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Jazaeri SZ, Taghizadeh G, Babaei JF, Goudarzi S, Saadatmand P, Joghataei MT, Khanahmadi Z. Aquaporin 4 beyond a water channel; participation in motor, sensory, cognitive and psychological performances, a comprehensive review. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114353. [PMID: 37714320 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a protein highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as various other organs, whose different sites of action indicate its importance in various functions. AQP4 has a variety of essential roles beyond water homeostasis. In this article, we have for the first time summarized different roles of AQP4 in motor and sensory functions, besides cognitive and psychological performances, and most importantly, possible physiological mechanisms by which AQP4 can exert its effects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AQP4 participates in pathology of different neurological disorders, various effects depending on the disease type. Since neurological diseases involve a spectrum of dysfunctions and due to the difficulty of obtaining a treatment that can simultaneously affect these deficits, it is therefore suggested that future studies consider the role of this protein in different functional impairments related to neurological disorders simultaneously or separately by targeting AQP4 expression and/or polarity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyede Zohreh Jazaeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Javad Fahanik Babaei
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Goudarzi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Saadatmand
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa University, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Zohreh Khanahmadi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Services, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Dan Q, Jiang X, Wang R, Dai Z, Sun D. Biogenic Imaging Contrast Agents. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207090. [PMID: 37401173 PMCID: PMC10477908 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Imaging contrast agents are widely investigated in preclinical and clinical studies, among which biogenic imaging contrast agents (BICAs) are developing rapidly and playing an increasingly important role in biomedical research ranging from subcellular level to individual level. The unique properties of BICAs, including expression by cells as reporters and specific genetic modification, facilitate various in vitro and in vivo studies, such as quantification of gene expression, observation of protein interactions, visualization of cellular proliferation, monitoring of metabolism, and detection of dysfunctions. Furthermore, in human body, BICAs are remarkably helpful for disease diagnosis when the dysregulation of these agents occurs and can be detected through imaging techniques. There are various BICAs matched with a set of imaging techniques, including fluorescent proteins for fluorescence imaging, gas vesicles for ultrasound imaging, and ferritin for magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, bimodal and multimodal imaging can be realized through combining the functions of different BICAs, which helps overcome the limitations of monomodal imaging. In this review, the focus is on the properties, mechanisms, applications, and future directions of BICAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
| | - Xinpeng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Run Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Desheng Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
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Emmerson JT, Do Carmo S, Liu Y, Shalhoub A, Liu A, Bonomo Q, Malcolm JC, Breuillaud L, Cuello AC. Progressive human-like tauopathy with downstream neurodegeneration and neurovascular compromise in a transgenic rat model. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 184:106227. [PMID: 37454780 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies, including frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), clinically present with progressive cognitive decline and the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. Neurovascular compromise is also prevalent in AD and FTD however the relationship between tau and the neurovascular unit is less understood relative to other degenerative phenotypes. Current animal models confer the ability to recapitulate aspects of the CNS tauopathies, however, existing models either display overaggressive phenotypes, or do not develop neuronal loss or genuine neurofibrillary lesions. In this report, we communicate the longitudinal characterization of brain tauopathy in a novel transgenic rat model, coded McGill-R955-hTau. The model expresses the longest isoform of human P301S tau. Homozygous R955-hTau rats displayed a robust, progressive accumulation of mutated human tau leading to the detection of tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive deficits accelerating from 14 months of age. This model features extensive tau hyperphosphorylation with endogenous tau recruitment, authentic neurofibrillary lesions, and tau-associated neuronal loss, ventricular dilation, decreased brain volume, and gliosis in aged rats. Further, we demonstrate how neurovascular integrity becomes compromised at aged life stages using a combination of electron microscopy, injection of the tracer horseradish peroxidase and immunohistochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Emmerson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Sonia Do Carmo
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Ali Shalhoub
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Ai Liu
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Quentin Bonomo
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Janice C Malcolm
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Lionel Breuillaud
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G1Y6, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford OX13QT, UK.
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Davoudi S, Rahdar M, Hosseinmardi N, Behzadi G, Janahmadi M. Chronic inhibition of astrocytic aquaporin-4 induces autistic-like behavior in control rat offspring similar to maternal exposure to valproic acid. Physiol Behav 2023:114286. [PMID: 37402416 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Social communication and interaction deficits, memory impairment, and anxiety-like behavior are characterized in many people identified with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A thorough understanding of the specific aspects that contribute to the deficiencies associated with ASD can aid research into the etiology of the disorder while also providing targets for more effective intervention. As part of the ASD pathophysiology, alterations in synaptogenesis and abnormal network connections were seen in high-order brain areas, which control social behavior and communication. The early emergence of microglia during nervous system development may contribute to synaptic dysfunction and the pathobiology of ASD. Since aquaporin-4 (AQP4) appears to be required for the basic procedures of synapse activation, certain behavioral and cognitive impairments as well as disturbance in water homeostasis might likely arise from AQP4 deficiency. Here, through the measurement of the water content of the hippocampus and behavioral experiments we aim to explore the contribution of astrocytic AQP4 to the autism-like behavior induced by prenatal valproic acid (VPA) exposure and whether inhibition of AQP4 per se can induce autistic-like behavior in control rats. Microinjection of TGN-020 (10µM, i.c.v), a specific AQP4 inhibitor, for 7 successive days before behavioral tasks from postnatal day 28 to 35 revealed that inhibition of AQP4 in the control offspring caused lower social interaction and locomotor activity, higher anxiety, and decreased ability to recognize novel objects, very similar to the behavioral changes observed in offspring prenatally exposed to VPA. However, VPA-exposed offspring treated with TGN-020, showed no further remarkable behavioral impairments than those detected in the autistic-like rats. Furthermore, both control offspring treated with TGN-020 and offspring exposed to VPA had a considerable accumulation of water in their hippocampi. But AQP4 inhibition did not affect the water status of the autistic-like rats. The findings of this study revealed that control offspring exhibited similar hippocampal water retention and behavioral impairments that were observed in maternal VPA-exposed offspring following inhibition of astrocytic AQP4, whereas, in autistic-like rats, it did not produce any significant change in water content and behaviors. Findings suggest that AQP4 deficiency could be associated with autistic disorder and may be a potential pharmaceutical target for treating autism in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Davoudi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Rahdar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Hosseinmardi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gila Behzadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Lee RL, Funk KE. Imaging blood–brain barrier disruption in neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1144036. [PMID: 37009464 PMCID: PMC10063921 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1144036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is the neurovascular structure that regulates the passage of cells and molecules to and from the central nervous system (CNS). Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is associated with gradual breakdown of the BBB, permitting entry of plasma-derived neurotoxins, inflammatory cells, and microbial pathogens into the CNS. BBB permeability can be visualized directly in AD patients using imaging technologies including dynamic contrast-enhanced and arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging, and recent studies employing these techniques have shown that subtle changes in BBB stability occur prior to deposition of the pathological hallmarks of AD, senile plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. These studies suggest that BBB disruption may be useful as an early diagnostic marker; however, AD is also accompanied by neuroinflammation, which can complicate these analyses. This review will outline the structural and functional changes to the BBB that occur during AD pathogenesis and highlight current imaging technologies that can detect these subtle changes. Advancing these technologies will improve both the diagnosis and treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Makhdoomi S, Ariafar S, Mirzaei F, Mohammadi M. Aluminum neurotoxicity and autophagy: a mechanistic view. Neurol Res 2023; 45:216-225. [PMID: 36208459 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2022.2132727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
