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Song Y, Xue T, Guo S, Yu Z, Yun C, Zhao J, Song Z, Liu Z. Inhibition of aquaporin-4 and its subcellular localization attenuates below-level central neuropathic pain by regulating astrocyte activation in a rat spinal cord injury model. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21:e00306. [PMID: 38237380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2023.e00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of central neuropathic pain (CNP) caused by spinal cord injury have not been sufficiently studied. We have found that the upregulation of astrocytic aquaporin-4 (AQP4) aggravated peripheral neuropathic pain after spinal nerve ligation in rats. Using a T13 spinal cord hemisection model, we showed that spinal AQP4 was markedly upregulated after SCI and mainly expressed in astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH). Inhibition of AQP4 with TGN020 suppressed astrocyte activation, attenuated the development and maintenance of below-level CNP and promoted motor function recovery in vivo. In primary astrocyte cultures, TGN020 also changed cell morphology, diminished cell proliferation and suppressed astrocyte activation. Moreover, T13 spinal cord hemisection induced cell-surface abundance of the AQP4 channel and perivascular localization in the SDH. Targeted inhibition of AQP4 subcellular localization with trifluoperazine effectively diminished astrocyte activation in vitro and further ablated astrocyte activation, attenuated the development and maintenance of below-level CNP, and accelerated functional recovery in vivo. Together, these results provide mechanistic insights into the roles of AQP4 in the development and maintenance of below-level CNP. Intervening with AQP4, including targeting AQP4 subcellular localization, might emerge as a promising agent to prevent chronic CNP after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Shiwu Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, 215028, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Chengming Yun
- Department of Orthopedics, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Zhiwen Song
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213003, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou 213003, China.
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2
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Jazaeri SZ, Taghizadeh G, Babaei JF, Goudarzi S, Saadatmand P, Joghataei MT, Khanahmadi Z. Aquaporin 4 beyond a water channel; participation in motor, sensory, cognitive and psychological performances, a comprehensive review. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114353. [PMID: 37714320 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a protein highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as various other organs, whose different sites of action indicate its importance in various functions. AQP4 has a variety of essential roles beyond water homeostasis. In this article, we have for the first time summarized different roles of AQP4 in motor and sensory functions, besides cognitive and psychological performances, and most importantly, possible physiological mechanisms by which AQP4 can exert its effects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AQP4 participates in pathology of different neurological disorders, various effects depending on the disease type. Since neurological diseases involve a spectrum of dysfunctions and due to the difficulty of obtaining a treatment that can simultaneously affect these deficits, it is therefore suggested that future studies consider the role of this protein in different functional impairments related to neurological disorders simultaneously or separately by targeting AQP4 expression and/or polarity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyede Zohreh Jazaeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Javad Fahanik Babaei
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Goudarzi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Saadatmand
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa University, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Zohreh Khanahmadi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Services, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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3
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Yao ZM, Sun XR, Huang J, Chen L, Dong SY. Astrocyte-Neuronal Communication and Its Role in Stroke. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2996-3006. [PMID: 37329448 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system. These cells are an important hub for intercellular communication. They participate in various pathophysiological processes, including synaptogenesis, metabolic transformation, scar production, and blood-brain barrier repair. The mechanisms and functional consequences of astrocyte-neuron signaling are more complex than previously thought. Stroke is a disease associated with neurons in which astrocytes also play an important role. Astrocytes respond to the alterations in the brain microenvironment after stroke, providing required substances to neurons. However, they can also have harmful effects. In this review, we have summarized the function of astrocytes, their association with neurons, and two paradigms of the inflammatory response, which suggest that targeting astrocytes may be an effective strategy for treating stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Meng Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shu-Ying Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
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4
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Li WA, Efendizade A, Ding Y. The role of microRNA in neuronal inflammation and survival in the post ischemic brain: a review. Neurol Res 2023; 45:1-9. [PMID: 28552032 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1327505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Each year, more than 790 000 people in the United States suffer from a stroke. Although progress has been made in diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke (IS), new therapeutic interventions to protect the brain during an ischemic insult is highly needed. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Growing evidence suggests that miRNAs have a profound impact on ischemic stroke progression and are potential targets of novel treatments. Notably, inflammatory pathways play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and its pathophysiologic progression. Experimental and clinical studies have illustrated that inflammatory molecular events collaboratively contribute to neuronal and glial cell survival, edema formation and regression, and vascular integrity. In the present review, we examine recent discoveries regarding miRNAs and their roles in post-ischemic stroke neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aslan Efendizade
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA
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5
