchha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.
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26
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Namini MS, Daneshimehr F, Beheshtizadeh N, Mansouri V, Ai J, Jahromi HK, Ebrahimi-Barough S. Cell-free therapy based on extracellular vesicles: a promising therapeutic strategy for peripheral nerve injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:254. [PMID: 37726794 PMCID: PMC10510237 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is one of the public health concerns that can result in a loss of sensory or motor function in the areas in which injured and non-injured nerves come together. Up until now, there has been no optimized therapy for complete nerve regeneration after PNI. Exosome-based therapies are an emerging and effective therapeutic strategy for promoting nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Exosomes, as natural extracellular vesicles, contain bioactive molecules for intracellular communications and nervous tissue function, which could overcome the challenges of cell-based therapies. Furthermore, the bioactivity and ability of exosomes to deliver various types of agents, such as proteins and microRNA, have made exosomes a potential approach for neurotherapeutics. However, the type of cell origin, dosage, and targeted delivery of exosomes still pose challenges for the clinical translation of exosome therapeutics. In this review, we have focused on Schwann cell and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes in nerve tissue regeneration. Also, we expressed the current understanding of MSC-derived exosomes related to nerve regeneration and provided insights for developing a cell-free MSC therapeutic strategy for nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Salehi Namini
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Daneshimehr
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Mansouri
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Kargar Jahromi
- Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Picca A, Guerra F, Calvani R, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Landi F, Bucci C, Marzetti E. Mitochondrial-Derived Vesicles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13835. [PMID: 37762138 PMCID: PMC10531235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial quality. However, its assessment in vivo is challenging. The endosomal-lysosomal system is a more accessible pathway through which subtypes of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which also contain mitochondrial constituents, are released for disposal. The inclusion of mitochondrial components into EVs occurs in the setting of mild mitochondrial damage and during impairment of lysosomal function. By releasing mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs), cells limit the unload of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns with proinflammatory activity. Both positive and negative effects of EVs on recipient cells have been described. Whether this is due to the production of EVs other than those containing mitochondria, such as MDVs, holding specific biological functions is currently unknown. Evidence on the existence of different MDV subtypes has been produced. However, their characterization is not always pursued, which would be relevant to exploring the dynamics of mitochondrial quality control in health and disease. Furthermore, MDV classification may be instrumental in understanding their biological roles and promoting their implementation as biomarkers in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, 70010 Casamassima, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Flora Guerra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (E.M.)
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Hélio José Coelho-Júnior
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Landi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (E.M.)
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (E.M.)
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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Sonbhadra S, Mehak, Pandey LM. Biogenesis, Isolation, and Detection of Exosomes and Their Potential in Therapeutics and Diagnostics. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:802. [PMID: 37622888 PMCID: PMC10452587 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The increasing research and rapid developments in the field of exosomes provide insights into their role and significance in human health. Exosomes derived from various sources, such as mesenchymal stem cells, cardiac cells, and tumor cells, to name a few, can be potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases and could also serve as biomarkers for the early detection of diseases. Cellular components of exosomes, several proteins, lipids, and miRNAs hold promise as novel biomarkers for the detection of various diseases. The structure of exosomes enables them as drug delivery vehicles. Since exosomes exhibit potential therapeutic applications, their efficient isolation from complex biological/clinical samples and precise real-time analysis becomes significant. With the advent of microfluidics, nano-biosensors are being designed to capture exosomes efficiently and rapidly. Herein, we have summarized the history, biogenesis, characteristics, functions, and applications of exosomes, along with the isolation, detection, and quantification techniques. The implications of surface modifications to enhance specificity have been outlined. The review also sheds light on the engineered nanoplatforms being developed for exosome detection and capture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lalit M. Pandey
- Bio-Interface & Environmental Engineering Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (S.S.); (M.)