It is strongly believed that aluminum is one of the insalubrious agents because of its neurotoxicity effects and influences on amyloid β (Aβ) production and tau protein hyperphosphorylation following oxidative stress, as one of the initial events in neurotoxicity. The autophagy process plays a considerable role in neurons in preserving intracellular homeostasis and recycling organelles and proteins, especially Aβ and soluble tau. Thus, autophagy is suggested to ameliorate aluminum neurotoxicity effects, and dysfunction of this process can lead to an increase in detrimental proteins. However, the relationship between aluminum neurotoxicity and autophagy dysregulation in some dimensions remains unclear. In the present review, we want to give an overview of the autophagy roles in aluminum neurotoxicity and how dysregulation of autophagy can affect aluminum neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Makhdoomi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saba Ariafar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mirzaei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Moyaert P, Padrela BE, Morgan CA, Petr J, Versijpt J, Barkhof F, Jurkiewicz MT, Shao X, Oyeniran O, Manson T, Wang DJJ, Günther M, Achten E, Mutsaerts HJMM, Anazodo UC. Imaging blood-brain barrier dysfunction: A state-of-the-art review from a clinical perspective. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1132077. [PMID: 37139088 PMCID: PMC10150073 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1132077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) consists of specialized cells that tightly regulate the in- and outflow of molecules from the blood to brain parenchyma, protecting the brain's microenvironment. If one of the BBB components starts to fail, its dysfunction can lead to a cascade of neuroinflammatory events leading to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Preliminary imaging findings suggest that BBB dysfunction could serve as an early diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for a number of neurological diseases. This review aims to provide clinicians with an overview of the emerging field of BBB imaging in humans by answering three key questions: (1. Disease) In which diseases could BBB imaging be useful? (2. Device) What are currently available imaging methods for evaluating BBB integrity? And (3. Distribution) what is the potential of BBB imaging in different environments, particularly in resource limited settings? We conclude that further advances are needed, such as the validation, standardization and implementation of readily available, low-cost and non-contrast BBB imaging techniques, for BBB imaging to be a useful clinical biomarker in both resource-limited and well-resourced settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulien Moyaert
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Paulien Moyaert,
| | - Beatriz E. Padrela
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Catherine A. Morgan
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Advanced MRI, Auckland UniServices Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jan Petr
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Versijpt
- Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology and Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xingfeng Shao
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Olujide Oyeniran
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tabitha Manson
- Centre for Advanced MRI, Auckland UniServices Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Danny J. J. Wang
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthias Günther
- Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eric Achten
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Henk J. M. M. Mutsaerts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Udunna C. Anazodo
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhu J, Guan Y, Xie F, Cai X, Deng J, Wei Y, He R, Fang Z, Guo Q. Systematic evaluation of urinary formic acid as a new potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1046066. [PMID: 36533170 PMCID: PMC9747776 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1046066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The accumulation of endogenous formaldehyde is considered a pathogenic factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between urinary formic acid and plasma biomarkers in AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five hundred and seventy-four participants were divided into five groups according to their diagnosis: 71 with normal cognitive (NC), 101 with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), 131 with cognitive impairment without mild cognitive impairment (CINM), 158 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 113 with AD. RESULTS With the progression of the disease, urinary formic acid levels showed an overall upward trend. Urinary formic acid was significantly correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, the Chinese version of Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III) scores, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA-B) time. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) of urinary formic acid in distinguishing NC from AD was 0.797, which was similar to that of plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL; AUC = 0.768) and better than other plasma biomarkers (Aβ40, Aβ42, Aβ42/Aβ40, T-tau, P-tau181, and P-tau181/T-tau). We also found that using urinary formic acid and formaldehyde levels could improve the accuracy of using plasma biomarkers to determine AD disease stage. DISCUSSION Our study revealed the possibility of urinary formic acid as a potential novel biomarker for the early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhang Zhu
- Department of Data and Analytics, WuXi Diagnostics Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Xie
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Cai
- Department of Data and Analytics, WuXi Diagnostics Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiale Deng
- Department of Data and Analytics, WuXi Diagnostics Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongqiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Fang
- Department of Data and Analytics, WuXi Diagnostics Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihao Guo
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Neurovascular Unit-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: From Their Physiopathological Roles to Their Clinical Applications in Acute Brain Injuries. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092147. [PMID: 36140248 PMCID: PMC9495841 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) form a heterogeneous group of membrane-enclosed structures secreted by all cell types. EVs export encapsulated materials composed of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, making them a key mediator in cell–cell communication. In the context of the neurovascular unit (NVU), a tightly interacting multicellular brain complex, EVs play a role in intercellular communication and in maintaining NVU functionality. In addition, NVU-derived EVs can also impact peripheral tissues by crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to reach the blood stream. As such, EVs have been shown to be involved in the physiopathology of numerous neurological diseases. The presence of NVU-released EVs in the systemic circulation offers an opportunity to discover new diagnostic and prognostic markers for those diseases. This review outlines the most recent studies reporting the role of NVU-derived EVs in physiological and pathological mechanisms of the NVU, focusing on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Then, the clinical application of EVs-containing molecules as biomarkers in acute brain injuries, such as stroke and traumatic brain injuries (TBI), is discussed.
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Sulforaphane Upregulates Cultured Mouse Astrocytic Aquaporin-4 Expression through p38 MAPK Pathway. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:1144124. [PMID: 35991296 PMCID: PMC9385362 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1144124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and/or aggregation are common pathological features associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD). Abnormal protein aggregation may be caused by misfolding of the protein and/or dysfunction of the protein clearance system. Recent studies have demonstrated that the specific water channel protein, aquaporin-4 (AQP4), plays a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases involving protein clearance system. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of sulforaphane (SFN) in the upregulation of AQP4 expression, along with its underlying mechanism using cultured mouse astrocytes as a model system. At low concentrations, SFN was found to increase cell proliferation and result in the activation of astrocytes. However, high SFN concentrations were found to suppress cell proliferation of astrocytes. In addition, our study found that a 1 μM concentration of SFN resulted in the upregulation of AQP4 expression and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in cultured mouse astrocytes. Moreover, we demonstrated that the upregulation of AQP4 expression was significantly attenuated when cells were pretreated with SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor. In conclusion, our findings from this study revealed that SFN exerts hormesis effect on cultured mouse astrocytes and can upregulate astrocytic AQP4 expression by targeting the p38 MAPK pathway.