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Garcia TA, Jonak CR, Binder DK. The Role of Aquaporins in Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2023; 12:1701. [PMID: 37443735 PMCID: PMC10340765 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Edema formation following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) exacerbates secondary injury, and the severity of edema correlates with worse neurological outcome in human patients. To date, there are no effective treatments to directly resolve edema within the spinal cord. The aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel is found on plasma membranes of astrocytic endfeet in direct contact with blood vessels, the glia limitans in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid, and ependyma around the central canal. Local expression at these tissue-fluid interfaces allows AQP4 channels to play an important role in the bidirectional regulation of water homeostasis under normal conditions and following trauma. In this review, we consider the available evidence regarding the potential role of AQP4 in edema after SCI. Although more work remains to be carried out, the overall evidence indicates a critical role for AQP4 channels in edema formation and resolution following SCI and the therapeutic potential of AQP4 modulation in edema resolution and functional recovery. Further work to elucidate the expression and subcellular localization of AQP4 during specific phases after SCI will inform the therapeutic modulation of AQP4 for the optimization of histological and neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terese A. Garcia
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Carrie R. Jonak
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Devin K. Binder
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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6
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Berliner JA, Lam MA, Najafi E, Hemley SJ, Bilston LE, Stoodley MA. Aquaporin-4 expression and modulation in a rat model of post-traumatic syringomyelia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9662. [PMID: 37316571 PMCID: PMC10267129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been implicated in post-traumatic syringomyelia (PTS), a disease characterised by the formation of fluid-filled cysts in the spinal cord. This study investigated the expression of AQP4 around a mature cyst (syrinx) and the effect of pharmacomodulation of AQP4 on syrinx size. PTS was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by computerized spinal cord impact and subarachnoid kaolin injection. Immunofluorescence of AQP4 was carried out on mature syrinx tissue 12 weeks post-surgery. Increased AQP4 expression corresponded to larger, multiloculated cysts (R2 = 0.94), yet no localized changes to AQP4 expression in perivascular regions or the glia limitans were present. In a separate cohort of animals, at 6 weeks post-surgery, an AQP4 agonist (AqF026), antagonist (AqB050), or vehicle was administered daily over 4 days, with MRIs performed before and after the completion of treatment. Histological analysis was performed at 12 weeks post-surgery. Syrinx volume and length were not altered with AQP4 modulation. The correlation between increased AQP4 expression with syrinx area suggests that AQP4 or the glia expressing AQP4 are recruited to regulate water movement. Given this, further investigation should examine AQP4 modulation with dose regimens at earlier time-points after PTS induction, as these may alter the course of syrinx development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Berliner
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Magdalena A Lam
- The ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Gate 3, Hospital Road, Sydney, NSW, 2139, Australia
| | - Elmira Najafi
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Sarah J Hemley
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margarete Ainsworth Building, 139 Barker Street, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Marcus A Stoodley
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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7
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Xiao M, Hou J, Xu M, Li S, Yang B. Aquaporins in Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:99-124. [PMID: 36717489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) mediate water flux between the four distinct water compartments in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present chapter, we mainly focus on the expression and function of the nine AQPs expressed in the CNS, which include five members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, and AQP8; three members of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP3, AQP7, and AQP9; and one member of superaquaporin subfamily: AQP11. In addition, AQP1, AQP2, and AQP4 expressed in the peripheral nervous system are also reviewed. AQP4, the predominant water channel in the CNS, is involved both in the astrocyte swelling of cytotoxic edema and the resolution of vasogenic edema and is of pivotal importance in the pathology of brain disorders such as neuromyelitis optica, brain tumors, and neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, AQP4 has been demonstrated as a functional regulator of recently discovered glymphatic system that is a main contributor to clearance of toxic macromolecule from the brain. Other AQPs are also involved in a variety of important physiological and pathological process in the brain. It has been suggested that AQPs could represent an important target in treatment of brain disorders like cerebral edema. Future investigations are necessary to elucidate the pathological significance of AQPs in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaoyu Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Basic Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shao Li
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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8
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Sulforaphane Upregulates Cultured Mouse Astrocytic Aquaporin-4 Expression through p38 MAPK Pathway. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:1144124. [PMID: 35991296 PMCID: PMC9385362 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1144124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and/or aggregation are common pathological features associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD). Abnormal protein aggregation may be caused by misfolding of the protein and/or dysfunction of the protein clearance system. Recent studies have demonstrated that the specific water channel protein, aquaporin-4 (AQP4), plays a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases involving protein clearance system. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of sulforaphane (SFN) in the upregulation of AQP4 expression, along with its underlying mechanism using cultured mouse astrocytes as a model system. At low concentrations, SFN was found to increase cell proliferation and result in the activation of astrocytes. However, high SFN concentrations were found to suppress cell proliferation of astrocytes. In addition, our study found that a 1 μM concentration of SFN resulted in the upregulation of AQP4 expression and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in cultured mouse astrocytes. Moreover, we demonstrated that the upregulation of AQP4 expression was significantly attenuated when cells were pretreated with SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor. In conclusion, our findings from this study revealed that SFN exerts hormesis effect on cultured mouse astrocytes and can upregulate astrocytic AQP4 expression by targeting the p38 MAPK pathway.
