HDAC3 Downregulation Improves Cerebral Ischemic Injury via Regulation of the SDC1-Dependent JAK1/STAT3 Signaling Pathway Through miR-19a Upregulation

Gene expression profiling of venous malformations identifies the role of SDC1 in venous endothelial cells

Objective

To obtain insight into the molecular process implicated in venous malformations (VMs) and identify potential targets for treatment of VMs, this study profiled the gene expression pattern in VMs, investigated alterations of syndecan-1 (SDC1) expression in VMs, and tested the hypothesis that aberrant SDC1 expression triggers abnormal angiogenesis and VM development.

Methods

Microarray analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on a transcriptome-wide level in VMs and conjunctive normal. Gene Ontology molecular functional analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were carried out to establish enhancement of biological signaling pathways involved in VMs. Among the DEGs, we focused on SDC1, which is involved in matrix remodeling, cell proliferation and invasion, and angiogenesis. SDC1 expression in VMs was verified by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Loss-of-function of SDC1 was achieved in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by siRNA to investigate the roles of SDC1 in cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis.

Results

Compared with control tissue, the transcriptome study identified 274 upregulated DEGs and 3 downregulated DEGs. The transcript and protein levels of SDC1 were significantly decreased in VMs compared with normal tissue. Inhibition of SDC1 enhanced HUVEC migration, invasion, and angiogenesis.

Conclusion

Our genome-wide microarray analysis suggests the involvement of numerous genes in VMs. Among them, SDC1 plays a substantial role in the process of angiogenesis and development of VMs. SDC1 may represent a potential target for a molecular therapy for VMs.

The role of the glypican and syndecan families of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cardiovascular function and disease

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are proteoglycans formed by a core protein to which one or multiple heparan sulfate chains are covalently bound. They are ubiquitously expressed in cellular surfaces and can be found in the extracellular matrix and secretory vesicles. The cellular effects of HSPGs comprehend multiple functionalities that include 1) the interaction with other membrane surface proteins to act as a substrate for cellular migration, 2) acting as a binding site for circulating molecules, 3) to have a receptor role for proteases, 4) to act as a coreceptor that can provide finetuning of growth factor receptor activity threshold, and 5) to activate intracellular signaling pathways (Sarrazin S, Lamanna WC, Esko JD. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 3: a004952, 2011). Among the different families of HSPGs, the syndecan and glypican families of HSPGs have gained increased attention in relation to their effects on cardiovascular cells and potential role in disease progression. In this review, we will summarize the effects of syndecan and glypican homologs on the different cardiovascular cell types and discuss their contribution to common processes found in cardiovascular diseases (inflammation, hypertrophy, and vascular remodeling) as well as their potential role in the development and progression of specific diseases including hypertension, heart failure, and atherosclerosis.

Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Rescue Tendon Injury in Rat via the miR-19 a/IGFBP3 Axis

Purpose

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are increasingly applied in tendon repair. However, the underlying mechanisms of ADSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in tendon healing are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of the EVs secreted by ADSCs on the recovery of tendon injuries and its potential mechanism.

Materials and Methods

We injected ADSCs into the injured tendon, followed by the evaluation of the tissue morphology, tenocyte proliferation, and oxidative stress. Then, the injured tenocytes were treated with EVs secreted by ADSCs, and oxidative stress and proliferation of tenocytes in vitro were detected. After the overexpression and knockdown of miR-19a and its target protein IGFBP3, the oxidative stress and proliferation of tenocytes in vitro were assessed. Finally, the injured tendon was treated with EVs, and the tissue morphology and proliferation of the injured tendon in vivo were examined.

Results

ADSC-derived EVs were found to inhibit oxidative stress and promote proliferation of tenocytes isolated from an injury model of rats. EVs were shown to carry miR-19a which regulated the expression of IGFBP3 through binding to 3'UTR of IGFBP3 mRNA. In addition, IGFBP3 promotes oxidative stress and inhibits proliferation of tenocytes. Finally, we found that ADSC-derived EVs promoted tendon wound healing in vivo.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that treatment with ADSC-derived EVs ameliorates tendon injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and promoting proliferation in tenocytes. miR-19a carried by ADSC-derived EVs regulates IGFBP3 expression through binding to its 3'UTR.

miRNA Involvement in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury is a debilitating medical condition, currently with only a limited amount of therapies aimed at protecting the cerebral parenchyma. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that via the RNA-induced silencing complex either degrade or prevent target messenger RNAs from being translated and thus, can modulate the synthesis of target proteins. In the neurological field, miRNAs have been evaluated as potential regulators in brain development processes and pathological events. Following ischemic hypoxic stress, the cellular and molecular events initiated dysregulate different miRNAs, responsible for long-terming progression and extension of neuronal damage. Because of their ability to regulate the synthesis of target proteins, miRNAs emerge as a possible therapeutic strategy in limiting the neuronal damage following a cerebral ischemic event. This review aims to summarize the recent literature evidence of the miRNAs involved in signaling and modulating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries, thus pointing their potential in limiting neuronal damage and repair mechanisms. An in-depth overview of the molecular pathways involved in ischemia reperfusion injury and the involvement of specific miRNAs, could provide future perspectives in the development of neuroprotective agents targeting these specific miRNAs.

MiRNA-34c-5p protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury: involvement of anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known as important regulators of gene expression and play important roles in diverse biological activities. However, the involvement of miRNAs in cerebral ischemia remains elusive. In the present study, using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/RP)-induced cell injury model, we found that the expression levels of miR-34c-5p were significantly reduced in MCAO rats and OGD/RP cells. Overexpression of miR-34c-5p could improve the increased brain infarction, brain water content and neurological scores in MCAO rats, as well as the abnormal expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, iNOS, IL-10) in OGD/RP cells. Moreover, overexpression of miR-34c-5p was found to inhibit the activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) by regulating the expression of nuclear receptor coactivator 1 (NCOA1), and increase the apoptotic rate of cortical neurons by inhibiting the expression of Caspase-3 and Bax and upregulating the expression of Bcl-2. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that miR-34c-5p plays an important role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, which may be mediated through inflammatory and apoptotic signaling pathways.