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Antequera D, Carrero L, Cunha Alves V, Ferrer I, Hernández-Gallego J, Municio C, Carro E. Differentially Aquaporin 5 Expression in Submandibular Glands and Cerebral Cortex in Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071645. [PMID: 35884950 PMCID: PMC9312791 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired brain clearance mechanisms may result in the accumulation of aberrant proteins that define Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The water channel protein astrocytic aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is essential for brain amyloid-β clearance, but it is known to be abnormally expressed in AD brains. The expression of AQPs is differentially regulated during diverse brain injuries, but, whereas AQP4 expression and function have been studied in AD, less is known about AQP5. AQP5 functions include not only water transport but also cell migration mediated by cytoskeleton regulation. Moreover, AQP5 has been reported to be expressed in astrocytes, which are regulated after ischemic and traumatic injury. Additionally, AQP5 is particularly abundant in the salivary glands suggesting that it may be a crucial factor in gland dysfunction associated with AD. Herein, we aim to determine whether AQP5 expression in submandibular glands and the brain was altered in AD. First, we demonstrated impaired AQP5 expression in submandibular glands in APP/PS1 mice and AD patients. Subsequently, we observed that AQP5 expression was upregulated in APP/PS1 cerebral cortex and confirmed its expression both in astrocytes and neurons. Our findings propose AQP5 as a significant role player in AD pathology, in addition to AQP4, representing a potential target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Antequera
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Laura Carrero
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Victoria Cunha Alves
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Hernández-Gallego
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Municio
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (E.C.); Tel.: +34-918223995 (C.M.); +34-918223995 (E.C.)
| | - Eva Carro
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Chronic Disease Programme, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (E.C.); Tel.: +34-918223995 (C.M.); +34-918223995 (E.C.)
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12
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Yu Y, Wang M, Yu X, Yan Y, Yu B, Zhang D. Targeting Forkhead box O1-aquaporin 5 axis mitigates neuropathic pain in a CCI rat model through inhibiting astrocytic and microglial activation. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8567-8580. [PMID: 35324416 PMCID: PMC9161847 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2053032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) is a critical molecule in modulating cell growth, differentiation and metabolism, acting as a vital transcription factor. This study explored the role of FoxO1 in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain (NP). Microglial and astrocyte activation was achieved with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/mL) to establish an in-vitro NP model. Morphological alterations in LPS-induced microglia and astrocytes were assayed by light microscopy. The levels of inflammatory cytokines and proteins in microglia and astrocytes were gauged by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blot (WB). The CCI-induced NP rat model was constructed for investigating the FoxO1-AQP5 axis in NP. LPS markedly expanded the expression of inflammatory factors and boosted the expression of FoxO1 and AQP5 in microglia and astrocytes. Inhibition of FoxO1 or AQP5 dramatically decreased the LPS-induced inflammation in microglia and astrocytes. In vivo, CCI exacerbated the inflammatory response and NP symptoms and substantially raised the contents of FoxO1 and AQP5 in rats' spinal cord tissues. Intrathecal administration of the Sirt1 agonist Resveratrol abated CCI-induced activation of FoxO1 and AQP5, abrogated CCI-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia, depressed microglial and astrocyte activation, and declined the generation of pro-inflammatory mediators in spinal cord tissues. Mechanistically, blocking the FoxO1-AQP5 pathway inactivated the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways. Suppressing the FoxO1-AQP5 axis alleviated CCI-induced NP and inflammatory responses by modulating the ERK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoping Yu
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dayin Zhang
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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13
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Tureckova J, Kamenicka M, Kolenicova D, Filipi T, Hermanova Z, Kriska J, Meszarosova L, Pukajova B, Valihrach L, Androvic P, Zucha D, Chmelova M, Vargova L, Anderova M. Compromised Astrocyte Swelling/Volume Regulation in the Hippocampus of the Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:783120. [PMID: 35153718 PMCID: PMC8829436 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.783120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to disclose the impact of amyloid-β toxicity and tau pathology on astrocyte swelling, their volume recovery and extracellular space (ECS) diffusion parameters, namely volume fraction (α) and tortuosity (λ), in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (3xTg-AD). Astrocyte volume changes, which reflect astrocyte ability to take up ions/neurotransmitters, were quantified during and after exposure to hypo-osmotic stress, or hyperkalemia in acute hippocampal slices, and were correlated with alterations in ECS diffusion parameters. Astrocyte volume and ECS diffusion parameters were monitored during physiological aging (controls) and during AD progression in 3-, 9-, 12- and 18-month-old mice. In the hippocampus of controls α gradually declined with age, while it remained unaffected in 3xTg-AD mice during the entire time course. Moreover, age-related increases in λ occurred much earlier in 3xTg-AD animals than in controls. In 3xTg-AD mice changes in α induced by hypo-osmotic stress or hyperkalemia were comparable to those observed in controls, however, AD progression affected α recovery following exposure to both. Compared to controls, a smaller astrocyte swelling was detected in 3xTg-AD mice only during hyperkalemia. Since we observed a large variance in astrocyte swelling/volume regulation, we divided them into high- (HRA) and low-responding astrocytes (LRA). In response to hyperkalemia, the incidence of LRA was higher in 3xTg-AD mice than in controls, which may also reflect compromised K+ and neurotransmitter uptake. Furthermore, we performed single-cell RT-qPCR to identify possible age-related alterations in astrocytic gene expression profiles. Already in 3-month-old 3xTg-AD mice, we detected a downregulation of genes affecting the ion/neurotransmitter uptake and cell volume regulation, namely genes of glutamate transporters, α2β2 subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase, connexin 30 or Kir4.1 channel. In conclusion, the aged hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice displays an enlarged ECS volume fraction and an increased number of obstacles, which emerge earlier than in physiological aging. Both these changes may strongly affect intercellular communication and influence astrocyte ionic/neurotransmitter uptake, which becomes impaired during aging and this phenomenon is manifested earlier in 3xTg-AD mice. The increased incidence of astrocytes with limited ability to take up ions/neurotransmitters may further add to a cytotoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jana Tureckova,
| | - Monika Kamenicka
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Denisa Kolenicova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tereza Filipi
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Hermanova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Meszarosova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbora Pukajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Peter Androvic
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Daniel Zucha
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martina Chmelova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lydia Vargova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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14
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Wagner K, Unger L, Salman MM, Kitchen P, Bill RM, Yool AJ. Signaling Mechanisms and Pharmacological Modulators Governing Diverse Aquaporin Functions in Human Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031388. [PMID: 35163313 PMCID: PMC8836214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of small integral membrane proteins that facilitate the bidirectional transport of water across biological membranes in response to osmotic pressure gradients as well as enable the transmembrane diffusion of small neutral solutes (such as urea, glycerol, and hydrogen peroxide) and ions. AQPs are expressed throughout the human body. Here, we review their key roles in fluid homeostasis, glandular secretions, signal transduction and sensation, barrier function, immunity and inflammation, cell migration, and angiogenesis. Evidence from a wide variety of studies now supports a view of the functions of AQPs being much more complex than simply mediating the passive flow of water across biological membranes. The discovery and development of small-molecule AQP inhibitors for research use and therapeutic development will lead to new insights into the basic biology of and novel treatments for the wide range of AQP-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Wagner
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
| | - Lucas Unger
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (L.U.); (P.K.)
| | - Mootaz M. Salman
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK;
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Philip Kitchen
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (L.U.); (P.K.)
| | - Roslyn M. Bill
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (L.U.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.B.); (A.J.Y.); Tel.: +44-121-204-4274 (R.M.B.); +61-8-8313-3359 (A.J.Y.)
| | - Andrea J. Yool
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
- Correspondence: (R.M.B.); (A.J.Y.); Tel.: +44-121-204-4274 (R.M.B.); +61-8-8313-3359 (A.J.Y.)