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Rana T, Behl T, Shamsuzzaman M, Singh S, Sharma N, Sehgal A, Alshahrani AM, Aldahish A, Chidambaram K, Dailah HG, Bhatia S, Bungau S. Exploring the role of astrocytic dysfunction and AQP4 in depression. Cell Signal 2022; 96:110359. [PMID: 35597427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the water regulating channel found in the terminal processes of astrocytes in the brain and is implicated in regulating the astrocyte functions, whereas in neuropathologies, AQP4 performs an important role in astrocytosis and release of proinflammatory cytokines. However, several findings have revealed the modulation of the AQP4 water channel in the etiopathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric diseases. In the current article, we have summarized the recent studies and highlighted the implication of astrocytic dysfunction and AQP4 in the etiopathogenesis of depressive disorder. Most of the studies have measured the AQP4 gene or protein expression in the brain regions, particularly the locus coeruleus, choroid plexus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus, and found that in these brain regions, AQP4 gene expression decreased on exposure to chronic mild stress. Few studies also measured the peripheral AQP4 mRNA expression in the blood and AQP4 autoantibodies in the blood serum and revealed no change in the depressed patients in comparison with normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarapati Rana
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Government Pharmacy College, Seraj, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Md Shamsuzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Asma M Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Aldahish
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Ghaleb Dailah
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine of Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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10
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Ericek OB, Akillioglu K, Saker D, Cevik I, Donmez Kutlu M, Kara S, Yilmaz DM. Distribution of Aquaporin-4 channels in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in mk-801-treated balb/c mice. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:63-79. [PMID: 35014582 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2021.2024633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional disorders of the glymphatic system and Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) channels take part in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of AQP-4 channels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in a mouse model of NMDA receptor blocking agent-induced schizophrenia-like behavior model. NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 was used to produce the experimental schizophrenia model. MK-801 injections were administered for eleven days to Balb/c mice intraperitoneally. Beginning from the sixth day of injection, the spatial learning and memory of the mice were tested by the Morris water maze (MWM) task. A group of mice was injected with MK-801 for ten days without the MWM task. Hippocampus and prefrontal specimens were collected from this group. Tissue samples were stained immunohistochemically and AQP-4 channels were examined by electron microscope. Time to find the platform was significantly longer at MK-801 injected group than the control group at the MWM task. Also, time spent at the target quadrant by the MK-801 group was shorter compared to the control group. AQP-4 expression increased significantly at MK-801 group glial cells, neuronal perikaryon, perineuronal and pericapillary spaces. In the MK-801 group, there was remarkable damage in neurons and glial cells. Increased AQP-4 channel expression and neurodegeneration at the MK-801 group induced with schizophrenia-like behavior model. MK-801 induced NMDA receptor blockade causes a decline in cognitive and memory functions. Increased AQP-4 expression at the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus to elicit and transport products of synaptic neurotransmitters and end metabolites is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Burak Ericek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Nigde Omer Halisdemir, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Kübra Akillioglu
- Division of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Dilek Saker
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Cevik
- Division of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Meltem Donmez Kutlu
- Division of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Samet Kara
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Dervis Mansuri Yilmaz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
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11
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Wang C, Wu Q, Wang Z, Hu L, Marshall C, Xiao M. Aquaporin 4 knockout increases complete freund's adjuvant-induced spinal central sensitization. Brain Res Bull 2020; 156:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Valenza M, Facchinetti R, Steardo L, Scuderi C. Altered Waste Disposal System in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Astrocytic Aquaporin-4. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1656. [PMID: 32063858 PMCID: PMC7000422 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the diverse cell types included in the general population named glia, astrocytes emerge as being the focus of a growing body of research aimed at characterizing their heterogeneous and complex functions. Alterations of both their morphology and activities have been linked to a variety of neurological diseases. One crucial physiological need satisfied by astrocytes is the cleansing of the cerebral tissue from waste molecules. Several data demonstrate that aquaporin-4 (AQP-4), a protein expressed by astrocytes, is crucially important for facilitating the removal of waste products from the brain. Aquaporins are water channels found in all district of the human organism and the most abundant isoform in the brain is AQP-4. This protein is involved in a myriad of astrocytic activities, including calcium signal transduction, potassium buffering, synaptic plasticity, astrocyte migration, glial scar formation and neuroinflammation. The highest density of AQP-4 is found at the astrocytic domains closest to blood vessels, the endfeet that envelop brain vessels, with low to zero expression in other astrocytic membrane regions. Increased AQP-4 expression and loss of polarization have recently been documented in altered physiological conditions. Here we review the latest findings related to aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) on this topic, as well as the available knowledge on pharmacological tools to target AQP-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valenza
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, Italy
| | - Roberta Facchinetti
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Università Telematica Giustino Fortunato, Benevento, Italy
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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13