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29
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Du S, Guan Y, Xie A, Yan Z, Gao S, Li W, Rao L, Chen X, Chen T. Extracellular vesicles: a rising star for therapeutics and drug delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:231. [PMID: 37475025 PMCID: PMC10360328 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, natural, cell-derived vesicles that contain the same nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids as their source cells. Thus, they can serve as natural carriers for therapeutic agents and drugs, and have many advantages over conventional nanocarriers, including their low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility, natural blood-brain barrier penetration, and capacity for gene delivery. This review first introduces the classification of EVs and then discusses several currently popular methods for isolating and purifying EVs, EVs-mediated drug delivery, and the functionalization of EVs as carriers. Thereby, it provides new avenues for the development of EVs-based therapeutic strategies in different fields of medicine. Finally, it highlights some challenges and future perspectives with regard to the clinical application of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Du
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Yucheng Guan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Aihua Xie
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Zhao Yan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Sijia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Room 6007, N22, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Weirong Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Lang Rao
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Room 6007, N22, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Tongkai Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
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30
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Chen YX, Cai Q. Plant Exosome-like Nanovesicles and Their Role in the Innovative Delivery of RNA Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1806. [PMID: 37509446 PMCID: PMC10376343 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are single membrane-bound spheres released from cells carrying complex cargoes, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Exosomes transfer specific cargoes from donor to acceptor cells, playing important roles in cell-to-cell communication. Current studies have reported that plant exosomes are prominent in transferring small RNA between host and pathogens in a cross-kingdom manner. Plant exosomes are excellent RNA interference (RNAi) delivery agents with similar physical and chemical properties to mammalian exosomes and have potential applications in therapeutic delivery systems. Recent data have suggested that plant exosome-like nanovesicles (PENVs) and artificial PENV-derived nano-vectors (APNVs) are beneficial for delivering therapeutic small RNA in mammalian systems and exhibit excellent competitiveness in future clinical applications. This review features their preparation methods, composition, roles in small RNA delivery for health functionalities, and their potency as functional nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), School of Biological Engineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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31
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Ngo L, Pham LQA, Tukova A, Hassanzadeh-Barforoushi A, Zhang W, Wang Y. Emerging integrated SERS-microfluidic devices for analysis of cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles. LAB ON A CHIP 2023. [PMID: 37314042 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00156c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are specific subgroups of lipid bilayer vesicles secreted from cancer cells to the extracellular environment. They carry distinct biomolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) from their parent cancer cells. Therefore, the analysis of cancer-derived sEVs can provide valuable information for cancer diagnosis. However, the use of cancer-derived sEVs in clinics is still limited due to their small size, low amounts in circulating fluids, and heterogeneous molecular features, making their isolation and analysis challenging. Recently, microfluidic technology has gained great attention for its ability to isolate sEVs in minimal volume. In addition, microfluidics allows the isolation and detection of sEVs to be integrated into a single device, offering new opportunities for clinical application. Among various detection techniques, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has emerged as a promising candidate for integrating with microfluidic devices due to its ultra-sensitivity, stability, rapid readout, and multiplexing capability. In this tutorial review, we start with the design of microfluidics devices for isolation of sEVs and introduce the key factors to be considered for the design, and then discuss the integration of SERS and microfluidic devices by providing descriptive examples of the currently developed platforms. Lastly, we discuss the current limitations and provide our insights for utilising integrated SERS-microfluidics to isolate and analyse cancer-derived sEVs in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ngo
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Le Que Anh Pham
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Anastasiia Tukova
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | | | - Wei Zhang
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Yuling Wang
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
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32