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15
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Zheng R, Huang YM, Zhou Q. Xueshuantong Improves Functions of Lymphatic Ducts and Modulates Inflammatory Responses in Alzheimer's Disease Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:605814. [PMID: 34650426 PMCID: PMC8505705 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.605814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed significant contributions of lymphatic vessels (LVs) to vital functions of the brain, especially related to clearance of waste from the brain and immune responses in the brain. These studies collectively indicate that enhancing the functions of LVs may improve brain functions during brain aging and in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) where LV functions are impaired. However, it is currently unknown whether this enhancement can be achieved using small molecules. We have previously shown that a widely used Chinese herbal medicine Xueshuantong (XST) significantly improves functions and reduces pathology in AD transgenic mice associated with elevated cerebral blood flow (CBF). Here, we show that XST partially rescues deficits in lymphatic structures, improves clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) from the brain, and reduces the inflammatory responses in the serum and brains of transgenic AD mice. In addition, we showed that this improvement in the lymphatic system occurs independently of elevated CBF, suggesting independent modulation and limited interaction between blood circulation and lymphatic systems. Moreover, XST treatment leads to a significant increase in GLT-1 level and a significantly lower level of MMP-9 and restores AQP4 polarity in APP/PS1 mice. These results provide the basis for further exploration of XST to enhance or restore LV functions, which may be beneficial to treat neurodegenerative diseases or promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang-Mei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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16
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Hussain B, Fang C, Chang J. Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown: An Emerging Biomarker of Cognitive Impairment in Normal Aging and Dementia. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:688090. [PMID: 34489623 PMCID: PMC8418300 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.688090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in maintaining the specialized microenvironment of the neural tissue. It separates the peripheral circulatory system from the brain parenchyma while facilitating communication. Alterations in the distinct physiological properties of the BBB lead to BBB breakdown associated with normal aging and various neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we first briefly discuss the aging process, then review the phenotypes and mechanisms of BBB breakdown associated with normal aging that further cause neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. We also summarize dementia such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) and subsequently discuss the phenotypes and mechanisms of BBB disruption in dementia correlated with cognition decline. Overlaps between AD and VaD are also discussed. Techniques that could identify biomarkers associated with BBB breakdown are briefly summarized. Finally, we concluded that BBB breakdown could be used as an emerging biomarker to assist to diagnose cognitive impairment associated with normal aging and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basharat Hussain
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junlei Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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17
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On the Common Journey of Neural Cells through Ischemic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189689. [PMID: 34575845 PMCID: PMC8472292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease (AD) both lead to cell death in the central nervous system (CNS) and thus negatively affect particularly the elderly population. Due to the lack of a definitive cure for brain ischemia and AD, it is advisable to carefully study, compare, and contrast the mechanisms that trigger, and are involved in, both neuropathologies. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms may help ameliorate, or even prevent, the destructive effects of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we deal with ischemic damage and AD, with the main emphasis on the common properties of these CNS disorders. Importantly, we discuss the Wnt signaling pathway as a significant factor in the cell fate determination and cell survival in the diseased adult CNS. Finally, we summarize the interesting findings that may improve or complement the current sparse and insufficient treatments for brain ischemia and AD, and we delineate prospective directions in regenerative medicine.
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18
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Cui H, Wang W, Zheng X, Xia D, Liu H, Qin C, Tian H, Teng J. Decreased AQP4 Expression Aggravates ɑ-Synuclein Pathology in Parkinson's Disease Mice, Possibly via Impaired Glymphatic Clearance. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2500-2513. [PMID: 33772424 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01836-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, are the selective loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the presence of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in the form of Lewy bodies/Lewy neurites (LBs/LNs) in neurons. Recent studies have indicated that aquaporin 4 (AQP4), as a predominant water channel protein in the brain, is involved in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it remains unclear whether AQP4 expression affects α-syn pathology in Parkinson's disease. In this study, we established a progressive PD model by subjecting AQP4 null (AQP4+/-) mice to bilateral intrastriatal injection of α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) and investigated the effect of decreased AQP4 expression on the development of PD. We found that decreased expression of AQP4 accelerated pathologic deposition of α-syn and facilitated the loss of dopamine neurons and behavioral disorders. Draining of macromolecules from the brain via the glymphatic pathway was slowed due to decreased AQP4 expression. Taken together, these findings indicate that decreased AQP4 expression may aggravate PD-like pathology, possibly via impairment of the glymphatic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenkang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Graduate School of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xinhui Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Graduate School of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Danhao Xia
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chi Qin
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyan Tian
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junfang Teng
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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19
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Marazuela P, Bonaterra-Pastra A, Faura J, Penalba A, Pizarro J, Pancorbo O, Rodríguez-Luna D, Vert C, Rovira A, Pujadas F, Freijo MM, Tur S, Martínez-Zabaleta M, Cardona Portela P, Vera R, Lebrato-Hernández L, Arenillas JF, Pérez-Sánchez S, Montaner J, Delgado P, Hernández-Guillamon M. Circulating AQP4 Levels in Patients with Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Associated Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10050989. [PMID: 33801197 PMCID: PMC7957864 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10050989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a major cause of lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in elderly patients. Growing evidence suggests a potential role of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in amyloid-beta-associated diseases, including CAA pathology. Our aim was to investigate the circulating levels of AQP4 in a cohort of patients who had suffered a lobar ICH with a clinical diagnosis of CAA. AQP4 levels were analyzed in the serum of 60 CAA-related ICH patients and 19 non-stroke subjects by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The CAA–ICH cohort was divided according to the time point of the functional outcome evaluation: mid-term (12 ± 18.6 months) and long-term (38.5 ± 32.9 months) after the last ICH. Although no differences were found in AQP4 serum levels between cases and controls, lower levels were found in CAA patients presenting specific hemorrhagic features such as ≥2 lobar ICHs and ≥5 lobar microbleeds detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, CAA-related ICH patients who presented a long-term good functional outcome had higher circulating AQP4 levels than subjects with a poor outcome or controls. Our data suggest that AQP4 could potentially predict a long-term functional outcome and may play a protective role after a lobar ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Marazuela
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Anna Bonaterra-Pastra
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Júlia Faura
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Anna Penalba
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Jesús Pizarro
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Olalla Pancorbo
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (O.P.); (D.R.-L.)