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Li H, Russo A, DiAntonio A. SIK3 suppresses neuronal hyperexcitability by regulating the glial capacity to buffer K + and water. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:4017-4029. [PMID: 31645458 PMCID: PMC6891094 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial regulation of extracellular potassium (K+) helps to maintain appropriate levels of neuronal excitability. While channels and transporters mediating K+ and water transport are known, little is understood about upstream regulatory mechanisms controlling the glial capacity to buffer K+ and osmotically obliged water. Here we identify salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) as the central node in a signal transduction pathway controlling glial K+ and water homeostasis in Drosophila Loss of SIK3 leads to dramatic extracellular fluid accumulation in nerves, neuronal hyperexcitability, and seizures. SIK3-dependent phenotypes are exacerbated by K+ stress. SIK3 promotes the cytosolic localization of HDAC4, thereby relieving inhibition of Mef2-dependent transcription of K+ and water transport molecules. This transcriptional program controls the glial capacity to regulate K+ and water homeostasis and modulate neuronal excitability. We identify HDAC4 as a candidate therapeutic target in this pathway, whose inhibition can enhance the K+ buffering capacity of glia, which may be useful in diseases of dysregulated K+ homeostasis and hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailun Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Alexandra Russo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Sarveazad A, Janzadeh A, Taheripak G, Dameni S, Yousefifard M, Nasirinezhad F. Co-administration of human adipose-derived stem cells and low-level laser to alleviate neuropathic pain after experimental spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:183. [PMID: 31234929 PMCID: PMC6591829 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence has suggested that human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) and low-level laser has neuroprotective effects on spinal cord injury (SCI). Therefore, the combined effect of the hADSCs and laser on neuregeneration and neuropathic pain after SCI was investigated. METHODS Forty-eight adult male Wistar rats with 200-250 g weight were used. Thirty minutes after compression, injury with laser was irritated, and 1 week following SCI, about 1 × 106 cells were transplanted into the spinal cord. Motor function and neuropathic pain were assessed weekly. Molecular and histological studies were done at the end of the fourth week. RESULTS The combined application of hADSCs and laser has significantly improved motor function recovery (p = 0.0001), hyperalgesia (p < 0.05), and allodynia (p < 0.05). GDNF mRNA expression was significantly increased in hADSCs and laser+hADSC-treated animals (p < 0.001). Finally, co-administration of hADSCs and laser has enhanced the number of axons around cavity more than other treatments (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the combination of laser and ADSCs could significantly improve the motor function and alleviate SCI-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia. Therefore, using a combination of laser and hADSCs in future experimental and translational clinical studies is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Janzadeh
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Taheripak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Dameni
- Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran
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15
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The potential roles of aquaporin 4 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:1541-1549. [PMID: 30980198 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a primary water channel found on astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). Besides its function in water and ion homeostasis, AQP4 has also been documented to be involved in a myriad of acute and chronic cerebral pathologies, including autoimmune neurodegenerative diseases. AQP4 has been postulated to be associated with the incidence of a progressive neurodegenerative disorder known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a disease that targets the motor neurons, causing muscle weakness and eventually paralysis. Raised AQP4 levels were noted in association with vessels surrounded with swollen astrocytic processes as well as in the brainstem, cortex, and gray matter in patients with terminal ALS. AQP4 depolarization may lead to motor neuron degeneration in ALS via GLT-1. Besides, alterations in AQP4 expression in ALS may result in the loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Changes in AQP4 function may also disrupt K+ homeostasis and cause connexin dysregulation, the latter of which is associated to ALS disease progression. Furthermore, AQP4 suppression augments recovery in motor function in ALS, a phenomenon thought to be associated to NGF. No therapeutic drug targeting AQP4 has been developed to date. Nevertheless, the plethora of suggestive experimental results underscores the significance of further exploration into this area.
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16
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Cao X, Xu H, Feng W, Su D, Xiao M. Deletion of aquaporin-4 aggravates brain pathology after blocking of the meningeal lymphatic drainage. Brain Res Bull 2018; 143:83-96. [PMID: 30347264 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The glymphatic pathway and meningeal lymphatic vessels are involved in clearance of metabolic macromolecules from the brain. However, the functional interaction between the two systems in the maintenance of brain homeostasis remains unclear. Here we reported that deletion of aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a functional regulator of glymphatic clearance, aggravated brain pathology of 3 month-old mice after blocking of the meningeal lymphatic drainage for 2 weeks via ligation of the deep cervical lymphatic nodes (LdcLNs). LdcLNs increased total and phosphorylated Tau protein levels in the hippocampus of both genotype mice, but increased hippocampal amyloid beta 1-40 and 1-42 levels only in AQP4 null mice, with up-regulation of beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 and down-regulation of insulin degrading enzyme. Consistently, LdcLNs caused microglial reactivity and activation of nod-like receptor protein-3 inflammasomes in the AQP4 null hippocampus. These mice also showed hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and declines in exploring and cognitive abilities. Deletion of AQP4, but not LdcLNs, increased brain water content. Together, these findings have revealed respective and interactive roles of the glymphatic system and the dural lymphatic system in maintaining amyloid beta, Tau proteins and water homeostasis in the brain, helping to understand the pathogenesis of neurological diseases associated with mis-accumulation of brain macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejin Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanrong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weixi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongyuan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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17
