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Activated Mast Cells Combined with NRF2 Predict Prognosis for Esophageal Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2023; 2023:4211885. [PMID: 36644231 PMCID: PMC9833916 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4211885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Esophageal cancer (EC) had the sixth-highest mortality rate of all cancers due to its poor prognosis. Immune cells and mutation genes influenced the prognosis of EC, but their combined effect on predicting EC prognosis was unknown. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the immune cell infiltration (ICI) and mutation genes and their combined effects for predicting prognosis in EC. Methods The CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms were used to analyse the ICI scape based on the TCGA and GEO databases. EC tissues and pathologic sections from Huai'an, China, were used to verify the key immune cells and mutation genes and their interactions. Results Stromal/immune score patterns and ICI/gene had no statistical significance in overall survival (OS) (p > 0.05). The combination of ICI and tumor mutation burden (TMB) showed that the high TMB and high ICI score group had the shortest OS (p = 0.004). We recognized that the key mutation gene NRF2 was significantly different in the high/low ICI score subgroups (p = 0.002) and positivity with mast cells (MCs) (p < 0.05). Through experimental validation, we found that the MCs and activated mast cells (AC-MCs) were more infiltration in stage II/III (p = 0.032; p = 0.013) of EC patients and that NRF2 expression was upregulated in EC (p = 0.045). AC-MCs combined with NRF2 had a poor prognosis, according to survival analysis (p = 0.056) and interactive analysis (p = 0.032). Conclusions We presume that NRF2 combined with AC-MCs could be a marker to predict prognosis and could influence immunotherapy through regulating PD-L1 in the EC.
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Chen C, Tang D, Gu C, Wang B, Yao Y, Wang R, Zhang H, Gao W. Characterization of the Immune Microenvironmental Landscape of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Immune Cell Infiltration. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:2361507. [PMID: 36411824 PMCID: PMC9674995 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2361507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence supports that immune cell infiltration (ICI) patterns play a key role in the tumor progression of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). However, to date, the immune infiltration picture of LUSC has not been elucidated. METHOD TCGA was used to download multiomics data from LUSC samples. At the same time, we included two datasets on lung squamous cell carcinoma, GSE17710 and GSE157010. To reveal the landscape of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), the ESTIMATE algorithm, ssGSEA approach, and CIBERSORT analysis are used. To quantify the ICI pattern in a single tumor, consistent clustering is used to determine the LUSC subtype based on the ICI pattern, and principal component analysis (PCA) is used to obtain the ICI score. The prognostic value of the Kaplan-Meier curves is confirmed. GSEA (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis) was used to perform functional annotation. To investigate the immunotherapeutic effects of the ICI score, the immunophenotyping score (IPS) is used. Finally, analyze the mutation data with the "maftools" R package. RESULTS We identified four different immune infiltration patterns with different prognosis and biological characteristics in 792 LUSC samples. The identification of ICI patterns in individual tumors developed under ICI-related characteristic genes based on the ICI score helps to analyze the biological process, clinical results, immune cell infiltration, immunotherapy effects, and genetic variation. Immune failure is indicated by a high ICI score subtype marked by immunosuppression. Patients with low ICI scores have an abundance of efficient immune cells, which corresponds to the immunological activation phenotype and may have therapeutic benefits. The immunophenotypic score was used as a surrogate indicator of immunotherapy results, and samples with low ICI scores obtained significantly higher immunophenotypic scores. Finally, the relationship between the ICI score and tumor mutation burden (TMB) was proven. CONCLUSION This study fully clarified the indispensable role of the ICI model in the complexity and diversity of TIME. The quantitative identification of ICI patterns in a single tumor will help draw the picture of TIME and further optimize precision immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunji Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yanan Road, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yanan Road, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dongfang Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yanan Road, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yanan Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chang Gu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yanan Road, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yanan Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yuanshan Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yanan Road, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yanan Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huibiao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yanan Road, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yanan Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yanan Road, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yanan Road, Shanghai 200040, China
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