| | - David Rodríguez-Luna
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (O.P.); (D.R.-L.)
| | - Carla Vert
- Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (C.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Alex Rovira
- Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (C.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Francesc Pujadas
- Dementia Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - M. Mar Freijo
- Neurovascular Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain;
| | - Silvia Tur
- Neurology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Balearic Islands, Spain;
| | | | - Pere Cardona Portela
- Department of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Rocío Vera
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Juan F. Arenillas
- Stroke Program, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, 47003 Valladolid, Spain;
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
- Department of Neurology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Sevilla, Spain;
- Stroke Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, University of Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pilar Delgado
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Aquaporins in the nervous structures supplying the digestive organs – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of integral membrane proteins which form pores in cell membranes and take part in the transport of water, contributing to the maintenance of water and electrolyte balance and are widely distributed in various tissues and organs. The high expression of AQPs has been described in the digestive system, where large-scale absorption and secretion of fluids occurs. AQPs are also present in the nervous system, but the majority of studies have involved the central nervous system. This paper is a review of the literature concerning relatively little-known issues, i.e. the distribution and functions of AQPs in nervous structures supplying the digestive organs.
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21
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Brancaccio M, Wolfes AC, Ness N. Astrocyte Circadian Timekeeping in Brain Health and Neurodegeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1344:87-110. [PMID: 34773228 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Brancaccio
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Anne C Wolfes
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie Ness
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
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22
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Park SH, Lee JY, Jhee KH, Yang SA. Amyloid-ß peptides inhibit the expression of AQP4 and glutamate transporter EAAC1 in insulin-treated C6 glioma cells. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1083-1089. [PMID: 32953460 PMCID: PMC7484518 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic aquaporin 4 (AQP4) facilitates glutamate clearance via regulation of the glutamate transporter function, involved in the modulation of brain plasticity and cognitive function to prevent neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In in vitro studies, the C6 rat glioma cell line is a widely applied aging model system to investigate changes in glial cells associated with aging or AD. However, the neurotoxicity mechanism whether AQP4 mediate glutamate uptake in Aβ-stimulated C6 cell remain uncertain. In this study, we examined the effects of Aβ on the expression of AQP4, Glu transporters, Glu uptake, and cell viability in insulin-treated C6 cells. Our results showed that the expression of AQP4 mRNA and protein was significantly enhanced by insulin in older cultures (passage 45), and the expression was inhibited by Aβ at 10 μM. In addition, the cell viability and glutamate uptake in Aβ-treated C6 cells were decreased in dose-dependent manners. GFAP showed similar changes in gene and protein expression patterns as AQP4, but no significant alterations were seen in GLAST expression. In C6 cells, the glutamate transport was found to be EAAC1, not GLT-1. EAAC1 expression was decreased by the treatment of Aβ. Taken together, our findings suggest that C6 cells may have astrocytic characteristics, and the astrocytic cytotoxicity induced by Aβ was mediated by reduction of glutamate uptake through AQP4/EAAC1 pathway in C6 cells. This indicates that C6 glioma cells could be used to study the roles of AQP4 on astrocyte function in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yeul Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hwan Jhee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Seun-Ah Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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23
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Zhao L, Luo Z, Qiu S, Jia Y, Zhong S, Chen G, Lai S, Qi Z, Luo X, Huang G, Huang L, Wang Y. Abnormalities of aquaporin-4 in the cerebellum in bipolar II disorder: An ultra-high b-values diffusion weighted imaging study. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:136-143. [PMID: 32469796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cumulative evidence indicated the cerebellum is involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). It was reported that the apparent diffusion coefficient from ultra-high b-values (ADCuh) could reflect the function of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) which was involved in neurological disorders. However, no studies have reported the AQP4 alteration in the cerebellum in BD. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the ADCuh and AQP4 in the cerebellum in BD-II. METHODS Fifty patients with BD-II as well as 43 healthy controls underwent enhance diffusion weighted imaging (eDWI) with ultra-high b-values. The eDWI parameters including ADCuh , pure water diffusion (D) and pseudodiffusion (D*) was measured using regions-of-interest analysis in the superior cerebellar peduncles (SCP), middle cerebellar peduncles (MCP) , cerebellar hemisphere, dentate nuclei, tonsil and vermis of the cerebellum. RESULTS BD-II exhibited increased ADCuh values in the bilateral SCP, cerebellar hemisphere, tonsil and right dentate nuclei, and increased D* and D in the bilateral SCP, and decreased D* in the tonsil. Additionally, there were positive correlations between Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-24 scores and bilateral ADCuh values in the SCP and cerebellar hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS The alteration of the ADCuh values in the cerebellum may reflect the changes of the AQP4, especially the abnormality of eDWI parameters in the SCP may be a key neurobiological feature of BD-II. The current results provide a novel insight to look into the pathophysiology mechanisms underlying BD-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianping Zhao
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zhenye Luo
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shaojuan Qiu
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yanbin Jia
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shuming Zhong
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guanmao Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shunkai Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhangzhang Qi
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xiaomei Luo
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Li Huang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Clinical Experimental Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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24
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Inhibition of Aquaporin 4 Decreases Amyloid Aβ40 Drainage Around Cerebral Vessels. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4720-4734. [PMID: 32783141 PMCID: PMC7515968 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is located mainly in the astrocytic end-feet around cerebral blood vessels and regulates ion and water homeostasis in the brain. While deletion of AQP4 is shown to reduce amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance and exacerbate Aβ peptide accumulation in plaques and vessels of Alzheimer's disease mouse models, the mechanism and clearing pathways involved are debated. Here, we investigated how inhibiting the function of AQP4 in healthy male C57BL/6 J mice impacts clearance of Aβ40, the more soluble Aβ isoform. Using two-photon in vivo imaging and visualizing vessels with Sulfurodamine 101 (SR101), we first showed that Aβ40 injected as a ≤ 0.5-μl volume in the cerebral cortex diffused rapidly in parenchyma and accumulated around blood vessels. In animals treated with the AQP4 inhibitor TGN-020, the perivascular Aβ40 accumulation was significantly (P < 0.001) intensified by involving four times more vessels, thus suggesting a generalized clearance defect associated with vessels. Increasing the injecting volume to ≥ 0.5 ≤ 1 μl decreased the difference of Aβ40-positive vessels observed in non-treated and AQP4 inhibitor-treated animals, although the difference was still significant (P = 0.001), suggesting that larger injection volumes could overwhelm intramural vascular clearance mechanisms. While both small and large vessels accumulated Aβ40, for the ≤ 0.5-μl volume group, the average diameter of the Aβ40-positive vessels tended to be larger in control animals compared with TGN-020-treated animals, although the difference was non-significant (P = 0.066). Using histopathology and ultrastructural microscopy, no vascular structural change was observed after a single massive dose of TGN-020. These data suggest that AQP4 deficiency is directly involved in impaired Aβ brain clearance via the peri-/para-vascular routes, and AQP4-mediated vascular clearance might counteract blood-brain barrier abnormalities and age-related vascular amyloidopathy.