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Encarnación-Medina J, Godoy L, Matta J, Ortiz-Sánchez C. Identification of Exo-miRNAs: A Summary of the Efforts in Translational Studies Involving Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091339. [PMID: 37174739 PMCID: PMC10177092 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for about 10-15% of all breast cancers (BC) in the US and its diagnosis is associated with poor survival outcomes. A better understanding of the disease etiology is crucial to identify target treatment options to improve patient outcomes. The role of exo-miRNAs in TNBC has been studied for more than two decades. Although some studies have identified exo-miR candidates in TNBC using clinical samples, consensus regarding exo-miR candidates has not been achieved. The purpose of this review is to gather information regarding exo-miR candidates reported in TNBC translational studies along with the techniques used to isolate and validate the potential targets. The techniques suggested in this review are based on the use of commercially available materials for research and clinical laboratories. We expect that the information included in this review can add additional value to the recent efforts in the development of a liquid biopsy to identify TNBC cases and further improve their survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarline Encarnación-Medina
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce 00716-2347, Puerto Rico
| | - Lenin Godoy
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce 00716-2347, Puerto Rico
| | - Jaime Matta
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce 00716-2347, Puerto Rico
| | - Carmen Ortiz-Sánchez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce 00716-2347, Puerto Rico
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33
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Khatami SH, Karami N, Taheri-Anganeh M, Taghvimi S, Tondro G, Khorsand M, Soltani Fard E, Sedighimehr N, Kazemi M, Rahimi Jaberi K, Moradi M, Nafisi Fard P, Darvishi MH, Movahedpour A. Exosomes: Promising Delivery Tools for Overcoming Blood-Brain Barrier and Glioblastoma Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03365-0. [PMID: 37138197 PMCID: PMC10155653 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas make up virtually 80% of all lethal primary brain tumors and are categorized based on their cell of origin. Glioblastoma is an astrocytic tumor that has an inferior prognosis despite the ongoing advances in treatment modalities. One of the main reasons for this shortcoming is the presence of the blood-brain barrier and blood-brain tumor barrier. Novel invasive and non-invasive drug delivery strategies for glioblastoma have been developed to overcome both the intact blood-brain barrier and leverage the disrupted nature of the blood-brain tumor barrier to target cancer cells after resection-the first treatment stage of glioblastoma. Exosomes are among non-invasive drug delivery methods and have emerged as a natural drug delivery vehicle with high biological barrier penetrability. There are various exosome isolation methods from different origins, and the intended use of the exosomes and starting materials defines the choice of isolation technique. In the present review, we have given an overview of the structure of the blood-brain barrier and its disruption in glioblastoma. This review provided a comprehensive insight into novel passive and active drug delivery techniques to overcome the blood-brain barrier, emphasizing exosomes as an excellent emerging drug, gene, and effective molecule delivery vehicle used in glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Karami
- TU Wien, Institute of Solid State Electronics, A-1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sina Taghvimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Tondro
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Khorsand
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elahe Soltani Fard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Najmeh Sedighimehr
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kazemi
- Department of Radio-oncology, Namazi Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Khojaste Rahimi Jaberi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Melika Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Nafisi Fard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Darvishi
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Haghighitalab A, Dominici M, Matin MM, Shekari F, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Lim R, Ahmadiankia N, Mirahmadi M, Bahrami AR, Bidkhori HR. Extracellular vesicles and their cells of origin: Open issues in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090416. [PMID: 36969255 PMCID: PMC10031021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional therapeutic approaches to treat autoimmune diseases through suppressing the immune system, such as steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are not adequately practical. Moreover, these regimens are associated with considerable complications. Designing tolerogenic therapeutic strategies based on stem cells, immune cells, and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) seems to open a promising path to managing autoimmune diseases' vast burden. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), dendritic cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the main cell types applied to restore a tolerogenic immune status; MSCs play a more beneficial role due to their amenable properties and extensive cross-talks with different immune cells. With existing concerns about the employment of cells, new cell-free therapeutic paradigms, such as EV-based therapies, are gaining attention in this field. Additionally, EVs' unique properties have made them to be known as smart immunomodulators and are considered as a potential substitute for cell therapy. This review provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of cell-based and EV-based methods for treating autoimmune diseases. The study also presents an outlook on the future of EVs to be implemented in clinics for autoimmune patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Haghighitalab
