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Wang K, Liu XY, Liu SF, Wang XX, Wei YH, Zhu JR, Liu J, Xu XQ, Wen L. Rbm24/Notch1 signaling regulates adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and mediates Parkinson-associated olfactory dysfunction. Theranostics 2024; 14:4499-4518. [PMID: 39113792 PMCID: PMC11303084 DOI: 10.7150/thno.96045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) is essential for maintaining neural homeostasis, and its dysregulation contributes to anosmia and delayed tissue healing in neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite intricate regulatory networks identified in SVZ neurogenesis, the molecular mechanisms dynamically maintaining neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in response to physiological and pathological stimuli remain incompletely elucidated. Methods: We generated an RNA binding motif protein 24 (Rbm24) knockout model to investigate its impact on adult neurogenesis in the SVZ, employing immunofluorescence, immunoblot, electrophysiology, RNA-sequencing, and in vitro experiments. Further investigations utilized a PD mouse model, along with genetic and pharmacological manipulations, to elucidate Rbm24 involvement in PD pathology. Results: Rbm24, a multifaceted post-transcriptional regulator of cellular homeostasis, exhibited broad expression in the SVZ from development to aging. Deletion of Rbm24 significantly impaired NSPC proliferation in the adult SVZ, ultimately resulting in collapsed neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. Notably, Rbm24 played a specific role in maintaining Notch1 mRNA stability in adult NSPCs. The Rbm24/Notch1 signaling axis was significantly downregulated in the SVZ of PD mice. Remarkably, overexpression of Rbm24 rescued disruption of adult neurogenesis and olfactory dysfunction in PD mice, and these effects were hindered by DAPT, a potent inhibitor of Notch1. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the critical role of the Rbm24/Notch1 signaling axis in regulating adult SVZ neurogenesis under physiological and pathological circumstances. This provides valuable insights into the dynamic regulation of NSPC homeostasis and offers a potential targeted intervention for PD and related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
- Center for Brain Sciences, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
| | - Xing-Yang Liu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
- Center for Brain Sciences, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
| | - Sui-Feng Liu
- Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Wang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
| | - Yi-Hua Wei
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
- Center for Brain Sciences, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
| | - Jun-Rong Zhu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
- Center for Brain Sciences, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
| | - Xiu Qin Xu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
- Center for Brain Sciences, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
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Itokazu Y, Ariga T, Fuchigami T, Li D. Gangliosides in neural stem cell fate determination and nerve cell specification--preparation and administration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.09.598109. [PMID: 38915682 PMCID: PMC11195043 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.09.598109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Gangliosides are sialylated glycosphingolipids with essential but enigmatic functions in healthy and disease brains. GD3 is the predominant species in neural stem cells (NSCs) and GD3-synthase (sialyltransferase II; St8Sia1) knockout (GD3S-KO) revealed reduction of postnatal NSC pools with severe behavioral deficits including cognitive impairment, depression-like phenotypes, and olfactory dysfunction. Exogenous administration of GD3 significantly restored the NSC pools and enhanced the stemness of NSCs with multipotency and self-renewal, followed by restored neuronal functions. Our group discovered that GD3 is involved in the maintenance of NSC fate determination by interacting with epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs), by modulating expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p27 and p21, and by regulating mitochondrial dynamics via associating a mitochondrial fission protein, the dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1). Furthermore, we discovered that nuclear GM1 promotes neuronal differentiation by an epigenetic regulatory mechanism. GM1 binds with acetylated histones on the promoter of N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAcT; GM2 synthase (GM2S); B4galnt1) as well as on the NeuroD1 in differentiated neurons. In addition, epigenetic activation of the GM2S gene was detected as accompanied by an apparent induction of neuronal differentiation in NSCs responding to an exogenous supplement of GM1. Interestingly, GM1 induced epigenetic activation of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene, with recruitment of Nurr1 and PITX3, dopaminergic neuron-associated transcription factors, to the TH promoter region. In this way, GM1 epigenetically regulates dopaminergic neuron specific gene expression, and it would modify Parkinson's disease. Multifunctional gangliosides significantly modulate lipid microdomains to regulate functions of important molecules on multiple sites: the plasma membrane, mitochondrial membrane, and nuclear membrane. Versatile gangliosides regulate functional neurons as well as sustain NSC functions via modulating protein and gene activities on ganglioside microdomains. Maintaining proper ganglioside microdomains benefits healthy neuronal development and millions of senior citizens with neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we introduce how to isolate GD3 and GM1 and how to administer them into the mouse brain to investigate their functions on NSC fate determination and nerve cell specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Itokazu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta 30912, Georgia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta 30912, Georgia, USA