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25
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Abbink MR, Kotah JM, Hoeijmakers L, Mak A, Yvon-Durocher G, van der Gaag B, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A. Characterization of astrocytes throughout life in wildtype and APP/PS1 mice after early-life stress exposure. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:91. [PMID: 32197653 PMCID: PMC7083036 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early-life stress (ES) is an emerging risk factor for later life development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We have previously shown that ES modulates amyloid-beta pathology and the microglial response to it in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model. Because astrocytes are key players in the pathogenesis of AD, we studied here if and how ES affects astrocytes in wildtype (WT) and APP/PS1 mice and how these relate to the previously reported amyloid pathology and microglial profile. Methods We induced ES by limiting nesting and bedding material from postnatal days (P) 2–9. We studied in WT mice (at P9, P30, and 6 months) and in APP/PS1 mice (at 4 and 10 months) (i) GFAP coverage, cell density, and complexity in hippocampus (HPC) and entorhinal cortex (EC); (ii) hippocampal gene expression of astrocyte markers; and (iii) the relationship between astrocyte, microglia, and amyloid markers. Results In WT mice, ES increased GFAP coverage in HPC subregions at P9 and decreased it at 10 months. APP/PS1 mice at 10 months exhibited both individual cell as well as clustered GFAP signals. APP/PS1 mice when compared to WT exhibited reduced total GFAP coverage in HPC, which is increased in the EC, while coverage of the clustered GFAP signal in the HPC was increased and accompanied by increased expression of several astrocytic genes. While measured astrocytic parameters in APP/PS1 mice appear not be further modulated by ES, analyzing these in the context of ES-induced alterations to amyloid pathology and microglial shows alterations at both 4 and 10 months of age. Conclusions Our data suggest that ES leads to alterations to the astrocytic response to amyloid-β pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maralinde R Abbink
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janssen M Kotah
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne Hoeijmakers
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aline Mak
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Genevieve Yvon-Durocher
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram van der Gaag
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Vandebroek A, Yasui M. Regulation of AQP4 in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1603. [PMID: 32111087 PMCID: PMC7084855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the main water channel protein expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). AQP4 is densely expressed in astrocyte end-feet, and is an important factor in CNS water and potassium homeostasis. Changes in AQP4 activity and expression have been implicated in several CNS disorders, including (but not limited to) epilepsy, edema, stroke, and glioblastoma. For this reason, many studies have been done to understand the various ways in which AQP4 is regulated endogenously, and could be regulated pharmaceutically. In particular, four regulatory methods have been thoroughly studied; regulation of gene expression via microRNAs, regulation of AQP4 channel gating/trafficking via phosphorylation, regulation of water permeability using heavy metal ions, and regulation of water permeability using small molecule inhibitors. A major challenge when studying AQP4 regulation is inter-method variability. A compound or phosphorylation which shows an inhibitory effect in vitro may show no effect in a different in vitro method, or even show an increase in AQP4 expression in vivo. Although a large amount of variability exists between in vitro methods, some microRNAs, heavy metal ions, and two small molecule inhibitors, acetazolamide and TGN-020, have shown promise in the field of AQP4 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Vandebroek
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
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27
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Valenza M, Facchinetti R, Steardo L, Scuderi C. Altered Waste Disposal System in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Astrocytic Aquaporin-4. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1656. [PMID: 32063858 PMCID: PMC7000422 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the diverse cell types included in the general population named glia, astrocytes emerge as being the focus of a growing body of research aimed at characterizing their heterogeneous and complex functions. Alterations of both their morphology and activities have been linked to a variety of neurological diseases. One crucial physiological need satisfied by astrocytes is the cleansing of the cerebral tissue from waste molecules. Several data demonstrate that aquaporin-4 (AQP-4), a protein expressed by astrocytes, is crucially important for facilitating the removal of waste products from the brain. Aquaporins are water channels found in all district of the human organism and the most abundant isoform in the brain is AQP-4. This protein is involved in a myriad of astrocytic activities, including calcium signal transduction, potassium buffering, synaptic plasticity, astrocyte migration, glial scar formation and neuroinflammation. The highest density of AQP-4 is found at the astrocytic domains closest to blood vessels, the endfeet that envelop brain vessels, with low to zero expression in other astrocytic membrane regions. Increased AQP-4 expression and loss of polarization have recently been documented in altered physiological conditions. Here we review the latest findings related to aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) on this topic, as well as the available knowledge on pharmacological tools to target AQP-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valenza
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, Italy
| | - Roberta Facchinetti
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Università Telematica Giustino Fortunato, Benevento, Italy
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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28
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Henderson AR, Choi H, Lee E. Blood and Lymphatic Vasculatures On-Chip Platforms and Their Applications for Organ-Specific In Vitro Modeling. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E147. [PMID: 32013154 PMCID: PMC7074693 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human circulatory system is divided into two complementary and different systems, the cardiovascular and the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system is mainly concerned with providing nutrients to the body via blood and transporting wastes away from the tissues to be released from the body. The lymphatic system focuses on the transport of fluid, cells, and lipid from interstitial tissue spaces to lymph nodes and, ultimately, to the cardiovascular system, as well as helps coordinate interstitial fluid and lipid homeostasis and immune responses. In addition to having distinct structures from each other, each system also has organ-specific variations throughout the body and both systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis. Dysfunction of either system leads to devastating and potentially fatal diseases, warranting accurate models of both blood and lymphatic vessels for better studies. As these models also require physiological flow (luminal and interstitial), extracellular matrix conditions, dimensionality, chemotactic biochemical gradient, and stiffness, to better reflect in vivo, three dimensional (3D) microfluidic (on-a-chip) devices are promising platforms to model human physiology and pathology. In this review, we discuss the heterogeneity of both blood and lymphatic vessels, as well as current in vitro models. We, then, explore the organ-specific features of each system with examples in the gut and the brain and the implications of dysfunction of either vasculature in these organs. We close the review with discussions on current in vitro models for specific diseases with an emphasis on on-chip techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria R. Henderson
