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Wang J, Wu W, Wan J, Zhan L, Chen Y, Yun F, Ji Y, Suo G, Zheng Y, Shen D, Zhang Q. Preliminary study on the mechanism of SAHA in the treatment of refractory epilepsy induced by GABRG2(F343L) mutation. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 227:116449. [PMID: 39053637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in the γ-amino butyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor γ2 subunit gene, GABRG2, have been associated with refractory epilepsy. Increasing evidence indicates that suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a broad-spectrum histone acetyltransferases (HDACs) inhibitor, can inhibit seizure onset. However, the mechanisms involved remains unknown. The present study aimed to explore the anti-epileptic effect and underlying mechanisms of SAHA in the treatment of refractory epilepsy induced by GABRG2 mutation. In the zebrafish line expressing human mutant GABRG2(F343L), Tg(hGABRG2F343L), SAHA was found to reduce seizure onset, swimming activity, and neuronal activity. In both Tg(hGABRG2F343L) zebrafish and HEK293T cells transfected with GABAA receptor subunits, SAHA could improve the pan-acetylation level and reduce the expression of HDAC1/10. The decreased expressions of GABAA receptor subunits could be rescued by SAHA treatment both in vivo and in vitro, which might be the result of increased gene transcription and protein trafficking. The up-regulated acetylation of histone H3 and H4 as well as Bip expression might be involved in the process. Taken together, our data proved that both histone and non-histone acetylation might contribute to the anti-epileptic effect of SAHA in refractory epilepsy caused by GABRG2(F343L) mutation, demonstrating SAHA as a promising therapeutic agent for refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenwen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiali Wan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Longwu Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feng Yun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuhua Ji
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guihai Suo
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuqin Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dingding Shen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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C-Met Receptors Deficiency Was Involved in Absence Seizures Development in WAG/Rij Rats. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.5812/ans-132959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: A variety of receptors may be involved in the pathogenesis of absence seizures. The c-Met receptors have a critical role in modulating the GABAergic interneurons and creating a balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, sensorimotor gating, and normal synaptic plasticity. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the changes of the c-Met receptor during the appearance of absence attacks in the experimental model of absence epilepsy. Methods: A total of 48 animals were divided into four groups of two- and six-month-old WAG/Rij and Wistar rats. Epileptic WAG/Rij rats showing SWP in electrocorticogram (ECoG) were included in the epileptic group. The two-month-old WAG/Rij rats as well as two- and six-month-old Wistar rats not exhibiting SWP in ECoG were selected as the non-epileptic. Gene (RT-PCR) and protein expression (western blotting) of c-Met receptors as well as c-Met protein distribution (immunohistochemistry) in the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus were assessed during seizure development of the absence attacks. Results: According to the study findings, a lower c-Met gene and protein expression, as well as a lower protein distribution, were observed in the hippocampus (P < 0.001, P < 0.05, and P < 0.001, respectively) and cortex (P < 0.01, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively) of the two-month-old WAG/Rij rats compared to the same-age Wistar rats. Moreover, the data revealed a reduction of hippocampal and cortical c-Met protein expression (P < 0.001, for both) in six-month-old WAG/Rij rats compared to two-month-old ones. Six-month-old WAG/Rij rats had a lower cortical c-Met gene (P < 0.05) and protein expression (P < 0.001) as well as lower hippocampal and cortical protein distribution (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) than the same-age Wistar rats. Conclusions: In sum, the c-Met receptor was found to play a significant role in the development of absence epilepsy. This receptor, therefore, may have been considered as an effective goal for absence seizure inhibition.
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Calcium-/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II (CaMKII) Inhibition Induces Learning and Memory Impairment and Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2021:4635054. [PMID: 34976299 PMCID: PMC8718318 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4635054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Inhibition of calcium-/calmodulin- (CaM-) dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is correlated with epilepsy. However, the specific mechanism that underlies learning and memory impairment and neuronal death by CaMKII inhibition remains unclear. Materials and Methods In this study, KN93, a CaMKII inhibitor, was used to investigate the role of CaMKII during epileptogenesis. We first identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in primary cultured hippocampal neurons with or without KN93 treatment using RNA-sequencing. Then, the impairment of learning and memory by KN93-induced CaMKII inhibition was assessed using the Morris water maze test. In addition, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL staining were performed to determine neuronal death, apoptosis, and the relative signaling pathway. Results KN93-induced CaMKII inhibition decreased cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein activity and impaired learning and memory in Wistar and tremor (TRM) rats, an animal model of genetic epilepsy. CaMKII inhibition also induced neuronal death and reactive astrocyte activation in both the Wistar and TRM hippocampi, deregulating mitogen-activated protein kinases. Meanwhile, neuronal death and neuron apoptosis were observed in PC12 and primary cultured hippocampal neurons after exposure to KN93, which was reversed by SP600125, an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Conclusions CaMKII inhibition caused learning and memory impairment and apoptosis, which might be related to dysregulated JNK signaling.