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Maryam M. Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rebecca Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Naghmeh Ahmadiankia
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mirahmadi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Bidkhori
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
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Jalaludin I, Lubman DM, Kim J. A guide to mass spectrometric analysis of extracellular vesicle proteins for biomarker discovery. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:844-872. [PMID: 34747512 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes (small extracellular vesicles) in living organisms play an important role in processes such as cell proliferation or intercellular communication. Recently, exosomes have been extensively investigated for biomarker discoveries for various diseases. An important aspect of exosome analysis involves the development of enrichment methods that have been introduced for successful isolation of exosomes. These methods include ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, polyethylene glycol-based precipitation, immunoaffinity-based enrichment, ultrafiltration, and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation among others. To confirm the presence of exosomes, various characterization methods have been utilized such as Western blot analysis, atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, optical methods, zeta potential, visual inspection, and mass spectrometry. Recent advances in high-resolution separations, high-performance mass spectrometry and comprehensive proteome databases have all contributed to the successful analysis of exosomes from patient samples. Herein we review various exosome enrichment methods, characterization methods, and recent trends of exosome investigations using mass spectrometry-based approaches for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Jalaludin
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - David M Lubman
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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36
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Mahmoudi F, Hanachi P, Montaseri A. Extracellular vesicles of immune cells; immunomodulatory impacts and therapeutic potentials. Clin Immunol 2023; 248:109237. [PMID: 36669608 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse collection of lipid bilayer-membrane-bound particles which are released from cells into the extracellular space and biologic fluids. In multicellular organisms, these vesicles facilitate the exchange of bioactive compounds such as RNA, DNA, proteins, various metabolites, and lipids between the cells. EVs are produced and released by almost all eukaryotic cells including immune cells and can have immunomodulating effects by either stimulation or suppression of their activities. This immune-modulating feature may provide a promising strategy for treating immune-mediated diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders and graft-versus-host disease. Moreover, immune cell-derived EVs have received attention as potential biomarkers for being used as diagnostic tools and preventive strategies such as for developing vaccines. In this review, we focus on the EVs produced by different immune cell types, their effects on the immune system, and highlight their potential applications for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Mahmoudi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehr Hanachi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azadeh Montaseri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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A review on comparative studies addressing exosome isolation methods from body fluids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1239-1263. [PMID: 35838769 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes emerged as valuable sources of disease biomarkers and new therapeutic tools. However, extracellular vesicles isolation with exosome-like characteristics from certain biofluids is still challenging which can limit their potential use in clinical settings. While ultracentrifugation-based procedures are the gold standard for exosome isolation from cell cultures, no unique and standardized method for exosome isolation from distinct body fluids exists. The complexity, specific composition, and physical properties of each biofluid constitute a technical barrier to obtain reproducible and pure exosome preparations, demanding a detailed characterization of both exosome isolation and characterization methods. Moreover, some isolation procedures can affect downstream proteomic or RNA profiling analysis. This review compiles and discussed a set of comparative studies addressing distinct exosome isolation methods from human biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, serum, saliva, and urine, also focusing on body fluid specific challenges, physical properties, and other potential variation sources. This summarized information will facilitate the choice of exosome isolation methods, based on the type of biological samples available, and hopefully encourage the use of exosomes in translational and clinical research.
