1
|
Yang R, Chen J, Qu X, Liu H, Wang X, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. Interleukin-22 Contributes to Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption via STAT3/VEGFA Activation in Escherichia coli Meningitis. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:988-999. [PMID: 38317607 PMCID: PMC10928716 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Escherichia coli continues to be the predominant Gram-negative pathogen causing neonatal meningitis worldwide. Inflammatory mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of meningitis and are key therapeutic targets. The role of interleukin-22 (IL-22) in various diseases is diverse, with both protective and pathogenic effects. However, little is understood about the mechanisms underlying the damaging effects of IL-22 on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in E. coli meningitis. We observed that meningitic E. coli infection induced IL-22 expression in the serum and brain of mice. The tight junction proteins (TJPs) components ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5 were degraded in the mouse brain and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMEC) following IL-22 administration. Moreover, the meningitic E. coli-caused increase in BBB permeability in wild-type mice was restored by knocking out IL-22. Mechanistically, IL-22 activated the STAT3-VEGFA signaling cascade in E. coli meningitis, thus eliciting the degradation of TJPs to induce BBB disruption. Our data indicated that IL-22 is an essential host accomplice during E. coli-caused BBB disruption and could be targeted for the therapy of bacterial meningitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Yang
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyi Qu
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hulin Liu
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers
Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International
Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry
of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers
Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International
Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry
of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key
Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable
Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers
Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International
Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry
of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li W, Yuan W, Huang S, Zou L, Zheng K, Xie D. Research progress on the mechanism of Treponema pallidum breaking through placental barrier. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106392. [PMID: 37852552 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Congenital syphilis, a significant cause of fetal mortality worldwide, is a congenital infectious disease instigated by the vertical transmission of Treponema pallidum during pregnancy. Clinical manifestations include preterm delivery, stillbirth, neonatal skin lesions, skeletal abnormalities, and central nervous system aberrations. The ongoing increase in the incidence of congenital syphilis, coupled with complexities in diagnosis, necessitates a detailed understanding of its pathogenesis for the development of improved diagnostic approaches, and to interrupt the route of vertical transmission. Drawing from the broader body of research associated with vertical transmission pathogens, we aim to clarify the potential mechanisms by which Treponema pallidum breaches the placental barrier to infect the fetus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Shaobin Huang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, Institution of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lin Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang, China.
| | - Dongde Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Teske NC, Dyckhoff-Shen S, Beckenbauer P, Bewersdorf JP, Engelen-Lee JY, Hammerschmidt S, Kälin RE, Pfister HW, Brouwer MC, Klein M, Glass R, van de Beek D, Koedel U. Pericytes are protective in experimental pneumococcal meningitis through regulating leukocyte infiltration and blood-brain barrier function. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:267. [PMID: 37978545 PMCID: PMC10655320 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02938-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain pericytes participate in the regulation of cerebral blood flow and the maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity. Because of their perivascular localization, their receptor repertoire, and their potential ability to respond to inflammatory and infectious stimuli by producing various cytokines and chemokines, these cells are also thought to play an active role in the immune response to brain infections. This assumption is mainly supported by in vitro studies, investigations in in vivo disease models are largely missing. Here, we analysed the role of brain pericytes in pneumococcal meningitis, in vitro and in vivo in two animal models of pneumococcal meningitis. METHODS Primary murine and human pericytes were stimulated with increasing concentrations of different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the presence or absence of Toll-like receptor inhibitors and their cell viability