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Bokor M, Házy E, Tantos Á. Wide-Line NMR Melting Diagrams, Their Thermodynamic Interpretation, and Secondary Structure Predictions for A30P and E46K α-Synuclein. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:18323-18330. [PMID: 35694516 PMCID: PMC9178613 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is thought to be caused by aggregation of the intrinsically disordered protein, α-synuclein. Two amyloidogenic variants, A30P, and E46K familial mutants were investigated by wide-line 1H NMR spectrometry as a completion of our earlier work on wild-type and A53T α-synuclein (Bokor M. et al. WT and A53T α-synuclein systems: melting diagram and its new interpretation. Int. J. Mol. Sci.2020, 21, 3997.). A monolayer of mobile water molecules hydrates A30P α-synuclein at the lowest potential barriers (temperatures), while E46K α-synuclein has here third as much mobile hydration, insufficient for functionality. According to wide-line 1H NMR results and secondary structure predictions, E46K α-synuclein is more compact than the A30P variant and they are more compact than the wild type (WT) and A53T variants. Linear hydration vs potential barrier sections of A30P α-synuclein shows one and E46K shows two slopes. The different slopes of the latter between potential barriers E a,1 and E a,2 reflect a change in water-protein interactions. The 31-32% homogeneous potential barrier distribution of the protein-water bonds refers to a non-negligible amount of secondary structures in all four α-synuclein variants. The secondary structures detected by wide-line 1H NMR are solvent-exposed α-helices, which are predicted by secondary structure models. β-sheets are only minor components of the protein structures as three- and eight-state predicted secondary structures are dominated by α-helices and coils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Bokor
- Institute
for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner
Research Centre for Physics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Házy
- Institute
of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural
Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Tantos
- Institute
of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural
Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Fiolek TJ, Magyar CL, Wall TJ, Davies SB, Campbell MV, Savich CJ, Tepe JJ, Mosey RA. Dihydroquinazolines enhance 20S proteasome activity and induce degradation of α-synuclein, an intrinsically disordered protein associated with neurodegeneration. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127821. [PMID: 33513387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aggregates or oligomeric forms of many intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), including α-synuclein, are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, and key contributors to their pathogenesis. Due to their disordered nature and therefore lack of defined drug-binding pockets, IDPs are difficult targets for traditional small molecule drug design and are often referred to as "undruggable". The 20S proteasome is the main protease that targets IDPs for degradation and therefore small molecule 20S proteasome enhancement presents a novel therapeutic strategy by which these undruggable IDPs could be targeted. The concept of 20S activation is still relatively new, with few potent activators having been identified thus far. Herein, we synthesized and evaluated a library of dihydroquinazoline analogues and discovered several promising new 20S proteasome activators. Further testing of top hits revealed that they can enhance 20S mediated degradation of α-synuclein, the IDP associated with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Fiolek
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Christina L Magyar
- Department of Chemistry, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, MI 49783, United States
| | - Tyler J Wall
- Department of Chemistry, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, MI 49783, United States
| | - Steven B Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, MI 49783, United States
| | - Molly V Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, MI 49783, United States
| | - Christopher J Savich
- Department of Chemistry, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, MI 49783, United States
| | - Jetze J Tepe
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - R Adam Mosey
- Department of Chemistry, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, MI 49783, United States.
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3
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Proteasome Activation to Combat Proteotoxicity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152841. [PMID: 31387243 PMCID: PMC6696185 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of proteome fidelity leads to the accumulation of non-native protein aggregates and oxidatively damaged species: hallmarks of an aged cell. These misfolded and aggregated species are often found, and suggested to be the culpable party, in numerous neurodegenerative diseases including Huntington's, Parkinson's, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Alzheimer's Diseases (AD). Many strategies for therapeutic intervention in proteotoxic pathologies have been put forth; one of the most promising is bolstering the efficacy of the proteasome to restore normal proteostasis. This strategy is ideal as monomeric precursors and oxidatively damaged proteins, so called "intrinsically disordered proteins" (IDPs), are targeted by the proteasome. This review will provide an overview of disorders in proteins, both intrinsic and acquired, with a focus on susceptibility to proteasomal degradation. We will then examine the proteasome with emphasis on newly published structural data and summarize current known small molecule proteasome activators.