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Ohira K, Sato Y, Nishizawa S. Self-Assembly and Disassembly of Membrane Curvature-Sensing Peptide-Based Deep-Red Fluorescent Probe for Highly Sensitive Sensing of Exosomes. ACS Sens 2023; 8:522-526. [PMID: 36695520 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
With increasing knowledge of the diverse roles of exosomes in biological processes, much attention has been paid to the development of analytical methods for exosome analysis. Here, we developed a new class of amphipathic helical (AH) peptide-based fluorescent probes for highly sensitive detection of exosomes in a mix and read manner. Membrane curvature-sensing AH peptide (ApoC) was coupled with lipophilic tail (C12)-carrying thiazole red (TR) for construction of a self-assembly/disassembly based fluorescence "off-on" sensing system for target exosomes. ApoC-TRC12 has extremely weak emission due to the formation of the aggregates, whereas it becomes emissive in response to the target exosomes through the binding-induced disassembly of ApoC-TRC12. We demonstrated that the C12 unit attached to the TR unit had a favorable effect on both fluorescence response (signal-to-background: S/B) and binding affinity. ApoC-TRC12 was applicable to rapid and simple detection of exosomes with high detection sensitivity (limit of detection ≈ 103 particles/μL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Ohira
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Seiichi Nishizawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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Suanno C, Tonoli E, Fornari E, Savoca MP, Aloisi I, Parrotta L, Faleri C, Cai G, Coveney C, Boocock DJ, Verderio EAM, Del Duca S. Small extracellular vesicles released from germinated kiwi pollen (pollensomes) present characteristics similar to mammalian exosomes and carry a plant homolog of ALIX. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1090026. [PMID: 36760648 PMCID: PMC9905850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1090026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction In the last decade, it has been discovered that allergen-bearing extracellular nanovesicles, termed "pollensomes", are released by pollen during germination. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play an important role in pollen-pistil interaction during fertilization, stabilizing the secreted bioactive molecules and allowing long-distance signaling. However, the molecular composition and the biological role of these EVs are still unclear. The present study had two main aims: (I) to clarify whether pollen germination is needed to release pollensomes, or if they can be secreted also in high humidity conditions; and (II) to investigate the molecular features of pollensomes following the most recent guidelines for EVs isolation and identification. Methods To do so, pollensomes were isolated from hydrated and germinated kiwi (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) pollen, and characterized using imaging techniques, immunoblotting, and proteomics. Results These analyses revealed that only germinated kiwi pollen released detectable concentrations of nanoparticles compatible with small EVs for shape and protein content. Moreover, a plant homolog of ALIX, which is a well-recognized and accepted marker of small EVs and exosomes in mammals, was found in pollensomes. Discussion The presence of this protein, along with other proteins involved in endocytosis, is consistent with the hypothesis that pollensomes could comprehend a prominent subpopulation of plant exosome-like vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Suanno
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Tonoli
- Nottingham Trent University, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Enzo Fornari
- Chrysalis Health & Beauty Creation House, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria P. Savoca
- Nottingham Trent University, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Iris Aloisi
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Parrotta
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy
- University of Bologna, Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, Cesena, Italy
| | - Claudia Faleri
- University of Siena, Department of Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Giampiero Cai
- University of Siena, Department of Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Clare Coveney
- Nottingham Trent University, Department of Biosciences, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Nottingham Trent University, John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Boocock
- Nottingham Trent University, Department of Biosciences, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Nottingham Trent University, John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta A. M. Verderio
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy
- Nottingham Trent University, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy
- University of Bologna, Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, Cesena, Italy
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40
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Jonak ST, Liu Z, Liu J, Li T, D'Souza BV, Schiaffino JA, Oh S, Xie YH. Analyzing bronchoalveolar fluid derived small extracellular vesicles using single-vesicle SERS for non-small cell lung cancer detection. SENSORS & DIAGNOSTICS 2023; 2:90-99. [PMID: 36741247 PMCID: PMC9850358 DOI: 10.1039/d2sd00109h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An emerging body of research by biologists and clinicians has demonstrated the clinical application of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs, also commonly referred to as exosomes) as biomarkers for cancer detections. sEVs isolated from various body fluids such as blood, saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid have been used for biomarker discoveries with highly encouraging outcomes. Among the biomarkers discovered are those responsible for multiple cancer types and immune responses. These biomarkers are recapitulated from the tumor microenvironments. Yet, despite numerous discussions of sEVs in scientific literature, sEV-based biomarkers have so far played only a minor role for cancer diagnostics in the clinical setting, notably less so than other techniques such as imaging and biopsy. In this paper, we report the results of a pilot study (n = 10 from each of the patient and the control group) using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid to determine the presence of sEVs related to non-small cell lung cancer in twenty clinical samples examined using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita T. Jonak