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Halsey AM, Conner AC, Bill RM, Logan A, Ahmed Z. Aquaporins and Their Regulation after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2018; 7:E174. [PMID: 30340399 PMCID: PMC6210264 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After injury to the spinal cord, edema contributes to the underlying detrimental pathophysiological outcomes that lead to worsening of function. Several related membrane proteins called aquaporins (AQPs) regulate water movement in fluid transporting tissues including the spinal cord. Within the cord, AQP1, 4 and 9 contribute to spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced edema. AQP1, 4 and 9 are expressed in a variety of cells including astrocytes, neurons, ependymal cells, and endothelial cells. This review discusses some of the recent findings of the involvement of AQP in SCI and highlights the need for further study of these proteins to develop effective therapies to counteract the negative effects of SCI-induced edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Halsey
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Alex C Conner
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Roslyn M Bill
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Ann Logan
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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18
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Dai W, Yan J, Chen G, Hu G, Zhou X, Zeng X. AQP4‑knockout alleviates the lipopolysaccharide‑induced inflammatory response in astrocytes via SPHK1/MAPK/AKT signaling. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1716-1722. [PMID: 29956748 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, aquaporin‑4 (AQP4) has been considered as a critical contributor to neuroinflammation, but little is known about the underlying mechanism. Previous studies have shown that a critical enzyme involved in the sphingomyelin cycle, sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1), is implicated in inflammatory processes and contributes to chronic neuroinflammation. The present study investigated the role of AQP4 in proinflammatory cytokine release from astrocytes, with an emphasis on the SPHK1/mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway. Using primary cultures isolated from AQP4+/+ and AQP4‑/‑ embryos, the production of tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α)/interleukin‑6 (IL‑6) from astrocytes challenged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was compared. The results showed increased secretion of TNF‑α/IL‑6 in the two groups following LPS treatment, but a significantly lower level was observed in the AQP4‑/‑ group compared with that in the AQP4+/+ group. Although upregulation of SPHK1 was detected in the two genotypes, only a mild increase in SPHK1 was found in the AQP4‑/‑ genotype. The phosphorylation of MAPK/AKT was also confirmed to be attenuated in the AQP4‑/‑ group, suggesting decreased MAPK/AKT signaling over time in AQP4‑/‑ astrocytes. Overall, the study findings demonstrated that AQP4 deficiency alleviates proinflammatory cytokine release from astrocytes, in association with the SPHK1/MAPK/AKT pathway. This data improves our understanding of AQP4 in neuroinflammatory events, highlighting a novel profile of SPHK1 as a potential target for the treatment of CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangshu Dai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R.China
| | - Junjun Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Jiujiang, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R.China
| | - Guangzong Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R.China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiqiao Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoning Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R.China
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19
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Wang YF, Parpura V. Astroglial Modulation of Hydromineral Balance and Cerebral Edema. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:204. [PMID: 29946238 PMCID: PMC6007284 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of hydromineral balance (HB) is an essential condition for life activity at cellular, tissue, organ and system levels. This activity has been considered as a function of the osmotic regulatory system that focuses on hypothalamic vasopressin (VP) neurons, which can reflexively release VP into the brain and blood to meet the demand of HB. Recently, astrocytes have emerged as an essential component of the osmotic regulatory system in addition to functioning as a regulator of the HB at cellular and tissue levels. Astrocytes express all the components of osmoreceptors, including aquaporins, molecules of the extracellular matrix, integrins and transient receptor potential channels, with an operational dynamic range allowing them to detect and respond to osmotic changes, perhaps more efficiently than neurons. The resultant responses, i.e., astroglial morphological and functional plasticity in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, can be conveyed, physically and chemically, to adjacent VP neurons, thereby influencing HB at the system level. In addition, astrocytes, particularly those in the circumventricular organs, are involved not only in VP-mediated osmotic regulation, but also in regulation of other osmolality-modulating hormones, including natriuretic peptides and angiotensin. Thus, astrocytes play a role in local/brain and systemic HB. The adaptive astrocytic reactions to osmotic challenges are associated with signaling events related to the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and aquaporin 4 to promote cell survival and repair. However, prolonged osmotic stress can initiate inflammatory and apoptotic signaling processes, leading to glial dysfunction and a variety of brain diseases. Among many diseases of brain injury and hydromineral disorders, cytotoxic and osmotic cerebral edemas are the most common pathological manifestation. Hyponatremia is the most common cause of osmotic cerebral edema. Overly fast correction of hyponatremia could lead to central pontine myelinolysis. Ischemic stroke exemplifies cytotoxic cerebral edema. In this review, we summarize and analyze the osmosensory functions of astrocytes and their implications in cerebral edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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20
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Yan X, Liu J, Wang X, Li W, Chen J, Sun H. Pretreatment with AQP4 and NKCC1 Inhibitors Concurrently Attenuated Spinal Cord Edema and Tissue Damage after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Front Physiol 2018; 9:6. [PMID: 29403391 PMCID: PMC5780344 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects more than 2.5 million people worldwide. Spinal cord edema plays critical roles in the pathological progression of SCI. This study aimed to delineate the roles of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and Na+-K+-Cl− cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) in acute phase edema and tissue destruction after SCI and to explore whether inhibiting both AQP4 and NKCC1 could improve SCI-induced spinal edema and damage. Rat SCI model was established by modified Allen's method. Spinal cord water content, cerebrospinal fluid lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, AQP4 and NKCC1 expression, and spinal cord pathology from 30 min to 7 days after SCI were monitored. Additionally, aforementioned parameters in rats treated with AQP4 and/or NKCC1 inhibitors were assessed 2 days after SCI. Spinal cord water content was significantly increased 1 h after SCI while AQP4 and NKCC1 expression and spinal fluid LDH activity elevated 6 h after SCI. Spinal cord edema and spinal cord destruction peaked around 24 h after SCI and maintained at high levels thereafter. Treating rats with AQP4 inhibitor TGN-020 and NKCC1 antagonist bumetanide significantly reduced spinal cord edema, tissue destruction, and AQP4 and NKCC1 expression after SCI in an additive manner. These results demonstrated the benefits of simultaneously inhibiting both AQP4 and NKCC1 after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juanfang Liu
- Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiji Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Cadet Brigade, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Honghui Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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21
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Zheng B, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Yang G, Hong Z, Han D, Wang Q, He Z, Liu Y, Wu F, Zhang X, Tong S, Xu H, Xiao J. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide prevents the disruption of blood-spinal cord barrier via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress following spinal cord injury. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1520-1531. [PMID: 29230100 PMCID: PMC5723918 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.21107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), the destruction of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is shown to accelerate gathering of noxious blood-derived components in the nervous system, leading to secondary neurodegenerative damages. SCI activates endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), which is considered to evoke secondary damages of neurons and glia. Recent evidence indicates that Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) has the neuroprotective effect in ischaemic brain injury, but whether it has protective effects on SCI or not is largely unclear. Here, we show that NBP prevented BSCB disruption after SCI via inhibition of ER stress. Following a moderate contusion injury of the T9 level of spinal cord, NBP was administered by oral gavage and further treated once a day. NBP significantly attenuated BSCB permeability and breakdown of adherens junction (AJ) and tight junction (TJ) proteins, then improved locomotion recovery following SCI. The protective role of NBP on BSCB disruption is associated with the restrain of ER stress caused by SCI. Furthermore, NBP considerably constrained the expression of ER stress-associated proteins and degradation of TJ and AJ in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) treated with TG. In conclusion, our results indicate that ER stress is associated with the disruption of BSCB integrity after injury, NBP attenuates BSCB disruption via inhibiting ER stress and improve functional recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317000 PR China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
| | - Guangyong Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317000 PR China
| | - Zhenghua Hong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317000 PR China
| | - Dandan Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317000 PR China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
| | - Zili He
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
| | - Fenzan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, PR China
| | - Xie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Li Hui-li Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, PR China
| | - Songlin Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, PR China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 PR China
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22
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Wang C, Xu Y, Huang Y, Huang Y. Effects of erythropoietin and methylprednisolone on AQP4 expression in astrocytes. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5924-5930. [PMID: 28849166 PMCID: PMC5865770 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) has been suggested as a treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI), but its use has been limited due to its adverse effects. Erythropoietin (EPO) has been suggested as a promising candidate for limiting SCI in mammals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of EPO in combination with MPSS on astrocytes following ischemic injury in vitro. Astrocytes were isolated from the cerebral cortex of postnatal day 3 Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured in vitro. Astrocyte ischemic injury was induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation for 4 h, and reperfusion was simulated by subsequent culture under normoxic conditions. The effects of EPO and MPSS on the expression of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) were investigated. Ischemic astrocytes were treated with EPO (10 U/ml), MPSS (10 µg/ml), or EPO (10 U/ml) in combination with MPSS (10 µg/ml) during reperfusion. The cell viability of astrocytes was assessed using an MTT assay. The mRNA and protein expression levels of AQP4 were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The role of the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway in the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of EPO and MPSS was also investigated. The present results demonstrated that following treatment with EPO and MPSS, the mRNA expression levels of AQP4 were upregulated and cell viability was enhanced. EPO and MPSS effectively inhibited the oxygen and glucose deprivation-mediated downregulation of AQP4 following reperfusion. In addition, the combined treatment with EPO and MPSS exhibited higher AQP4 expression levels and cell viability compared with each treatment alone. Finally, the effects of EPO and MPSS on AQP4 expression were partially reversed by pretreatment with the PKC inhibitor Ro 31–8220. The present study indicated that EPO and MPSS had a synergistic effect on AQP4 expression following reperfusion, and suggest that they may be combined in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Youjia Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, P.R. China
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23
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Chen J, Zeng X, Li S, Zhong Z, Hu X, Xiang H, Rao Y, Zhang L, Zhou X, Xia Q, Wang T, Zhang X. Lentivirus-mediated inhibition of AQP4 accelerates motor function recovery associated with NGF in spinal cord contusion rats. Brain Res 2017; 1669:106-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs ) mediate water flux between the four distinct water compartments in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present chapter, we mainly focus on the expression and function of the 9 AQPs expressed in the CNS, which include five members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, and AQP8; three members of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP3, AQP7, and AQP9; and one member of superaquaporin subfamily: AQP11. In addition, AQP1, AQP2 and AQP4 expressed in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are also reviewed. AQP4, the predominant water channel in the CNS, is involved both in the astrocyte swelling of cytotoxic edema and the resolution of vasogenic edema, and is of pivotal importance in the pathology of brain disorders such as neuromyelitis optica , brain tumors and Alzheimer's disease. Other AQPs are also involved in a variety of important physiological and pathological process in the brain. It has been suggested that AQPs could represent an important target in treatment of brain disorders like cerebral edema. Future investigations are necessary to elucidate the pathological significance of AQPs in the CNS.