and cytokine production were monitored. To gain insight into the role of pericytes in brain infection in vivo, we performed studies in a zebrafish embryo model of pneumococcal meningitis in which pericytes were pharmacologically depleted. Furthermore, we analyzed the impact of genetically induced pericyte ablation on disease progression, intracranial complications, and brain inflammation in an adult mouse model of this disease. RESULTS Both murine and human pericytes reacted to pneumococcal exposure with the release of selected cytokines. This cytokine release is pneumolysin-dependent, TLR-dependent in murine (but not human) pericytes and can be significantly increased by macrophage-derived IL-1b. Pharmacological depletion of pericytes in zebrafish embryos resulted in increased cerebral edema and mortality due to pneumococcal meningitis. Correspondingly, in an adult mouse meningitis model, a more pronounced blood-brain barrier disruption and leukocyte infiltration, resulting in an unfavorable disease course, was observed following genetic pericyte ablation. The degree of leukocyte infiltration positively correlated with an upregulation of chemokine expression in the brains of pericyte-depleted mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that pericytes play a protective role in pneumococcal meningitis by impeding leukocyte migration and preventing blood-brain barrier breaching. Thus, preserving the integrity of the pericyte population has the potential as a new therapeutic strategy in pneumococcal meningitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina C Teske
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neurosurgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Paul Beckenbauer
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Joo-Yeon Engelen-Lee
- ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Roland E Kälin
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Walter Pfister
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Klein
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Glass
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Koedel
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- ESCMID Study Group for Infections of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brandl S, Reindl M. Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Neuroinflammation: Current In Vitro Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12699. [PMID: 37628879 PMCID: PMC10454051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier, which is formed by tightly interconnected microvascular endothelial cells, separates the brain from the peripheral circulation. Together with other central nervous system-resident cell types, including pericytes and astrocytes, the blood-brain barrier forms the neurovascular unit. Upon neuroinflammation, this barrier becomes leaky, allowing molecules and cells to enter the brain and to potentially harm the tissue of the central nervous system. Despite the significance of animal models in research, they may not always adequately reflect human pathophysiology. Therefore, human models are needed. This review will provide an overview of the blood-brain barrier in terms of both health and disease. It will describe all key elements of the in vitro models and will explore how different compositions can be utilized to effectively model a variety of neuroinflammatory conditions. Furthermore, it will explore the existing types of models that are used in basic research to study the respective pathologies thus far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao D, Jiao S, Yi H. Arsenic exposure induces small intestinal toxicity in mice by barrier damage and inflammation response via activating RhoA/ROCK and TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathways. Toxicol Lett 2023; 384:44-51. [PMID: 37442281 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that arsenic (As) is an important hazardous metalloid that is commonly considered to have systemic toxicity. The main pathway of arsenic exposure is oral; however, many of the events that occur during its passage through the gastrointestinal tract are unclear, and there are few reports on the effect of arsenic on small intestinal mucosal barrier. This study aimed to investigate arsenic-induced mucosal barrier damage in the small intestine of mice induced by oral exposure and its potential mechanisms. In the present study, histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses showed that arsenic-treated mice exhibited signs of irregularly arranged and atrophied small intestinal villi, reduced villus lengths, inflammatory cells infiltration, along with up-regulated expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the small intestine of mice. The myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was also increased in As-exposed mice. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis demonstrated that intestinal epithelial tight junctions (TJs) were impaired in the small intestines of mice in As group. In addition, arsenic down-regulated mRNA levels of TJ-related genes (ZO-1, ZO-2, occludin, claudin-1, and claudin-7) and protein levels of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 were significantly reduced in arsenic-treated groups, while arsenic also increased levels of TLR4, Myd88, NF-κB, RhoA, and ROCK mRNA and protein expression. In summary, these results indicate that the small intestine toxicity in mice evoked by arsenic was correlated with the activation of TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB and RhoA/ROCK pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Zhao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi Province, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Siwei Jiao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Huilan Yi