- NurLabsSan AntonioTX 78201USA,UCLA Biodesign, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA
| | - Zirui Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA(310) 259 6946
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA(310) 259 6946
| | - Tieyi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA(310) 259 6946
| | - Brian V. D'Souza
- NurLabsSan AntonioTX 78201USA,UCLA Biodesign, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA
| | - J. Alan Schiaffino
- NurLabsSan AntonioTX 78201USA,UCLA Biodesign, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA
| | - Scott Oh
- NurLabsSan AntonioTX 78201USA,UCLA Biodesign, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA,UCLA Health System, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA
| | - Ya-Hong Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA(310) 259 6946,NurLabsSan AntonioTX 78201USA,UCLA Biodesign, University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095USA
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Mondal J, Pillarisetti S, Junnuthula V, Saha M, Hwang SR, Park IK, Lee YK. Hybrid exosomes, exosome-like nanovesicles and engineered exosomes for therapeutic applications. J Control Release 2023; 353:1127-1149. [PMID: 36528193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are endosome-derived nanovesicles involved in cellular communication. They are natural nanocarriers secreted by various cells, making them suitable candidates for diverse drug delivery and therapeutic applications from a material standpoint. They have a phospholipid bilayer decorated with functional molecules and an enclosed parental matrix, which has attracted interest in developing designer/hybrid engineered exosome nanocarriers. The structural versatility of exosomes allows the modification of their original configuration using various methods, including genetic engineering, chemical procedures, physical techniques, and microfluidic technology, to load exosomes with additional cargo for expanded biomedical applications. Exosomes show enormous potential for overcoming the limitations of conventional nanoparticle-based techniques in targeted therapy. This review highlights the exosome sources, characteristics, state of the art in the field of hybrid exosomes, exosome-like nanovesicles and engineered exosomes as potential cargo delivery vehicles for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath Mondal
- Department of Green Bioengineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27470, Republic of Korea
| | - Shameer Pillarisetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Science Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Monochura Saha
- Media lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 75 Amherst Street, Cambridge 02139, USA
| | - Seung Rim Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Science Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Green Bioengineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27470, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27470, Republic of Korea.
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Castillo-Romero KF, Santacruz A, González-Valdez J. Production and purification of bacterial membrane vesicles for biotechnology applications: Challenges and opportunities. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:107-124. [PMID: 36398478 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are bi-layered nanostructures derived from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Among other pathophysiological roles, BMVs are critical messengers in intercellular communication. As a result, BMVs are emerging as a promising technology for the development of numerous therapeutic applications. Despite the remarkable progress in unveiling BMV biology and functions in recent years, their successful isolation and purification have been limited. Several challenges related to vesicle purity, yield, and scalability severely hamper the further development of BMVs for biotechnology and clinical applications. This review focuses on the current technologies and methodologies used in BMV production and purification, such as ultracentrifugation, density-gradient centrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, ultrafiltration, and precipitation. We also discuss the current challenges related to BMV isolation, large-scale production, storage, and stability that limit their application. More importantly, the present work explains the most recent strategies proposed for overcoming those challenges. Finally, we summarize the ongoing applications of BMVs in the biotechnological field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshia F Castillo-Romero
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Arlette Santacruz
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - José González-Valdez
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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43