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25
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Reinhold AK, Rittner HL. Barrier function in the peripheral and central nervous system-a review. Pflugers Arch 2016; 469:123-134. [PMID: 27957611 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) are delicate structures, highly sensitive to homeostatic changes-and crucial for basic vital functions. Thus, a selection of barriers ensures the protection of the nervous system from noxious blood-borne or surrounding stimuli. In this chapter, anatomy and functioning of the blood-nerve (BNB), the blood-brain (BBB), and the blood-spinal cord barriers (BSCB) are presented and the key tight junction (TJ) proteins described: claudin-1, claudin-3, claudin-5, claudin-11, claudin-12, claudin-19, occludin, Zona occludens-1 (ZO-1), and tricellulin are by now identified as relevant for nerval barriers. Different diseases can lead to or be accompanied by neural barrier disruption, and impairment of these barriers worsens pathology. Peripheral nerve injury and inflammatory polyneuropathy cause an increased permeability of BNB as well as BSCB, while, e.g., diseases of the CNS such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, or Alzheimer's disease can progress and worsen through barrier dysfunction. Moreover, the complex role and regulation of the BBB after ischemic stroke is described. On the other side, PNS and CNS barriers hamper the delivery of drugs in diseases when the barrier is intact, e.g., in certain neurodegenerative diseases or inflammatory pain. Understanding of the barrier - regulating processes has already lead to the discovery of new molecules as drug enhancers. In summary, the knowledge of all of these mechanisms might ultimately lead to the invention of drugs to control barrier function to help ameliorating or curing neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Reinhold
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - H L Rittner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
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26
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Khaing ZZ, Ehsanipour A, Hofstetter CP, Seidlits SK. Injectable Hydrogels for Spinal Cord Repair: A Focus on Swelling and Intraspinal Pressure. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 202:67-84. [DOI: 10.1159/000446697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that leaves patients with limited motor and sensory function at and below the injury site, with little to no hope of a meaningful recovery. Because of their ability to mimic multiple features of central nervous system (CNS) tissues, injectable hydrogels are being developed that can participate as therapeutic agents in reducing secondary injury and in the regeneration of spinal cord tissue. Injectable biomaterials can provide a supportive substrate for tissue regeneration, deliver therapeutic factors, and regulate local tissue physiology. Recent reports of increasing intraspinal pressure after SCI suggest that this physiological change can contribute to injury expansion, also known as secondary injury. Hydrogels contain high water content similar to native tissue, and many hydrogels absorb water and swell after formation. In the case of injectable hydrogels for the spinal cord, this process often occurs in or around the spinal cord tissue, and thus may affect intraspinal pressure. In the future, predictable swelling properties of hydrogels may be leveraged to control intraspinal pressure after injury. Here, we review the physiology of SCI, with special attention to the current clinical and experimental literature, underscoring the importance of controlling intraspinal pressure after SCI. We then discuss how hydrogel fabrication, injection, and swelling can impact intraspinal pressure in the context of developing injectable biomaterials for SCI treatment.
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Yonan JM, Binder DK. Aquaporin-4 and spinal cord injury. World J Neurol 2016; 6:1-13. [DOI: 10.5316/wjn.v6.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Edema formation is a major problem following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) that acts to exacerbate secondary damage. Severity of edema correlates with reduced neurological outcome in human patients. To date, there are no effective treatments to directly resolve edema within the spinal cord. The aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel is found on membranes of astrocytic endfeet in direct contact with blood vessels, the glia limitans in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid and ependyma around the central canal. Being so locally expressed at the interface between fluid and tissue allow AQP4 channels to play an important role in the bidirectional regulation of water homeostasis under normal conditions and following trauma. With the need to better understand the pathophysiology underlying the devastating cellular events in SCI, animal models have become an integral part of exploration. Inevitably, several injury models have been developed (contusion, compression, transection) resulting in difficult interpretation between studies with conflicting results. This is true in the case of understanding the role of AQP4 in the progression and resolution of edema following SCI, whose role is still not completely understood and is highly dependent on the type of edema present (vasogenic vs cytotoxic). Here, we discuss regulation of AQP4 in varying injury models and the effects of potential therapeutic interventions on expression, edema formation and functional recovery. Better understanding of the precise role of AQP4 following a wide range of injuries will help to understand optimal treatment timing following human SCI for prime therapeutic benefit and enhanced neurological outcome.