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Zhu Y, Wang J, Dong L, Liu S, Li S, Wu Q. Purinergic signaling: A gatekeeper of blood-brain barrier permeation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1112758. [PMID: 36825149 PMCID: PMC9941648 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1112758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review outlined evidence that purinergic signaling is involved in the modulation of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. The functional and structural integrity of the BBB is critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. BBB integrity is maintained primarily by endothelial cells and basement membrane but also be regulated by pericytes, neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. In this review, we summarized the purinergic receptors and nucleotidases expressed on BBB cells and focused on the regulation of BBB permeability by purinergic signaling. The permeability of BBB is regulated by a series of purinergic receptors classified as P2Y1, P2Y4, P2Y12, P2X4, P2X7, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, which serve as targets for endogenous ATP, ADP, or adenosine. P2Y1 and P2Y4 antagonists could attenuate BBB damage. In contrast, P2Y12-mediated chemotaxis of microglial cell processes is necessary for rapid closure of the BBB after BBB breakdown. Antagonists of P2X4 and P2X7 inhibit the activation of these receptors, reduce the release of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and promote the function of BBB closure. In addition, the CD39/CD73 nucleotidase axis participates in extracellular adenosine metabolism and promotes BBB permeability through A1 and A2A on BBB cells. Furthermore, A2B and A3 receptor agonists protect BBB integrity. Thus, the regulation of the BBB by purinergic signaling is complex and affects the opening and closing of the BBB through different pathways. Appropriate selective agonists/antagonists of purinergic receptors and corresponding enzyme inhibitors could modulate the permeability of the BBB, effectively delivering therapeutic drugs/cells to the central nervous system (CNS) or limiting the entry of inflammatory immune cells into the brain and re-establishing CNS homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junmeng Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Longcong Dong
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sihui Li
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang R, Wang J, Wang F, Zhang H, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Damage in Bacterial Meningitis: The Underlying Link, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032852. [PMID: 36769171 PMCID: PMC9918147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in supportive care and antimicrobial treatment, bacterial meningitis remains the most serious infection of the central nervous system (CNS) that poses a serious risk to life. This clinical dilemma is largely due to our insufficient knowledge of the pathology behind this disease. By controlling the entry of molecules into the CNS microenvironment, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly selective cellular monolayer that is specific to the CNS's microvasculature, regulates communication between the CNS and the rest of the body. A defining feature of the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis is the increase in BBB permeability. So far, several contributing factors for BBB disruption have been reported, including direct cellular damage brought on by bacterial virulence factors, as well as host-specific proteins or inflammatory pathways being activated. Recent studies have demonstrated that targeting pathological factors contributing to enhanced BBB permeability is an effective therapeutic complement to antimicrobial therapy for treating bacterial meningitis. Hence, understanding how these meningitis-causing pathogens affect the BBB permeability will provide novel perspectives for investigating bacterial meningitis's pathogenesis, prevention, and therapies. Here, we summarized the recent research progress on meningitis-causing pathogens disrupting the barrier function of BBB. This review provides handy information on BBB disruption by meningitis-causing pathogens, and helps design future research as well as develop potential combination therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jundan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