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Hyoann Choi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Esak Lee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
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29
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Lan YL, Chen C, Wang X, Lou JC, Xing JS, Zou S, Hu JL, Lyu W, Zhang B. Gamabufotalin induces a negative feedback loop connecting ATP1A3 expression and the AQP4 pathway to promote temozolomide sensitivity in glioblastoma cells by targeting the amino acid Thr794. Cell Prolif 2019; 53:e12732. [PMID: 31746080 PMCID: PMC6985666 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Temozolomide (TMZ) is one of the most commonly used clinical drugs for glioblastoma (GBM) treatment, but its drug sensitivity needs to be improved. Gamabufotalin (CS‐6), the primary component of the traditional Chinese medicine “ChanSu,” was shown to have strong anti‐cancer activity. However, more efforts should be directed towards reducing its toxicity or effective treatment doses. Methods Target fishing experiment, Western blotting, PCR, confocal immunofluorescence and molecular cloning techniques were performed to search for possible downstream signalling pathways. In addition, GBM xenografts were used to further determine the potential molecular mechanisms of the synergistic effects of CS‐6 and TMZ in vivo. Results Mechanistic research revealed a negative feedback loop between ATP1A3 and AQP4 through which CS‐6 inhibited GBM growth and mediated the synergistic treatment effect of CS‐6 and TMZ. In addition, by mutating potential amino acid residues of ATP1A3, which were predicted by modelling and docking to interact with CS‐6, we demonstrated that abrogating hydrogen bonding of the amino acid Thr794 interferes with the activation of ATP1A3 by CS‐6 and that the Thr794Ala mutation directly affects the synergistic treatment efficacy of CS‐6 and TMZ. Conclusions As the main potential target of CS‐6, ATP1A3 activation critically depends on the hydrogen bonding of Thr794 with CS‐6. The combination of CS‐6 and TMZ could significantly reduce the therapeutic doses and promote the anti‐cancer efficacy of CS‐6/TMZ monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern, University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern, University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern, University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jin-Shan Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuang Zou
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ji-Liang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern, University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen Lyu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern, University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern, University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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30
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Aquaporin 4 Suppresses Neural Hyperactivity and Synaptic Fatigue and Fine-Tunes Neurotransmission to Regulate Visual Function in the Mouse Retina. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8124-8135. [PMID: 31190144 PMCID: PMC6834759 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The bidirectional water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is abundantly expressed in the neural tissue. The advantages and disadvantages of AQP4 neural tissue deficiency under pathological conditions, such as inflammation, and relationship with neural diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, have been previously reported. However, the physiological functions of AQP4 are not fully understood. Here, we evaluated the role of AQP4 in the mouse retina using Aqp4 knockout (KO) mice. Aqp4 was expressed in Müller glial cells surrounding the synaptic area between photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Both scotopic and photopic electroretinograms showed hyperactive visual responses in KO mice, gradually progressing with age. Moreover, the amplitude reduction after frequent stimuli and synaptic fatigue was more severe in KO mice. Glutamine synthetase, glutamate aspartate transporter, synaptophysin, and the inward potassium channel Kir2.1, but not Kir4.1, were downregulated in KO retinas. KIR2.1 colocalized with AQP4 in Müller glial cells at the synaptic area, and its expression was affected by Aqp4 levels in primary Müller glial cell cultures. Intraocular injection of potassium in wild-type mice led to visual function hyperactivity, as observed in Aqp4 KO mice. Mitochondria molecules, such as Pgc1α and CoxIV, were downregulated, while apoptotic markers were upregulated in KO retinas. AQP4 may fine-tune synaptic activity, most likely by regulating potassium metabolism, at least in part, via collaborating with KIR2.1, and possibly indirectly regulating glutamate kinetics, to inhibit neural hyperactivity and synaptic fatigue which finally affect mitochondria and cause neurodegeneration.
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31
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The potential roles of aquaporin 4 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:1541-1549. [PMID: 30980198 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a primary water channel found on astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). Besides its function in water and ion homeostasis, AQP4 has also been documented to be involved in a myriad of acute and chronic cerebral pathologies, including autoimmune neurodegenerative diseases. AQP4 has been postulated to be associated with the incidence of a progressive neurodegenerative disorder known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a disease that targets the motor neurons, causing muscle weakness and eventually paralysis. Raised AQP4 levels were noted in association with vessels surrounded with swollen astrocytic processes as well as in the brainstem, cortex, and gray matter in patients with terminal ALS. AQP4 depolarization may lead to motor neuron degeneration in ALS via GLT-1. Besides, alterations in AQP4 expression in ALS may result in the loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Changes in AQP4 function may also disrupt K+ homeostasis and cause connexin dysregulation, the latter of which is associated to ALS disease progression. Furthermore, AQP4 suppression augments recovery in motor function in ALS, a phenomenon thought to be associated to NGF. No therapeutic drug targeting AQP4 has been developed to date. Nevertheless, the plethora of suggestive experimental results underscores the significance of further exploration into this area.
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32
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Reactive Astrocytes as Drug Target in Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4160247. [PMID: 29888263 PMCID: PMC5977027 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4160247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by deposition of extracellular amyloid-β, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of cortical neurons. However, the mechanism underlying neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains to be explored. Many of the researches on AD have been primarily focused on neuronal changes. Current research, however, broadens to give emphasis on the importance of nonneuronal cells, such as astrocytes. Astrocytes play fundamental roles in several cerebral functions and their dysfunctions promote neurodegeneration and, eventually, retraction of neuronal synapses, which leads to cognitive deficits found in AD. Astrocytes become reactive as a result of deposition of Aβ, which in turn have detrimental consequences, including decreased glutamate uptake due to reduced expression of uptake transporters, altered energy metabolism, altered ion homeostasis (K+ and Ca+), increased tonic inhibition, and increased release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. In this review, recent insights on the involvement of, tonic inhibition, astrocytic glutamate transporters and aquaporin in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease are provided. Compounds which increase expression of GLT1 have showed efficacy for AD in preclinical studies. Tonic inhibition mediated by GABA could also be a promising target and drugs that block the GABA synthesizing enzyme, MAO-B, have shown efficacy. However, there are contradictory evidences on the role of AQP4 in AD.