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Development of an injectable alginate-collagen hydrogel for cardiac delivery of extracellular vesicles. Int J Pharm 2022; 629:122356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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The role of exosomes in the molecular mechanisms of metastasis: Focusing on EMT and cancer stem cells. Life Sci 2022; 310:121103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Vaz M, Soares Martins T, Henriques AG. Extracellular vesicles in the study of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: Methodologies applied from cells to biofluids. J Neurochem 2022; 163:266-309. [PMID: 36156258 PMCID: PMC9828694 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining increased importance in fundamental research as key players in disease pathogenic mechanisms, but also in translational and clinical research due to their value in biomarker discovery, either for diagnostics and/or therapeutics. In the first research scenario, the study of EVs isolated from neuronal models mimicking neurodegenerative diseases can open new avenues to better understand the pathological mechanisms underlying these conditions or to identify novel molecular targets for diagnosis and/or therapeutics. In the second research scenario, the easy availability of EVs in body fluids and the specificity of their cargo, which can reflect the cell of origin or disease profiles, turn these into attractive diagnostic tools. EVs with exosome-like characteristics, circulating in the bloodstream and other peripheral biofluids, constitute a non-invasive and rapid alternative to study several conditions, including brain-related disorders. In both cases, several EVs isolation methods are already available, but each neuronal model or biofluid presents its own challenges. Herein, a literature overview on EVs isolation methodologies from distinct neuronal models (cellular culture and brain tissue) and body fluids (serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine and saliva) was carried out. Focus was given to approaches employed in the context of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and the main research findings discussed. The topics here revised will facilitate the choice of EVs isolation methodologies and potentially prompt new discoveries in EVs research and in the neurodegenerative diseases field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Vaz
- Biomarker Discovery TeamNeuroscience and Signalling GroupInstitute of Biomedicine (iBiMED)Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Tânia Soares Martins
- Biomarker Discovery TeamNeuroscience and Signalling GroupInstitute of Biomedicine (iBiMED)Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Biomarker Discovery TeamNeuroscience and Signalling GroupInstitute of Biomedicine (iBiMED)Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
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Roles of Exosomes in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911284. [PMID: 36232588 PMCID: PMC9570170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is multifactorial and not entirely clear. The objective of the review was to examine the current state of knowledge concerning the role of exosomes in CRS. For this systematic review, we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases for studies published until 7 August 2022. Only original research articles describing studies published in English were included. Reviews, book chapters, case studies, conference papers, and opinions were excluded. The quality of the evidence was assessed with the modified Office and Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) Risk of Bias Rating Tool for Human and Animal Studies. Of 250 records identified, 17 were eligible, all of which had a low to moderate risk of overall bias. Presented findings indicate that exosomal biomarkers, including proteins and microRNA, act as promising biomarkers in the diagnostics and prognosis of CRS patients and, in addition, may contribute to finding novel therapeutic targets. Exosomes reflecting tissue proteomes are excellent, highly available material for studying proteomic alterations noninvasively. The first steps have already been taken, but more advanced research on nasal exosomes is needed, which might open a wider door for individualized medicine in CRS.
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47
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Onukwugha NE, Kang YT, Nagrath S. Emerging micro-nanotechnologies for extracellular vesicles in immuno-oncology: from target specific isolations to immunomodulation. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3314-3339. [PMID: 35980234 PMCID: PMC9474625 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been hypothesized to incorporate a variety of crucial roles ranging from intercellular communication to tumor pathogenesis to cancer immunotherapy capabilities. Traditional EV isolation and characterization techniques cannot accurately and with specificity isolate subgroups of EVs, such as tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) and immune-cell derived EVs, and are plagued with burdensome steps. To address these pivotal issues, multiplex microfluidic EV isolation/characterization and on-chip EV engineering may be imperative towards developing the next-generation EV-based immunotherapeutics. Henceforth, our aim is to expound the state of the art in EV isolation/characterization techniques and their limitations. Additionally, we seek to elucidate current work on total analytical system based technologies for simultaneous isolation and characterization and to summarize the immunogenic capabilities of EV subgroups, both innate and adaptive. In this review, we discuss recent state-of-art microfluidic/micro-nanotechnology based EV screening methods and EV engineering methods towards therapeutic use of EVs in immune-oncology. By venturing in this field of EV screening and immunotherapies, it is envisioned that transition into clinical settings can become less convoluted for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nna-Emeka Onukwugha
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerface Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC B10-A184, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yoon-Tae Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerface Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC B10-A184, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerface Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC B10-A184, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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48