SssP1, a Fimbria-like component of Streptococcus suis, binds to the vimentin of host cells and contributes to bacterial meningitis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010710. [PMID: 35853077 PMCID: PMC9337661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is one of the important pathogens that cause bacterial meningitis in pigs and humans. Evading host immune defences and penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are the preconditions for S. suis to cause meningitis, while the underlying mechanisms during these pathogenic processes are not fully understood. By detecting the red blood and white blood cells counts, IL-8 expression, and the pathological injury of brain in a mouse infection model, a serine-rich repeat (SRR) glycoprotein, designated as SssP1, was identified as a critical facilitator in the process of causing meningitis in this study. SssP1 was exported to assemble a fimbria-like component, thus contributed to the bacterial adhesion to and invasion into human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), and activates the host inflammatory response during meningitis but is not involved in the actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and the disruption of tight junctions. Furthermore, the deletion of sssP1 significantly attenuates the ability of S. suis to traverse the BBB in vivo and in vitro. A pull-down analysis identified vimentin as the potential receptors of SssP1 during meningitis and following Far-Western blot results confirmed this ligand-receptor binding mediated by the NR2 (the second nonrepeat region) region of SssP1. The co-localisation of vimentin and S. suis observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy with multiplex fluorescence indicated that vimentin significantly enhances the interaction between SssP1 and BBB. Further study identified that the NR216-781 and NR1711-2214 fragments of SssP1 play critical roles to bind to the BBB depending on the sialylation of vimentin, and this binding is significantly attenuated when the antiserum of NR216-781 or NR1711-2214 blocked the bacterial cells, or the vimentin antibody blocked the BBB. Similar binding attenuations are observed when the bacterial cells were preincubated with the vimentin, or the BBB was preincubated with the recombinant protein NR216-781, NR1711-2214 or sialidase. In conclusion, these results reveal a novel receptor-ligand interaction that enhances adhesion to and penetration of the BBB to cause bacterial meningitis in the S. suis infection and highlight the importance of vimentin in host-pathogen interactions. Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is considered an important zoonotic pathogen capable of causing meningitis in humans. Penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the preconditions for S. suis to cause meningitis, while its underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. Here we identified a previously uncharacterised pathogenic mechanism associated with S. suis meningitis mediated by the interaction between bacterial SRR glycoproteins and a host cytoskeletal component. During the bacterial infection, SRR protein SssP1 is exported to assemble a fimbria-like component, which drives a strong binding effect with the BBB depending on the sialylation of vimentin. This interaction contributes to the bacterial adhesion to and penetration of the BBB and induces a robust inflammatory response during meningitis. This overall observation underscores the significance of host cell surface vimentin interactions in microbial pathogenesis and markedly improves our understanding of host barrier penetration during meningitis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Identification of Potent Bioassay Guided Terpenoid and Glycoside Root Fractions of Astragalus candolleanus against Clinically Significant Bacterial Strains. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:4584799. [PMID: 35528313 PMCID: PMC9072053 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4584799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance represents one of the biggest challenges, and there is an urgent need for plant-based antimicrobial agents that enable managing this crisis effectively. In this work, we aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of Astragalus candolleanus (A. candolleanus) hydromethanolic root extract against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Kocuria rhizophila) strains by the cup-plate method. The root was powdered and extracted with 70% methanol by cold maceration for 5 days. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed with different solvents in the order of increasing polarity. Pure compounds were isolated by column chromatography and were characterized through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Targeted predictions of the isolated compounds were also studied using Swiss Target prediction software and prediction of activity spectra for substances. The extract showed a broad zone of inhibition against pathogenic bacteria. Four pure compounds were isolated, of which a novel terpenoid compound has been identified as stemmadenine along with scillirosidin, cephalotaxine, and myxoxanthophyll. The structures of the isolated phytoconstituents were elucidated by spectral analysis. The four pure components isolated from the roots of A. candolleanus are suggested to be effective against tested pathogens. Overall results of drug design suggest that myxoxanthophyll is a promising bioactive compound endowed with antibacterial activity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Dayton JR, Yuan Y, Pacumio LP, Dorflinger BG, Yoo SC, Olson MJ, Hernández-Suárez SI, McMahon MM, Cruz-Orengo L. Expression of IL-20 Receptor Subunit β Is Linked to EAE Neuropathology and