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33
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Kudo K, Harada T, Kameda H, Uwano I, Yamashita F, Higuchi S, Yoshioka K, Sasaki M. Indirect Proton MR Imaging and Kinetic Analysis of 17O-Labeled Water Tracer in the Brain. Magn Reson Med Sci 2017; 17:223-230. [PMID: 29142152 PMCID: PMC6039783 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.mp.2017-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The feasibility of steady-state sequences for 17O imaging was evaluated based on a kinetic analysis of the brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Materials and Methods: The institutional review board approved this prospective study with written informed consent. Dynamic 2D or 3D steady-state sequences were performed in five and nine participants, respectively, with different parameters using a 3T scanner. During two consecutive dynamic scans, saline was intravenously administered for control purposes in the first scan, and 20% 17O-labeled water (1 mL/Kg) was administered in the second scan. Signal changes relative to the baseline were calculated, and kinetic analyses of the curves were conducted for all voxels. Region of interest analysis was performed in the brain parenchyma, choroid plexus, and CSF spaces. Results: Average signal drops were significantly larger in the 17O group than in the controls for most of the imaging parameters. Different kinetic parameters were observed between the brain parenchyma and CSF spaces. Average and maximum signal drops were significantly larger in the CSF spaces and choroid plexus than in the brain parenchyma. Bolus arrival, time to peak, and the first moment of dynamic curves of 17O in the CSF space were delayed compared to that in the brain parenchyma. Significant differences between the ventricle and subarachnoid space were also noted. Conclusion: Steady-state sequences are feasible for indirect 17O imaging with reasonable temporal resolution; this result is potentially important for the analysis of water kinetics and aquaporin function for several disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Kudo
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital.,Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University
| | - Taisuke Harada
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
| | - Hiroyuki Kameda
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
| | - Ikuko Uwano
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University
| | - Fumio Yamashita
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University
| | - Satomi Higuchi
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University
| | | | - Makoto Sasaki
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University
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Wang H, Wang S, Zhang K, Wang H, Lan L, Ma X, Liu X, Zhang S, Zheng J, Wei X, Yan H. Aquaporin 4 Forms a Macromolecular Complex with Glutamate Transporter 1 and Mu Opioid Receptor in Astrocytes and Participates in Morphine Dependence. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:17-27. [PMID: 28341892 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is abundantly expressed in astrocytes and provides a mechanism by which water permeability of the plasma membrane can be regulated. Evidence suggests that AQP4 is associated with glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) for glutamate clearance and contributes to morphine dependence. Previous studies show that AQP4 deficiency changed the mu opioid receptor expression and opioid receptors' characteristics as well. In this study, we focused on whether AQP4 could form macromolecular complex with GLT-1 and mu opioid receptor (MOR) and participates in morphine dependence. By using immunofluorescence staining, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that AQP4 forms protein complexes with GLT-1 and MOR in both brain tissue and primary cultured astrocytes. We then showed that the C-terminus of AQP4 containing the amino acid residues 252 to 323 is the site of interaction with GLT-1. Protein kinase C, activated by morphine, played an important role in regulating the expression of these proteins. These findings may help to reveal the mechanism that AQP4, GLT-1, and MOR form protein complex and participate in morphine dependence, and deeply understand the reason that AQP4 deficiency maintains extracellular glutamate homeostasis and attenuates morphine dependence, moreover emphasizes the function of astrocyte in morphine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Liting Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shuzhuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jianquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Haitao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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35
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Xia M, Yang L, Sun G, Qi S, Li B. Mechanism of depression as a risk factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease: the function of AQP4 and the glymphatic system. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:365-379. [PMID: 27837334 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have indicated that a history of depression increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the potential pathogenestic mechanism by which depression functions as a high risk factor for AD remains unknown. Recently, a "cerebral lymphatic system" referred to as "glymphatic system" has been demonstrated to be responsible for neuronal extracellular waste protein clearance via a paravascular pathway. However, the function of glymphatic pathway has not been determined in depressive disorders. METHODS The present study used an animal model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) to determine the function of glymphatic pathway by using fluorescence tracers. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the accumulation of endogenous mouse and exogenous human amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) in CUMS-treated mice with or without treatment with antidepressant fluoxetine. FINDINGS Glymphatic pathway circulation was impaired in mice treated with CUMS; moreover, glymphatic pathway dysfunction suppressed Aβ42 metabolism, because the accumulation of endogenous and exogenous Aβ42 was increased in the brains of the CUMS-treated mice. However, treatment with fluoxetine reversed these destructive effects of CUMS on glymphatic system. In anhedonic mice, the expression of the water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a factor in glymphatic pathway dysfunction, was down-regulated in cortex and hippocampus. CONCLUSION The dysfunction of glymphatic system suggested why a history of depression may be a strong risk factor for AD in anhedonic mice. We hope our study will contribute to an understanding of the risk mechanism of depressive disorder in the development of AD and the mechanisms of antidepressant therapies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosheng Xia
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, No. 77, Puhe Street, Shenbei District, Shenyang, 110177, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, No. 77, Puhe Street, Shenbei District, Shenyang, 110177, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangfeng Sun
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, No. 77, Puhe Street, Shenbei District, Shenyang, 110177, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Qi
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, No. 77, Puhe Street, Shenbei District, Shenyang, 110177, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoman Li
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, No. 77, Puhe Street, Shenbei District, Shenyang, 110177, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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Sfera A, Cummings M, Osorio C. Dehydration and Cognition in Geriatrics: A Hydromolecular Hypothesis. Front Mol Biosci 2016; 3:18. [PMID: 27252943 PMCID: PMC4860410 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2016.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydration is one of the ten most frequent diagnoses responsible for the hospital admission of elderly in the United States. It is associated with increased mortality, morbidity and an estimated cost of 1.14 billion per year (Xiao et al., 2004; Schlanger et al., 2010; Pretorius et al., 2013; Frangeskou et al., 2015). Older individuals are predisposed to dehydration encephalopathy as a result of decreased total body water (TBW) and diminished sensation of thirst. We hypothesize that thirst blunting in older individuals is the result of a defective microRNA-6842-3p failing to silence the expression of the vesicular GABA transporters (VGAT) and alpha 7 cholinergic nicotinic receptors in the subfornical organ (SFO) of the hypothalamus. We hypothesize further that resultant dehydration facilitates protein misfolding and aggregation, predisposing to neurocognitive disorders. We completed a search of predicted microRNA targets, utilizing the public domain tool miRDB and found that microRNA-6842-3p modulates the SLC6A1 and CHRNA7 genes both of which were previously hypothesized to inhibit the thirst sensation by their action on SFO. The primary aim of this article is to answer two questions: Can prevention and correction of dehydration in elderly lower age-related cognitive deterioration? Can exosomal miR-6842 in the peripheral blood predict dehydration encephalopathy in elderly?
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda UniversityLoma Linda, USA; Patton State HospitalPatton, USA
| | | | - Carolina Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University Loma Linda, USA
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The Neuroprotective Effect of the Association of Aquaporin-4/Glutamate Transporter-1 against Alzheimer's Disease. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:4626593. [PMID: 27057365 PMCID: PMC4736756 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4626593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by memory loss and cognitive dysfunction. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), which is primarily expressed in astrocytes, is the major water channel expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). This protein plays an important role in water and ion homeostasis in the normal brain and in various brain pathological conditions. Emerging evidence suggests that AQP4 deficiency impairs learning and memory and that this may be related to the expression of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1). Moreover, the colocalization of AQP4 and GLT-1 has long been studied in brain tissue; however, far less is known about the potential influence that the AQP4/GLT-1 complex may have on AD. Research on the functional interaction of AQP4 and GLT-1 has been demonstrated to be of great significance in the study of AD. Here, we review the interaction of AQP4 and GLT-1 in astrocytes, which might play a pivotal role in the regulation of distinct cellular responses that involve neuroprotection against AD. The association of AQP4 and GLT-1 could greatly supplement previous research regarding neuroprotection against AD.
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