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Yeboah F, Kim TE, Bill A, Dettmer U. Dynamic behaviors of α-synuclein and tau in the cellular context: New mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities in neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104543. [PMID: 31351173 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αS) and tau have a lot in common. Dyshomeostasis and aggregation of both proteins are central in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases: Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multi-system atrophy and other 'synucleinopathies' in the case of αS; Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy and other 'tauopathies' in the case of tau. The aggregated states of αS and tau are found to be (hyper)phosphorylated, but the relevance of the phosphorylation in health or disease is not well understood. Both tau and αS are typically characterized as 'intrinsically disordered' proteins, while both engage in transient interactions with cellular components, thereby undergoing structural changes and context-specific folding. αS transiently binds to (synaptic) vesicles forming a membrane-induced amphipathic helix; tau transiently interacts with microtubules forming an 'extended structure'. The regulation and exact nature of the interactions are not fully understood. Here we review recent and previous insights into the dynamic, transient nature of αS and tau with regard to the mode of interaction with their targets, the dwell-time while bound, and the cis and trans factors underlying the frequent switching between bound and unbound states. These aspects are intimately linked to hypotheses on how subtle changes in the transient behaviors may trigger the earliest steps in the pathogenesis of the respective brain diseases. Based on a deeper understanding of transient αS and tau conformations in the cellular context, new therapeutic strategies may emerge, and it may become clearer why existing approaches have failed or how they could be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Yeboah
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anke Bill
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ulf Dettmer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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5
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Computational insights into the role of α-strand/sheet in aggregation of α-synuclein. Sci Rep 2019; 9:59. [PMID: 30635607 PMCID: PMC6329781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The α-synuclein is a major component of amyloid fibrils found in Lewy bodies, the characteristic intracellular proteinaceous deposits which are pathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia. It is an intrinsically disordered protein that may undergo dramatic structural changes to form amyloid fibrils. Aggregation process from α-synuclein monomers to amyloid fibrils through oligomeric intermediates is considered as the disease-causative toxic mechanism. However, mechanism underlying aggregation is not well-known despite several attempts. To characterize the mechanism, we have explored the effects of pH and temperature on the structural properties of wild-type and mutant α-synuclein using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation technique. MD studies suggested that amyloid fibrils can grow by monomer. Conformational transformation of the natively unfolded protein into partially folded intermediate could be accountable for aggregation and fibrillation. An intermediate α-strand was observed in the hydrophobic non-amyloid-β component (NAC) region of α-synuclein that could proceed to α-sheet and initiate early assembly events. Water network around the intermediate was analyzed to determine its influence on the α-strand structure. Findings of this study provide novel insights into possible mechanism of α-synuclein aggregation and promising neuroprotective strategy that could aid alleviate PD and its symptoms.
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Zhao H, Zhao J, Hou J, Wang S, Ding Y, Lu B, Wang J. AlphaLISA detection of alpha-synuclein in the cerebrospinal fluid and its potential application in Parkinson's disease diagnosis. Protein Cell 2018; 8:696-700. [PMID: 28555377 PMCID: PMC5563284 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology in Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology in Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jiapeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology in Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Siqing Wang
- Changzhou Furuite Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Changzhou, 213145, China
| | - Yu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology in Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Boxun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology in Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology in Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Njomen E, Osmulski PA, Jones CL, Gaczynska M, Tepe JJ. Small Molecule Modulation of Proteasome Assembly. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4214-4224. [PMID: 29897236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The 20S proteasome is the main protease that directly targets intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) for proteolytic degradation. Mutations, oxidative stress, or aging can induce the buildup of IDPs resulting in incorrect signaling or aggregation, associated with the pathogenesis of many cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Drugs that facilitate 20S-mediated proteolysis therefore have many potential therapeutic applications. We report herein the modulation of proteasome assembly by the small molecule TCH-165, resulting in an increase in 20S levels. The increase in the level of free 20S corresponds to enhanced proteolysis of IDPs, including α-synuclein, tau, ornithine decarboxylase, and c-Fos, but not structured proteins. Clearance of ubiquitinated protein was largely maintained by single capped proteasome complexes (19S-20S), but accumulation occurs when all 19S capped proteasome complexes are depleted. This study illustrates the first example of a small molecule capable of targeting disordered proteins for degradation by regulating the dynamic equilibrium between different proteasome complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert Njomen
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Pawel A Osmulski
- Institute of Biotechnology , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , 15355 Lambda Drive , San Antonio , Texas 78245 , United States
| | - Corey L Jones
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Maria Gaczynska
- Institute of Biotechnology , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , 15355 Lambda Drive , San Antonio , Texas 78245 , United States
| | - Jetze J Tepe
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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8