CNS Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:683687. [PMID: 34557075 PMCID: PMC8452993 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.683687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable clinical evidence supports that increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is linked to immune extravasation of CNS parenchyma during neuroinflammation. Although BBB permeability and immune extravasation are known to be provoked by vascular endothelial growth factor-A (i.e., VEGF-A) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), respectively, the mechanisms that link both processes are still elusive. The interleukin-20 (i.e., IL-20) cytokine signaling pathway was previously implicated in VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and is known to induce cellular response by way of signaling through IL-20 receptor subunit β (i.e., IL-20RB). Dysregulated IL-20 signaling is implicated in many inflammatory pathologies, but it's contribution to neuroinflammation has yet to be reported. We hypothesize that the IL-20 cytokine, and the IL cytokine subfamily more broadly, play a key role in CNS neuroinflammation by signaling through IL-20RB, induce VEGF activity, and enhance both BBB-permeability and CXCL12-mediated immune extravasation. To address this hypothesis, we actively immunized IL-20RB-/- mice and wild-type mice to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and found that IL-20RB-/- mice showed amelioration of disease progression compared to wild-type mice. Similarly, we passively immunized IL-20RB-/- mice and wild-type mice with myelin-reactive Th1 cells from either IL-20RB-/- and wild-type genotype. Host IL-20RB-/- mice showed lesser disease progression than wild-type mice, regardless of the myelin-reactive Th1 cells genotype. Using multianalyte bead-based immunoassay and ELISA, we found distinctive changes in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines between IL-20RB-/- mice and wild-type mice at peak of EAE. We also found detectable levels of all cytokines of the IL-20 subfamily within CNS tissues and specific alteration to IL-20 subfamily cytokines IL-19, IL-20, and IL-24, expression levels. Immunolabeling of CNS region-specific microvessels confirmed IL-20RB protein at the spinal cord microvasculature and upregulation during EAE. Microvessels isolated from macaques CNS tissues also expressed IL-20RB. Moreover, we identified the expression of all IL-20 receptor subunits: IL-22 receptor subunit α-1 (IL-22RA1), IL-20RB, and IL-20 receptor subunit α (IL-20RA) in human CNS microvessels. Notably, human cerebral microvasculature endothelial cells (HCMEC/D3) treated with IL-1β showed augmented expression of the IL-20 receptor. Lastly, IL-20-treated HCMEC/D3 showed alterations on CXCL12 apicobasal polarity consistent with a neuroinflammatory status. This evidence suggests that IL-20 subfamily cytokines may signal at the BBB via IL-20RB, triggering neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn R Dayton
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yinyu Yuan
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lisa P Pacumio
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bryce G Dorflinger
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Samantha C Yoo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mariah J Olson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sara I Hernández-Suárez
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Duquesne University of the Holy Spirit, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Moira M McMahon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Lillian Cruz-Orengo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lithgow KV, Tsao E, Schovanek E, Gomez A, Swayne LA, Cameron CE. Treponema pallidum Disrupts VE-Cadherin Intercellular Junctions and Traverses Endothelial Barriers Using a Cholesterol-Dependent Mechanism. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:691731. [PMID: 34354688 PMCID: PMC8329343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.691731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, traverses the vascular endothelium to gain access to underlying tissue sites. Herein, we investigate the mechanisms associated with T. pallidum traversal of endothelial barriers. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that a subpopulation of T. pallidum localizes to intercellular junctions and that viable T. pallidum, as well as a T. pallidum vascular adhesin (Tp0751), disrupts the architecture of the main endothelial junctional protein VE-cadherin. Intriguingly, in this study we show that T. pallidum traverses endothelial barriers with no disruption in barrier permeability. Furthermore, barrier traversal by T. pallidum is reduced by pretreatment of endothelial cells with filipin, an inhibitor that blocks cholesterol-mediated endocytosis. Collectively, these results suggest that T. pallidum can use a cholesterol-dependent, lipid raft-mediated endocytosis mechanism to traverse endothelial barriers. Further, treponemal localization to, and disruption of, intercellular junctions suggests that a paracellular route may also be utilized, a dual traversal strategy that has also been observed to occur for leukocytes and other invasive bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen V Lithgow
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Emily Tsao