- Y.I. and T.A. contributed equally to this work
| | - Toshio Ariga
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta 30912, Georgia, USA
- Y.I. and T.A. contributed equally to this work
| | - Takahiro Fuchigami
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta 30912, Georgia, USA
- Departmet of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Dongpei Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta 30912, Georgia, USA
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Wu Z, Ren Z, Gao R, Sun K, Sun F, Liu T, Zheng S, Wang W, Zhang G. Impact of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation at different frequencies on neurogenesis in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30730. [PMID: 38784548 PMCID: PMC11112288 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis, play a vital role in neuronal plasticity of adult mammalian brains, and its dysregulation is present in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). While subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) at various frequencies has been proven effective in alleviating PD symptoms, its influence on neurogenesis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 1-week electrical stimulation at frequencies of 60Hz, 130Hz, and 180Hz on neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of PD rats. A hemiparkinsonian rat model was established using 6-hydroxydopamine and categorized into six groups: control, PD, sham stimulation, 60Hz stimulation, 130Hz stimulation, and 180Hz stimulation. Motor function was assessed using the open field test and rotarod test after one week of STN-DBS at different frequencies. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in brain tissue was analyzed via Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Immunofluorescence analysis was conducted to evaluate the expression of BrdU/Sox2, BrdU/GFAP, Ki67/GFAP, and BrdU/DCX in bilateral SVZ and the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Our findings revealed that high-frequency STN-DBS improved motor function. Specifically, stimulation at 130Hz increased dopaminergic neuron survival in the PD rat model, while significantly enhancing the proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and neuroblasts in bilateral SVZ. Moreover, this stimulation effectively facilitated the generation of new NSCs in the ipsilateral RMS and triggered the emergence of fresh neuroblasts in bilateral RMS, with notable presence within the lesioned striatum. Conversely, electrical stimulation at 60Hz and 180Hz did not exhibit comparable effects. The observed promotion of neurogenesis in PD rats following STN-DBS provides valuable insights into the mechanistic basis of this therapeutic approach for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Ren
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Runshi Gao
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Functional Neurosurgery Department, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Fangling Sun
- Department of Experimental Animal Laboratory, Xuan-Wu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Experimental Animal Laboratory, Xuan-Wu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Songyang Zheng
- Department of Experimental Animal Laboratory, Xuan-Wu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Experimental Animal Laboratory, Xuan-Wu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Functional Neurosurgery Department, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
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Itokazu Y, Terry AV. Potential roles of gangliosides in chemical-induced neurodegenerative diseases and mental health disorders. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1391413. [PMID: 38711942 PMCID: PMC11070511 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1391413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Itokazu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Alvin V. Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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Inci OK, Basırlı H, Can M, Yanbul S, Seyrantepe V. Gangliosides as Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Lipids 2024; 2024:4530255. [PMID: 38623278 PMCID: PMC11018381 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4530255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides, sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, are abundant in cell membranes and primarily involved in controlling cell signaling and cell communication. The altered ganglioside pattern has been demonstrated in several neurodegenerative diseases, characterized during early-onset or infancy, emphasizing the significance of gangliosides in the brain. Enzymes required for the biosynthesis of gangliosides are linked to several devastating neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). In this review, we summarized not only the critical roles of biosynthetic enzymes and their inhibitors in ganglioside metabolism but also the efficacy of treatment strategies of ganglioside to address their significance in those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Kerim Inci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce Campus, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Hande Basırlı
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce Campus, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Melike Can
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce Campus, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Selman Yanbul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce Campus, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Volkan Seyrantepe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce Campus, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
- Izmir Institute of Technology, IYTEDEHAM, Gulbahce Campus, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