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Korkmaz OT, Arkan S, Öncü-Kaya EM, Ateş N, Tunçel N. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) conducts the neuronal activity during absence seizures: GABA seems to be the main mediator of VIP. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136268. [PMID: 34571088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Absence epilepsy is classified as a childhood generalized epilepsy syndrome with distinctive electroencephalographic patterns. The Wistar Albino Glaxo originating from Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) strain is a very well validated animal model of absence epilepsy that also shows behavioral deficits. In addition to the gastrointestinal system, VIP is highly expressed throughout numerous brain regions, and it plays crucial roles as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulatory, neurotrophic and neuroprotective factor in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. In this study, adult WAG/Rij rats were divided into two groups (n = 10): a group that was administered VIP (25 ng/kg i.p.) every 2 days for 15 days and an age-matched control group that was administered physiological saline. Electrical brain activity and behavior (depressive- like behavior, learning and memory and anxiety) were investigated in both groups. In addition, the extracellular concentrations of GABA and glutamate and the GABA/glutamate ratio were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in microdialysate samples collected from the somatosensorial cortex of WAG/Rij rats. Our results demonstrated that VIP treatment significantly suppressed the total duration and number of spike wave discharges in WAG/Rij rats. However, VIP had no significant effect on behavior. VIP increased the extracellular concentration of GABA and the GABA/glutamate ratio in the somatosensory cortex. In conclusion, VIP has suppressive effects on absence seizures, possibly by increasing the GABA concentration and inducing the transformation of glutamate to GABA in the somatosensory cortex of WAG/Rij rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Tansel Korkmaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Sertan Arkan
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Elif Mine Öncü-Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Eskisehir Technical University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nurbay Ateş
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Neşe Tunçel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
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Barzroodi Pour M, Bayat M, Navazesh A, Soleimani M, Karimzadeh F. Exercise Improved the Anti-Epileptic Effect of Carbamazepine through GABA Enhancement in Epileptic Rats. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2112-2130. [PMID: 34008120 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant drug that usually is used for the treatment of seizures. The anti-epileptic and the anti-epileptogenic effect of exercise has been reported, as well. This study was aimed to evaluate the synergic effect of combined therapy of exercise and CBZ in epileptic rats, as well as the alternation of the GABA pathway as a possible involved mechanism. The seizure was induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) injection. Animals were divided into sham, seizure, exercise (EX), CBZ (25, 50 and 75), EX + CBZ (25, 50 and 75). Treadmill forced running for 30 min has been considered as the exercise 5 days per week for four weeks. CBZ was injected in doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg, half an hour before seizure induction and 5 h after doing exercise in the animals forced to exercise. Seizure severity reduced and latency increased in the EX + CBZ (25) and EX + CBZ (50) groups compared to the seizure group. The distribution of GAD65 in both hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas increased in the EX + CBZ (75) group. GABAA receptor α1 was up-regulated in the CA3 area of the EX + CBZ (75) group. The distribution of GAD65 in the cortical area increased in EX, EX + CBZ (50), CBZ (75) and EX + CBZ (75) groups. GABAA receptor α1 was up-regulated in the neocortex of EX + CBZ (50), CBZ (75) and EX + CBZ (75) groups. Our findings suggested that exercise has improved the efficacy of CBZ and reduced the anti-epileptic dose. The enhancement of GABA signaling might be involved in the synergistic effect of exercise and CBZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Barzroodi Pour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Bayat
- Department of Anatomy, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Azam Navazesh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Karimzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Jafarian M, Modarres Mousavi SM, Rahimi S, Ghaderi Pakdel F, Lotfinia AA, Lotfinia M, Gorji A. The effect of GABAergic neurotransmission on the seizure-related activity of the laterodorsal thalamic nuclei and the somatosensory cortex in a genetic model of absence epilepsy. Brain Res 2021; 1757:147304. [PMID: 33524378 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the alterations of the GABAergic system in the laterodorsal nucleus (LDN) of the thalamus and the somatosensory cortex (SC) in an experimental model of absence seizure. The effects of pharmacological manipulation of both GABAA and GABAB receptor subunits in the LDN on the generation of spike-wave discharges (SWD) were evaluated. The experiments were carried out in four groups of both WAG/Rij and Wistar rats with 2 and 6 months of age. The expressions of various GABA receptor subunits were studied in the LDN and SC. Furthermore, recordings of unit activity from the LDN and electrocorticography were simultaneously monitored before, during, and