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Ethan Schovanek
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Alloysius Gomez
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Leigh Anne Swayne
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Caroline E Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao Z, Shang X, Chen Y, Zheng Y, Huang W, Jiang H, Lv Q, Kong D, Jiang Y, Liu P. Bacteria elevate extracellular adenosine to exploit host signaling for blood-brain barrier disruption. Virulence 2021; 11:980-994. [PMID: 32772676 PMCID: PMC7549952 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1797352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis remains a substantial cause of mortality worldwide and survivors may have severe lifelong disability. Although we know that meningeal bacterial pathogens must cross blood-central nervous system (CNS) barriers, the mechanisms which facilitate the virulence of these pathogens are poorly understood. Here, we show that adenosine from a surface enzyme (Ssads) of Streptococcus suis facilitates this pathogen’s entry into mouse brains. Monolayer translocation assays (from the human cerebrovascular endothelium) and experiments using diverse inhibitors and agonists together demonstrate that activation of the A1 adenosine receptor signaling cascade in hosts, as well as attendant cytoskeleton remodeling, promote S. suis penetration across blood-CNS barriers. Importantly, our additional findings showing that Ssads orthologs from other bacterial species also promote their translocation across barriers suggest that exploitation of A1 AR signaling may be a general mechanism of bacterial virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zunquan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Xueyi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Decong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Giurdanella G, Longo A, Salerno L, Romeo G, Intagliata S, Lupo G, Distefano A, Platania CBM, Bucolo C, Li Volti G, Anfuso CD, Pittalà V. Glucose-impaired Corneal Re-epithelialization Is Promoted by a Novel Derivate of Dimethyl Fumarate. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060831. [PMID: 34067436 PMCID: PMC8224583 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose induces corneal epithelial dysfunctions characterized by delayed wound repair. Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mediates cell protection mechanisms even through the Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) up-regulation. Here, we synthesized new HO-1 inducers by modifying dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and used docking studies to select VP13/126 as a promising compound with the best binding energy to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (keap1), which is the the regulator of Nrf2 nuclear translocation. We verified if VP13/126 protects SIRC cells from hyperglycemia compared to DMF. SIRC were cultured in normal (5 mM) or high glucose (25 mM, HG) in presence of DMF (1–25 μM) or VP13/126 (0.1–5 μM) with or without ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (15 μM). VP13/126 was more effective than DMF in the prevention of HG-induced reduction of cell viability and proliferation. Reduction of wound closure induced by HG was similarly counteracted by 1 μM VP13/126 and 10 μM DMF. VP13/126 strongly increased phospho/total ERK1/2 and restored HO-1 protein in HG-treated SIRC; these effects are completely counteracted by PD98059. Moreover, high-content screening analysis showed a higher rate of Nrf2 nuclear translocation induced by VP13/126 than DMF in HG-stimulated SIRC. These data indicate that VP13/126 exerts remarkable pro-survival properties in HG-stimulated SIRC, promoting the Nrf2/HO-1 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Giurdanella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.); (G.L.); (A.D.); (G.L.V.)
| | - Anna Longo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.); (G.L.); (A.D.); (G.L.V.)
| | - Loredana Salerno
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (G.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Giuseppe Romeo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (G.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Sebastiano Intagliata
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (G.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Gabriella Lupo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.); (G.L.); (A.D.); (G.L.V.)
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology–CERFO, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Alfio Distefano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.); (G.L.); (A.D.); (G.L.V.)
| | - Chiara Bianca Maria Platania
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology–CERFO, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.); (G.L.); (A.D.); (G.L.V.)
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology–CERFO, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Carmelina Daniela Anfuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.); (G.L.); (A.D.); (G.L.V.)
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology–CERFO, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.D.A.); (V.P.); Tel.: +39-095-478-1170 (C.D.A.); +39-095-738-4269 (V.P.)
| | - Valeria Pittalà
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (G.R.); (S.I.)