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Itokazu Y. Multifunctional glycolipids as multi-targeting therapeutics for neural regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:707-708. [PMID: 37843195 PMCID: PMC10664132 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Itokazu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Huang Q, Chen X, Yu S, Gong G, Shu H. Research progress in brain-targeted nasal drug delivery. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 15:1341295. [PMID: 38298925 PMCID: PMC10828028 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1341295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique anatomical and physiological connections between the nasal cavity and brain provide a pathway for bypassing the blood-brain barrier to allow for direct brain-targeted drug delivery through nasal administration. There are several advantages of nasal administration compared with other routes; for example, the first-pass effect that leads to the metabolism of orally administered drugs can be bypassed, and the poor compliance associated with injections can be minimized. Nasal administration can also help maximize brain-targeted drug delivery, allowing for high pharmacological activity at lower drug dosages, thereby minimizing the likelihood of adverse effects and providing a highly promising drug delivery pathway for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. The aim of this review article was to briefly describe the physiological structures of the nasal cavity and brain, the pathways through which drugs can enter the brain through the nose, the factors affecting brain-targeted nasal drug delivery, methods to improve brain-targeted nasal drug delivery systems through the application of related biomaterials, common experimental methods used in intranasal drug delivery research, and the current limitations of such approaches, providing a solid foundation for further in-depth research on intranasal brain-targeted drug delivery systems (see Graphical Abstract).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Sixun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Gu Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Haifeng Shu
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
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Fuchigami T, Itokazu Y, Yu RK. Ganglioside GD3 regulates neural stem cell quiescence and controls postnatal neurogenesis. Glia 2024; 72:167-183. [PMID: 37667994 PMCID: PMC10840680 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal neural stem cell (NSC) pool hosts quiescent and activated radial glia-like NSCs contributing to neurogenesis throughout adulthood. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism during the transition from quiescent NSCs to activated NSCs in the postnatal NSC niche is not fully understood. Lipid metabolism and lipid composition play important roles in regulating NSC fate determination. Biological lipid membranes define the individual cellular shape and help maintain cellular organization and are highly heterogeneous in structure and there exist diverse microdomains (also known as lipid rafts), which are enriched with sugar molecules, such as glycosphingolipids. An often overlooked but key aspect is that the functional activities of proteins and genes are highly dependent on their molecular environments. We previously reported that ganglioside GD3 is the predominant species in NSCs and that the reduced postnatal NSC pools are observed in global GD3-synthase knockout (GD3S-KO) mouse brains. The specific roles of GD3 in determining the stage and cell-lineage determination of NSCs remain unclear, since global GD3S-KO mice cannot distinguish if GD3 regulates postnatal neurogenesis or developmental impacts. Here, we show that inducible GD3 deletion in postnatal radial glia-like NSCs promotes NSC activation, resulting in the loss of the long-term maintenance of the adult NSC pools. The reduced neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of GD3S-conditional-knockout mice led to the impaired olfactory and memory functions. Thus, our results provide convincing evidence that postnatal GD3 maintains the quiescent state of radial glia-like NSCs in the adult NSC niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Fuchigami
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yutaka Itokazu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Robert K. Yu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Wang D, Qu S, Zhang Z, Tan L, Chen X, Zhong HJ, Chong CM. Strategies targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress to improve Parkinson's disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1288894. [PMID: 38026955 PMCID: PMC10667558 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1288894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms, which is caused by the progressive death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Accumulating evidence shows that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurring in the SNpc DA neurons is an early event in the development of PD. ER stress triggers the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) to reduce stress and restore ER function. However, excessive and continuous ER stress and UPR exacerbate the risk of DA neuron death through crosstalk with other PD events. Thus, ER stress is considered a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of PD. Various strategies targeting ER stress through the modulation of UPR signaling, the increase of ER's protein folding ability, and the enhancement of protein degradation are developed to alleviate neuronal death in PD models. In this review, we summarize the pathological role of ER stress in PD and update the strategies targeting ER stress to improve ER protein homeostasis and PD-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shuhui Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hai-Jing Zhong
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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