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Xu Z, Xiao N, Chen Y, Huang H, Marshall C, Gao J, Cai Z, Wu T, Hu G, Xiao M. Deletion of aquaporin-4 in APP/PS1 mice exacerbates brain Aβ accumulation and memory deficits. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:58. [PMID: 26526066 PMCID: PMC4631089 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preventing or reducing amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation in the brain is an important therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent studies showed that the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) mediates soluble Aβ clearance from the brain parenchyma along the paravascular pathway. However the direct evidence for roles of AQP4 in the pathophysiology of AD remains absent. Results Here, we reported that the deletion of AQP4 exacerbated cognitive deficits of 12-moth old APP/PS1 mice, with increases in Aβ accumulation, cerebral amyloid angiopathy and loss of synaptic protein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus and cortex. Furthermore, AQP4 deficiency increased atrophy of astrocytes with significant decreases in interleukin-1 beta and nonsignficant decreases in interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in hippocampal and cerebral samples. Conclusions These results suggest that AQP4 attenuates Aβ pathogenesis despite its potentially inflammatory side-effects, thus serving as a promising target for treating AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0056-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Na Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yali Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Charles Marshall
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center of Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY, USA
| | - Junying Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
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Zhang C, Feng S, Hu N, Bryukhovetskiy AS, Chekhonin VP. Letter to the editor regarding: "Evaluation of topical application and systemic administration of rosuvastatin in preventing epidural fibrosis in rats" by Bora Gürer et al. Spine J 2015; 15:1165-6. [PMID: 25925625 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Rd 154th, Heping Area, Tianjin, 300070, China; Department of Medicinal Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia; Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Federal Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinskiy Lane 23th, Moscow, 119119, Russia
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Rd 154th, Heping Area, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Rd 154th, Heping Area, Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Andrey S Bryukhovetskiy
- Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Assistance and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 28 Orekhoviy blvd, Moscow, 115573, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Chekhonin
- Department of Medicinal Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia; Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Federal Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinskiy Lane 23th, Moscow, 119119, Russia
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Zhao YY, Yuan Y, Chen Y, Jiang L, Liao RJ, Wang L, Zhang XN, Ohtsu H, Hu WW, Chen Z. Histamine promotes locomotion recovery after spinal cord hemisection via inhibiting astrocytic scar formation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:454-62. [PMID: 25620315 PMCID: PMC6495821 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study investigated whether histamine could play a protective role in pathophysiological response of spinal cord injury (SCI) and regulate the glial scar formation. METHODS Functional assessment and histological analyses were performed to investigate the effect of histamine after SCI. Histidine decarboxylase knockout (HDC(-/-)) mice were used to confirm the action of histamine. Selective antagonists for H1 and H2 receptors were utilized in vivo and in vitro to verify the functional properties of histamine on astrogliosis. RESULTS The local administration of histamine significantly attenuated the tissue damage and glial scar formation after SCI. In particular, the astrogliosis and neurocan expression found around the lesion were significantly suppressed by histamine. Immunofluorescent staining for neurofilament showed that histamine promoted axonal growth across the glial scar. The HDC(-/-) mice, lacking in endogenous histamine, showed lower behavior score, increased lesion size and astrogliosis, as compared with the wild types. The effect of histamine on locomotor recovery and reactive astrogliosis is reversed by H1 receptor antagonist but not H2 receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that histamine significantly improved the chronic locomotor recovery via attenuating astrogliosis after SCI by stimulating histamine H1 receptor. This study highlights a therapeutic potential of histamine and its related drugs for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Castellano P, Eugenin EA. Regulation of gap junction channels by infectious agents and inflammation in the CNS. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:122. [PMID: 24847208 PMCID: PMC4023065 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) are conglomerates of intercellular channels that connect the cytoplasm of two or more cells, and facilitate the transfer of ions and small molecules, including second messengers, resulting in metabolic and electrical coordination. In general, loss of gap junctional communication (GJC) has been associated with cellular damage and inflammation resulting in compromise of physiological functions. Recently, it has become evident that GJ channels also play a critical role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and associated inflammation. Several pathogens use the transfer of intracellular signals through GJ channels to spread infection and toxic signals that amplify inflammation to neighboring cells. Thus, identification of the mechanisms by which several infectious agents alter GJC could result in new potential therapeutic approaches to reduce inflammation and their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Castellano
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA
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Xiao M, Hu G. Involvement of aquaporin 4 in astrocyte function and neuropsychiatric disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:385-90. [PMID: 24712483 PMCID: PMC6493026 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is the main water channel in the central nervous system (CNS) and specifically localized to astrocyte processes. Recent studies indicate that AQP4 regulates various biological functions of astrocytes, including maintaining CNS water balance, spatial buffering of extracellular potassium, calcium signal transduction, regulation of neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and adult neurogenesis, while under neuropathological conditions, AQP4 has a role in astrogliosis and proinflammatory cytokine secretion. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that, besides cerebral edema, neuromyelitis optica and epilepsy, AQP4 participates in the onset and progression of Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression, and drug addiction. This review summarizes recent findings and highlights the involvement of AQP4 in astrocyte function and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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