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Latham AS, Rocha SM, McDermott CP, Reigan P, Slayden RA, Tjalkens RB. Neuroprotective efficacy of the glucocorticoid receptor modulator PT150 in the rotenone mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology 2024; 103:320-334. [PMID: 38960072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide. Current treatments for PD largely center around dopamine replacement therapies and fail to prevent the progression of pathology, underscoring the need for neuroprotective interventions. Approaches that target neuroinflammation, which occurs prior to dopaminergic neuron (DAn) loss in the substantia nigra (SN), represent a promising therapeutic strategy. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been implicated in the neuropathology of PD and modulates numerous neuroinflammatory signaling pathways in the brain. Therefore, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the novel GR modulator, PT150, in the rotenone mouse model of PD, postulating that inhibition of glial inflammation would protect DAn and reduce accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded ⍺-synuclein protein. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 2.5 mg/kg/day rotenone by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days. Upon completion of rotenone dosing, mice were orally treated at day 15 with 30 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day PT150 in the 14-day post-lesioning incubation period, during which the majority of DAn loss and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation occurs. Our results indicate that treatment with PT150 reduced both loss of DAn and microgliosis in the nigrostriatal pathway. Although morphologic features of astrogliosis were not attenuated, PT150 treatment promoted potentially neuroprotective activity in these cells, including increased phagocytosis of hyperphosphorylated α-syn. Ultimately, PT150 treatment reduced the loss of DAn cell bodies in the SN, but not the striatum, and prohibited intra-neuronal accumulation of α-syn. Together, these data indicate that PT150 effectively reduced SN pathology in the rotenone mouse model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Latham
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Savannah M Rocha
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Casey P McDermott
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Richard A Slayden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
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Latham AS, Rocha SM, McDermott CP, Reigan P, Slayden RA, Tjalkens RB. Neuroprotective Efficacy of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator PT150 in the Rotenone Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.12.589261. [PMID: 38659796 PMCID: PMC11042181 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.12.589261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide. Current treatments for PD largely center around dopamine replacement therapies and fail to prevent the progression of pathology, underscoring the need for neuroprotective interventions. Approaches that target neuroinflammation, which occurs prior to dopaminergic neuron (DAn) loss in the substantia nigra (SN), represent a promising therapeutic strategy. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been implicated in the neuropathology of PD and modulates numerous neuroinflammatory signaling pathways in the brain. Therefore, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the novel GR modulator, PT150, in the rotenone mouse model of PD, postulating that inhibition of glial inflammation would protect DAn and reduce accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded ⍺-synuclein protein. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 2.5 mg/kg/day rotenone by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days, immediately followed by oral treatment with 30 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day PT150 in the 14-day post-lesioning incubation period, during which the majority of DAn loss and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation occurs. Our results indicate that treatment with PT150 reduced both loss of DAn and microgliosis in the nigrostriatal pathway. Although morphologic features of astrogliosis were not attenuated, PT150 treatment promoted potentially neuroprotective activity in these cells, including increased phagocytosis of hyperphosphorylated α-syn. Ultimately, PT150 treatment reduced the loss of DAn cell bodies in the SN, but not the striatum, and prohibited intra-neuronal accumulation of α-syn. Together, these data indicate that PT150 effectively reduced SN pathology in the rotenone mouse model of PD.