after the application of GABAA and GABAB antagonists in the LDN. The generation of SWD in the older WAG/Rij rats was associated with significant alterations in the expression of GABAARα1, GABAARβ3, and GABABR2 subunits in the LDN as well as GABAARα1, GABAARβ3, GABAARγ2, and GABABR2 subunits in the SC. Furthermore, the occurrence of SWD was associated with a significant reduction of gene expression of GABAARα1 and increase of GABAARβ3 in the LDN as well as reduction of GABAARα1, GABAARβ3, GABAARγ2, and GABABR2 in the SC. The microionthophoretic application of the GABAA antagonist bicuculline resulted in a significant increase in the population firing rate of LDN neurons as well as the mean number and duration of SWD. The application of the GABAB antagonist CGP35348 significantly increased the population firing rate of LDN neurons but decreased the mean number of SWD. Our data indicate the regulatory effect of the GABAergic system of the LDN and SC in absence seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jafarian
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neurosciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mostafa Modarres Mousavi
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Rahimi
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Firuze Ghaderi Pakdel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Lotfinia
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Lotfinia
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universitat Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Jafarian M, Esmaeil Alipour M, Karimzadeh F. Experimental Models of Absence Epilepsy. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:715-726. [PMID: 33850609 PMCID: PMC8019851 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.11.6.731.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Absence epilepsy is a brief non-convulsive seizure associated with sudden abruptness in consciousness. Because of the unpredictable occurrence of absence seizures and the ethical issues of human investigation on the pathogenesis and drug assessment, researchers tend to study animal models. This paper aims to review the advantages and disadvantages of several animal models of nonconvulsive induced seizure. Methods: The articles that were published since 1990 were assessed. The publications that used genetic animals were analyzed, too. Besides, we reviewed possible application methods of each model, clinical types of seizures induced, purposed mechanism of epileptogenesis, their validity, and relevance to the absence epileptic patients. Results: The number of studies that used genetic models of absence epilepsy from years of 2000 was noticeably more than pharmacological models. Genetic animal models have a close correlation of electroencephalogram features and epileptic behaviors to the human condition. Conclusion: The validity of genetic models of absence epilepsy would motivate the researchers to focus on genetic modes in their studies. As there are some differences in the pathophysiology of absence epilepsy between animal models and humans, the development of new animal models is necessary to understand better the epileptogenic process and, or discover novel therapies for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jafarian
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Mdical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Esmaeil Alipour
- Department of Neurosciences and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Karimzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Jafarian M, Modarres Mousavi SM, Alipour F, Aligholi H, Noorbakhsh F, Ghadipasha M, Gharehdaghi J, Kellinghaus C, Kovac S, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Meuth SG, Speckmann EJ, Stummer W, Gorji A. Cell injury and receptor expression in the epileptic human amygdala. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 124:416-427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Celli R, Santolini I, Van Luijtelaar G, Ngomba RT, Bruno V, Nicoletti F. Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors in the treatment of epilepsy: rationale and current status. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:341-351. [PMID: 30801204 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1586885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several drugs targeting the GABAergic system are used in the treatment of epilepsy, but only one drug targeting glutamate receptors is on the market. This is surprising because an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission lies at the core of the pathophysiology of epilepsy. One possible explanation is that drug development has been directed towards the synthesis of molecules that inhibit the activity of ionotropic glutamate receptors. These receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS) and their blockade may cause severe adverse effects such as sedation, cognitive impairment, and psychotomimetic effects. Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are more promising drug targets because these receptors modulate synaptic transmission rather than mediate it. Areas covered: We review the current evidence that links mGlu receptor subtypes to the pathophysiology and experimental treatment of convulsive and absence seizures. Expert opinion: While mGlu5 receptor negative allosteric modulators have the potential to be protective against convulsive seizures and hyperactivity-induced neurodegeneration, drugs that enhance mGlu5 and mGlu7 receptor function may have beneficial effects in the treatment of absence epilepsy. Evidence related to the other mGlu receptor subtypes is more fragmentary; further investigations are required for an improved understanding of their role in the generation and propagation of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Valeria Bruno