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Retinol (Vitamin A) Increases α-Synuclein, β-Amyloid Peptide, Tau Phosphorylation and RAGE Content in Human SH-SY5Y Neuronal Cell Line. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2788-2797. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Xu L, Ma B, Nussinov R, Thompson D. Familial Mutations May Switch Conformational Preferences in α-Synuclein Fibrils. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:837-849. [PMID: 28075555 PMCID: PMC7900905 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is closely associated with the aggregation of the α-synuclein protein. Several familial mutants have been identified and shown to affect the aggregation kinetics of α-synuclein through distinct molecular mechanisms. Quantitative evaluation of the relative stabilities of the wild type and mutant fibrils is crucial for understanding the aggregation process and identifying the key component steps. In this work, we examined two topologically different α-synuclein fibril structures that are either determined by solid-state NMR method or modeled based on solid-state NMR data, and characterized their conformational properties and thermodynamic stabilities using molecular dynamics simulations. We show that the two fibril morphologies have comparable size, solvent exposure, secondary structures, and similar molecule/peptide binding modes; but different stabilities. Familial mutations do not significantly alter the overall fibril structures but shift their relative stabilities. Distinct mutations display altered fibril conformational behavior, suggesting different propagation preferences, reminiscent of cross-seeding among prion strains and tau deletion mutants. The simulations quantify the hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, as well as N-terminal dynamics, that may contribute to the divergent aggregation kinetics that has been observed experimentally. Our results indicate that small molecule and peptide inhibitors may share the same binding region, providing molecular recognition that is independent of fibril conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Sackler Inst. of Molecular Medicine Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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10
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Giacomelli C, Daniele S, Martini C. Potential biomarkers and novel pharmacological targets in protein aggregation-related neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 131:1-15. [PMID: 28159621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of specific proteins plays a pivotal role in the etiopathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). β-Amyloid (Aβ) peptide-containing plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated protein tau are the two main neuropathological lesions in Alzheimer's disease. Meanwhile, Parkinson's disease is defined by the presence of intraneuronal inclusions (Lewy bodies), in which α-synuclein (α-syn) has been identified as a major protein component. The current literature provides considerable insights into the mechanisms underlying oligomeric-related neurodegeneration, as well as the relationship between protein aggregation and ND, thus facilitating the development of novel putative biomarkers and/or pharmacological targets. Recently, α-syn, tau and Aβ have been shown to interact each other or with other "pathological proteins" to form toxic heteroaggregates. These latest findings are overcoming the concept that each neurodegenerative disease is related to the misfolding of a single specific protein. In this review, potential opportunities and pharmacological approaches targeting α-syn, tau and Aβ and their oligomeric forms are highlighted with examples from recent studies. Protein aggregation as a biomarker of NDs, in both the brain and peripheral fluids, is deeply explored. Finally, the relationship between biomarker establishment and assessment and their use as diagnostics or therapeutic targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giacomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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11
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Xu L, Nussinov R, Ma B. Coupling of the non-amyloid-component (NAC) domain and the KTK(E/Q)GV repeats stabilize the α-synuclein fibrils. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:841-850. [PMID: 26873872 PMCID: PMC4960003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aggregates of α-synuclein (αS) are a major pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) making their structure-function relationship important for rational drug design. Yet, the atomic structure of the αS aggregates is unavailable, making it difficult to understand the underlying aggregation mechanism. In this work, based on available experimental data, we examined plausible molecular structures of αS(20/30-110) fibrils for the first time by employing computational approaches. The optimized structure was used to investigate possible interactions with aggregation inhibitors. Our structural models characterize the essential properties of the five-layered fold of the αS fibril. The distribution of the β-strands and the topology of the five β-strands in the relatively stable models are in good agreement with experimental values. In particular, we find that the KTK(E/Q)GV repeat motifs significantly stabilize the αS fibrils. The charged residues within each repeat prefer exposure to the solvent in order to further stabilize the inter-layered interactions by salt-bridges. The organization of the repeat K(58)T(59)K(60)E(61)Q(62)V(63) between the β2 and β3 layers significantly affects the stability of the non-amyloid-component (NAC) domain. The coupling between the NAC domain and the KTKEGV repeats indicates that both regions can be potential binding sites for inhibitor design. The distinct binding modes of chemical agents that alter αS aggregation highlight the potential of our models in inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Sackler Inst. of Molecular Medicine Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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12
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Valera E, Masliah E. Combination therapies: The next logical Step for the treatment of synucleinopathies? Mov Disord 2015; 31:225-34. [PMID: 26388203 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently there are no disease-modifying alternatives for the treatment of most neurodegenerative disorders. The available therapies for diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), PD dementia (PDD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA), in which the protein alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) accumulates within neurons and glial cells with toxic consequences, are focused on managing the disease symptoms. However, using strategic drug combinations and/or multi-target drugs might increase the treatment efficiency when compared with monotherapies. Synucleinopathies are complex disorders that progress through several stages, and toxic α-Syn aggregates exhibit prion-like behavior spreading from cell to cell. Therefore, it follows that these neurodegenerative disorders might require equally complex therapeutic approaches to obtain significant and long-lasting results. Hypothetically, therapies aimed at reducing α-Syn accumulation and cell-to-cell transfer, such as immunotherapy against α-Syn, could be combined with agents that reduce neuroinflammation with potential synergistic outcomes. Here we review the current evidence supporting this type of approach, suggesting that such rational therapy combinations, together with the use of multi-target drugs, may hold promise as the next logical step for the treatment of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Valera
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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