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Requejo C, López-de-Ipiña K, Ruiz-Ortega JÁ, Fernández E, Calvo PM, Morera-Herreras T, Miguelez C, Cardona-Grifoll L, Cepeda H, Ugedo L, Lafuente JV. Changes in Day/Night Activity in the 6-OHDA-Induced Experimental Model of Parkinson's Disease: Exploring Prodromal Biomarkers. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:590029. [PMID: 33154717 PMCID: PMC7591774 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.590029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for experimental models mimicking an early stage of Parkinson's disease (PD) before motor manifestations is fundamental in order to explore early signs and get a better prognosis. Interestingly, our previous studies have indicated that 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a suitable model to induce an early degeneration of the nigrostriatal system without any gross motor impairment. Considering our previous findings, we aim to implement a novel system to monitor rats after intrastriatal injection of 6-OHDA to detect and analyze physiological changes underlying prodromal PD. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were unilaterally injected with 6-OHDA (n = 10) or saline solution (n = 10) into the right striatum and placed in enriched environment cages where the activity was monitored. After 2 weeks, the amphetamine test was performed before the sacrifice. Immunohistochemistry was developed for the morphological evaluation and western blot analysis to assess molecular changes. Home-cage monitoring revealed behavioral changes in response to 6-OHDA administration including significant hyperactivity and hypoactivity during the light and dark phase, respectively, turning out in a change of the circadian timing. A preclinical stage of PD was functionally confirmed with the amphetamine test. Moreover, the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase expression was significantly correlated with the motor results, and 6-OHDA induced early proapoptotic events. Our findings provide evidence for a novel prodromal 6-OHDA model following a customized monitoring system that could give insights to detect non-motor deficits and molecular targets to test neuroprotective/neurorestorative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Requejo
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karmele López-de-Ipiña
- EleKin Research Group, Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - José Ángel Ruiz-Ortega
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Elsa Fernández
- EleKin Research Group, Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia, Spain
| | - Pilar M. Calvo
- EleKin Research Group, Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia, Spain
| | - Teresa Morera-Herreras
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Cristina Miguelez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Laura Cardona-Grifoll
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Hodei Cepeda
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Luisa Ugedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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Requejo C, Ruiz-Ortega JA, Bengoetxea H, Bulnes S, Ugedo L, Lafuente JV. Deleterious Effects of VEGFR2 and RET Inhibition in a Preclinical Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 55:201-212. [PMID: 28840516 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are a promising therapeutic option for Parkinson's disease (PD). They exert their function through tyrosine kinase receptors. Our goal was to assess the effects of administering a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor (vandetanib) that blocks VEGFR2 and RET receptors in a preclinical model of PD. Rats underwent intrastriatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Two weeks later, the rats received 30 mg/kg vandetanib or saline orally. The effects were assessed using the rotational behavioral test, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry, and western blot. In 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, motor symptoms were almost undetectable, but morphological and biochemical changes were significant. Vandetanib treatment, combined with the presence of 6-OHDA lesions, significantly increased behavioral impairment and morphological and biochemical changes. Therefore, after vandetanib treatment, the TH-immunopositive striatal volume, the percentage of TH+ neurons, and the extent of the axodendritic network in the substantia nigra decreased. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positivity significantly decreased in the striatum and substantia nigra in the vandetanib-treated group. In addition, p-Akt and p-ERK 1/2 levels were significantly lower and caspase-3 expression significantly increased after vandetanib administration. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time the deleterious effect of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor on the dopaminergic system, supporting the beneficial and synergistic effect of NTFs reported in previous papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Requejo
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain.
| | - J A Ruiz-Ortega
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
| | - H Bengoetxea
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
| | - S Bulnes
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
| | - L Ugedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
| | - J V Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Leioa, Spain
- Nanoneurosurgery Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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Requejo C, Ruiz-Ortega JA, Cepeda H, Sharma A, Sharma HS, Ozkizilcik A, Tian R, Moessler H, Ugedo L, Lafuente JV. Nanodelivery of Cerebrolysin and Rearing in Enriched Environment Induce Neuroprotective Effects in a Preclinical Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:286-299. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Effect of Intrastriatal 6-OHDA Lesions on Extrastriatal Brain Structures in the Mouse. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4240-4252. [PMID: 28616718 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, resulting in motor and non-motor symptoms. The underlying pathology of non-motor symptoms is poorly understood. Discussed are pathological changes of extrastriatal brain structures. In this study, we characterized histopathological alterations of extrastriatal brain structures in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) PD animal model. Lesions were induced by unilateral stereotactic injections of 6-OHDA into the striatum or medial forebrain bundle of adult male mice. Loss of tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) fibers as well as glia activation was quantified following stereological principles. Loss of dopaminergic innervation was further investigated by western-blotting. As expected, 6-OHDA injection into the nigrostriatal route induced retrograde degeneration of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), less so within the ventral tegmental area. Furthermore, we observed a region-specific drop of TH+ projection fiber density in distinct cortical regions. This pathology was most pronounced in the cingulate- and motor cortex, whereas the piriform cortex was just modestly affected. Loss of cortical TH+ fibers was not paralleled by microglia or astrocyte activation. Our results demonstrate that the loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta is paralleled by a cortical dopaminergic denervation in the 6-OHDA model. This model serves as a valuable tool to investigate mechanisms operant during cortical pathology in PD patients. Further studies are needed to understand why cortical dopaminergic innervation is lost in this model, and what functional consequence is associated with the observed denervation.
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