- a IRCCS NEUROMED , Pozzilli , Italy.,d Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology , University Sapienza , Rome , Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- a IRCCS NEUROMED , Pozzilli , Italy.,d Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology , University Sapienza , Rome , Italy
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Saffarzadeh F, Modarres Mousavi SM, Lotfinia AA, Alipour F, Hosseini Ravandi H, Karimzadeh F. Discrepancies of Notch 1 receptor during development of chronic seizures. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:13773-13780. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayed Mostafa Modarres Mousavi
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital Tehran Iran
- Department of Nanobiotechnology Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Alipour
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital Tehran Iran
| | | | - Fariba Karimzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Ngomba RT, van Luijtelaar G. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as drug targets for the treatment of absence epilepsy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 38:43-50. [PMID: 29547778 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are expressed in key regions of the cortex and the thalamus and are known to regulate spike and wave discharges (SWDs), the electroclinical hallmarks of absence seizures. Recent preclinical studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of selective group I and III mGlu receptor subtype allosteric modulators, which can suppress pathological SWDs. Of particular interest are positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for mGlu5 receptors, as they currently show the most promise as novel anti-absence epilepsy drugs. The rational design of novel selective positive and negative allosteric mGlu modulators, especially for the mGlu5 receptor, has been made possible following the recent crystallographic structure determination of group I mGlu receptors. Our current knowledge of the role of different mGlu receptor subtypes in absence epilepsy is outlined in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Teke Ngomba
- School of Pharmacy in College of Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK.
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Ghaemi A, Alizadeh L, Babaei S, Jafarian M, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Meuth SG, Kovac S, Gorji A. Astrocyte-mediated inflammation in cortical spreading depression. Cephalalgia 2017; 38:626-638. [PMID: 28372497 DOI: 10.1177/0333102417702132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Cortical spreading depression (CSD) related diseases such as migraine, cerebrovascular diseases, and epilepsy have been associated with reactive astrocytosis, yet the mechanisms of these tissue changes remain unclear. CSD-induced inflammatory response has been proposed to play a role in some neurological disorders and thus may also contribute to reactive astrocytosis. Methods Using ex vivo brain slices and in vitro astrocytic cultures, we aimed to characterize CSD related changes in astrocytes and markers of inflammation by immunocyto- and immunohistochemistry. CSD was induced by application of KCl (3 mol/l) on neocortical tissues. The application of KCl was repeated weekly over the course of four weeks. Results CSD induced an increase in the mean number and volume of astrocytes in rat brain tissue when compared to controls, whereas no changes in neuronal numbers and volumes were seen. These cell-type specific changes, suggestive of reactive astrocytosis, were paralleled by an increased expression of protein markers indicative of astrocytes and neuroinflammation in ex vivo brain slices of animals undergoing CSD when compared to sham-treated controls. Cultured astrocytes showed an increased expression of the immune modulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and an elevated expression of the pro-inflammatory markers, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα in addition to increased levels of toll like receptors (TLR3 and TLR4) and astrocytic markers after induction of CSD. Conclusion These findings indicate that CSD related reactive astrocytosis is linked to an upregulation of inflammatory markers. Targeting inflammation with already approved and available immunomodulatory treatments may thus represent a strategy to combat or ameliorate CSD-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ghaemi
- 1 Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam-Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,2 Department of Virology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Leila Alizadeh
- 1 Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam-Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Babaei
- 1 Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam-Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jafarian
- 1 Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam-Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sven G Meuth
- 4 Department of Neurology, WestfälischeWilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Stjepana Kovac
- 4 Department of Neurology, WestfälischeWilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Ali Gorji
- 1 Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam-Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,3 Department of Neurosurgery, WestfälischeWilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.,4 Department of Neurology, WestfälischeWilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.,5 Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,6 Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
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