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Cheong JK, Rajgor D, Lv Y, Chung KY, Tang YC, Cheng H. Noncoding RNome as Enabling Biomarkers for Precision Health. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10390. [PMID: 36142304 PMCID: PMC9499633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), in the form of structural, catalytic or regulatory RNAs, have emerged to be critical effectors of many biological processes. With the advent of new technologies, we have begun to appreciate how intracellular and circulatory ncRNAs elegantly choreograph the regulation of gene expression and protein function(s) in the cell. Armed with this knowledge, the clinical utility of ncRNAs as biomarkers has been recently tested in a wide range of human diseases. In this review, we examine how critical factors govern the success of interrogating ncRNA biomarker expression in liquid biopsies and tissues to enhance our current clinical management of human diseases, particularly in the context of cancer. We also discuss strategies to overcome key challenges that preclude ncRNAs from becoming standard-of-care clinical biomarkers, including sample pre-analytics standardization, data cross-validation with closer attention to discordant findings, as well as correlation with clinical outcomes. Although harnessing multi-modal information from disease-associated noncoding RNome (ncRNome) in biofluids or in tissues using artificial intelligence or machine learning is at the nascent stage, it will undoubtedly fuel the community adoption of precision population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jit Kong Cheong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117597, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | | | - Yang Lv
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | | | | | - He Cheng
- MiRXES Lab, Singapore 138667, Singapore
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49
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Habibian A, Soleimanjahi H, Hashemi SM, Babashah S. Characterization and Comparison of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosome Isolation Methods using Culture Supernatant. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2022; 77:1383-1388. [PMID: 36883158 PMCID: PMC9985774 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356141.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular endosomal nanoparticles, which are formed under complex processes during the formation of multivesicular bodies. They are also achieved from conditioned media of a variety of cell types, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Exosomes can modulate intracellular physiological actions via signaling molecules on the surface or secretion of components to the extracellular spaces. Furthermore, they are potentially used as crucial agents for cell-free therapy; however, their isolation and characterization can be challenging. In the current study, two methods of exosome isolation have been characterized and compared using a culture media of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, namely ultracentrifugation and a commercial kit; moreover, the efficiency of these two methods was highlighted in this study. Two different isolation methods of exosomes from MSCs were used to compare the efficiency of exosomes. For both isolation methods, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay have been performed. The electron microscopy and DLS indicated the presence of exosomes. Moreover, the kit and ultracentrifugation isolates contained approximately comparable amounts of protein measured by the BCA. Overall, the two isolation methods had similar performances. Although ultracentrifugation is used as a gold standard for exosome isolation, the commercial kit has some advantages and can be applied alternatively according to its cost-effectiveness and time-saving properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Habibian
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Soleimanjahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S M Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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50
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Premnath A, Benny S, Presanna AT, Mangalathillam S. The Promising Role of Natural Exosomal Nanoparticles in Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:723-734. [PMID: 35761492 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220627103213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomal nanoparticles are cell-derived nano-sized vesicles in the size range of 30-150nm formed by the inward infolding of the cell membrane. They are encased in a lipid bilayer membrane and contain various proteins and nucleic acids according to the characteristics of their parent cell. They are involved in intercellular communication. Their specific structural and inherent properties are helpful in therapeutics and as biomarkers in diagnostics. Since they are biomimetic, these small-sized nanoparticles pose many advantages if used as a drug carrier vehicle. In cancer, the exosomal nanoparticles have both stimulatory and inhibitory activity towards immune responses; hence, they are used in immunotherapy. They can also carry chemotherapeutic agents to the target site minimizing their targetability concerns. Chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) is a synergistic approach in which chemotherapy and immunotherapy are utilized to benefit each other. Exosomal nanoparticles (NPs) are essential in delivering CIT agents into tumor tissues. Most advanced studies in CIT take place in the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway, where the STING activation supported by chemotherapy-induced an increase in immune surveillance through the help of exosomal NPs. Dendritic cell(DC) derived exosomes, as well as Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), are abundantly used in immunotherapy, and hence their support can be used in chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) for multifaceted benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Premnath
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Sonu Benny
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Aneesh Thankappan Presanna
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Sabitha Mangalathillam
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
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