- Correspondence: (C.D.A.); (V.P.); Tel.: +39-095-478-1170 (C.D.A.); +39-095-738-4269 (V.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities of Juglans regia L. Pellicle Extract. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020159. [PMID: 33557378 PMCID: PMC7915249 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The difficulty to treat resistant strains-related hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) promoted the study of phytoextracts, known sources of bioactive molecules. Accordingly, in the present study, the pharmacological activities of Juglans regia (L.) pellicle extract (WPE) were investigated. The antiviral effect was tested against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, Poliovirus 1, Adenovirus 2, Echovirus 9, Coxsackievirus B1 through the plaque reduction assay. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated against medically important strains, by the microdilution method. DPPH and superoxide dismutase (SOD)s-like activity assays were used to determine the antioxidant effect. Besides, the extract was screened for cytotoxicity on Caco-2, MCF-7, and HFF1 cell lines by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Interestingly, WPE inhibited Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) replication, bacterial and fungal growth. WPE showed free radical scavenging capacity and inhibited superoxide anion formation in a dose-dependent manner. These effects could be attributed to the high content of phenols and flavonoids, which were 0.377 ± 0.01 mg GE/g and 0.292 ± 0.08 mg CE/g, respectively. Moreover, WPE was able to reduce Caco-2 cell viability, at both 48 h and 72 h. The promising results encourage further studies aimed to better elucidate the role of WPE in the prevention of human infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Purinergic Regulation of Endothelial Barrier Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031207. [PMID: 33530557 PMCID: PMC7865261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased vascular permeability is a hallmark of several cardiovascular anomalies, including ischaemia/reperfusion injury and inflammation. During both ischaemia/reperfusion and inflammation, massive amounts of various nucleotides, particularly adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine, are released that can induce a plethora of signalling pathways via activation of several purinergic receptors and may affect endothelial barrier properties. The nature of the effects on endothelial barrier function may depend on the prevalence and type of purinergic receptors activated in a particular tissue. In this review, we discuss the influence of the activation of various purinergic receptors and downstream signalling pathways on vascular permeability during pathological conditions.
Collapse
|
16
|
Alves VS, Leite-Aguiar R, Silva JPD, Coutinho-Silva R, Savio LEB. Purinergic signaling in infectious diseases of the central nervous system. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:480-490. [PMID: 32717399 PMCID: PMC7378483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) has been increasing over the last several years. Among the reasons for the expansion of these diseases and the appearance of new neuropathogens are globalization, global warming, and the increased proximity between humans and wild animals due to human activities such as deforestation. Neurotropism affecting normal brain function is shared by organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Neuroinfections caused by these agents activate immune responses, inducing neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, and neurodegeneration. Purinergic signaling is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway associated with these neuropathologies. During neuroinfections, host cells release ATP as an extracellular danger signal with pro-inflammatory activities. ATP is metabolized to its derivatives by ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73; ATP and its metabolites modulate neuronal and immune mechanisms through P1 and P2 purinergic receptors that are involved in pathophysiological mechanisms of neuroinfections. In this review we discuss the beneficial or deleterious effects of various components of the purinergic signaling pathway in infectious diseases that affect the CNS, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, bacterial meningitis, sepsis, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, and malaria. We also provide a description of this signaling pathway in emerging viral infections with neurological implications such as Zika and SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Santos Alves
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Leite-Aguiar
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joyce Pereira da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Non-Typeable Haemophilus influenzae Invade Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells in a Polar Fashion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165739. [PMID: 32785145 PMCID: PMC7461124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is a pathogen of the human respiratory tract causing the majority of invasive H. influenzae infections. Severe invasive infections such as septicemia and meningitis occur rarely, but the lack of a protecting vaccine and the increasing antibiotic resistance of NTHI impede treatment and emphasize its relevance as a potential meningitis causing pathogen. Meningitis results from pathogens crossing blood-brain barriers and invading the immune privileged central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we addressed the potential of NTHI to enter the brain by invading cells of the choroid plexus (CP) prior to meningeal inflammation to enlighten NTHI pathophysiological mechanisms. A cell culture model of human CP epithelial cells, which form the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) in vivo, was used to analyze adhesion and invasion by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. NTHI invade CP cells in vitro in a polar fashion from the blood-facing side. Furthermore, NTHI invasion rates are increased compared to encapsulated HiB and HiF strains. Fimbriae occurrence attenuated adhesion and invasion. Thus, our findings underline the role of the BCSFB as a potential entry port for NTHI into the brain and provide strong evidence for a function of the CP during NTHI invasion into the CNS during the course of meningitis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Pursuing the Molecular Nexus Connecting Diabetes and the Associated Cognitive Impairments. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8614-8616. [PMID: 31666334 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1232-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
19
|
Virulence Factors of Meningitis-Causing Bacteria: Enabling Brain Entry across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215393. [PMID: 31671896 PMCID: PMC6862235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traversal of the barriers protecting the brain by pathogens is a prerequisite for the development of meningitis. Bacteria have developed a variety of different strategies to cross these barriers and reach the CNS. To this end, they use a variety of different virulence factors that enable them to attach to and traverse these barriers. These virulence factors mediate adhesion to and invasion into host cells, intracellular survival, induction of host cell signaling and inflammatory response, and affect barrier function. While some of these mechanisms differ, others are shared by multiple pathogens. Further understanding of these processes, with special emphasis on the difference between the blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, as well as virulence factors used by the pathogens, is still needed.
Collapse
|
20
|
Jiang J, Seel CJ, Temirak A, Namasivayam V, Arridu A, Schabikowski J, Baqi Y, Hinz S, Hockemeyer J, Müller CE. A 2B Adenosine Receptor Antagonists with Picomolar Potency. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4032-4055. [PMID: 30835463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) was proposed as a novel target for the (immuno)therapy of cancer since A2BAR blockade results in antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, and immunostimulatory effects. In this study, we explored the structure-activity relationships of xanthin-8-yl-benzenesulfonamides mainly by introducing a variety of linkers and substituents attached to the sulfonamide residue. A new, convergent strategy was established, which facilitated the synthesis of the target compounds. Many of the new compounds exhibited subnanomolar affinity for the A2BAR combined with high selectivity. Functional groups were introduced, which will allow the attachment of dyes and other reporter groups. 8-(4-((4-(4-Bromophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propylxanthine (34, PSB-1901) was the most potent A2B-antagonist ( Ki 0.0835 nM, KB 0.0598 nM, human A2BAR) with >10 000-fold selectivity versus all other AR subtypes. It was similarly potent and selective at the mouse A2BAR, making it a promising tool for preclinical studies. Computational studies predicted halogen bonding to contribute to the outstanding potency of 34.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Catharina Julia Seel
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Ahmed Temirak
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Antonella Arridu
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Jakub Schabikowski
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Younis Baqi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Sultan Qaboos University , P.O. Box 36, 123 Muscat , Oman
| | - Sonja Hinz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Jörg Hockemeyer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tudisco C, Cambria MT, Giuffrida AE, Sinatra F, Anfuso CD, Lupo G, Caporarello N, Falanga A, Galdiero S, Oliveri V, Satriano C, Condorelli GG. Comparison Between Folic Acid and gH625 Peptide-Based Functionalization of Fe 3O 4 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Cell Internalization. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:45. [PMID: 29417388 PMCID: PMC5803153 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A versatile synthetic route based on magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticle (MNP) prefunctionalization with a phosphonic acid monolayer has been used to covalently bind the gH625 peptide on the nanoparticle surface. gH625 is a membranotropic peptide capable of easily crossing the membranes of various cells including the typical human blood-brain barrier components. A similar synthetic route was used to prepare another class of MNPs having a functional coating based on PEG, rhodamine, and folic acid, a well-known target molecule, to compare the performance of the two cell-penetrating systems (i.e., gH625 and folic acid). Our results demonstrate that the uptake of gH625-decorated MNPs in immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cells after 24 h is more evident compared to folic acid-functionalized MNPs as evidenced by confocal laser scanning microscopy. On the other hand, both functionalized systems proved capable of being internalized in a brain tumor cell line (i.e., glioblastoma A-172). These findings indicate that the functionalization of MNPs with gH625 improves their endothelial cell internalization, suggesting a viable strategy in designing functional nanostructures capable of first crossing the BBB and, then, of reaching specific tumor brain cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Tudisco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
- INSTM UdR di Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - M T Cambria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Università di Catania, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - A E Giuffrida
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
- INSTM UdR di Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - F Sinatra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Università di Catania, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - C D Anfuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Università di Catania, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - G Lupo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Università di Catania, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - N Caporarello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, Università di Catania, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - A Falanga
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - S Galdiero
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - V Oliveri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - C Satriano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - G G Condorelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy.
- INSTM UdR di Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|