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Castro SJ, Padrón JM, Darses B, Nicotra VE, Dauban P. Late‐stage Rh(II)‐catalyzed Nitrene Transfer for the Synthesis of Guaianolide Analogs with Enhanced Antiproliferative Activity. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián J. Castro
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud Université Paris-Saclay Av. de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET) Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Casilla de Correo 495 5000 Córdoba Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET) Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Casilla de Correo 495 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - José M. Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (IUBO-AG) Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - Benjamin Darses
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud Université Paris-Saclay Av. de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Viviana E. Nicotra
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET) Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Casilla de Correo 495 5000 Córdoba Argentina
| | - Philippe Dauban
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud Université Paris-Saclay Av. de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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Begines P, Sevilla-Horrillo L, Puerta A, Puckett R, Bayort S, Lagunes I, Maya I, Padrón JM, López Ó, Fernández-Bolaños JG. Masked Phenolic-Selenium Conjugates: Potent and Selective Antiproliferative Agents Overcoming P-gp Resistance. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110358. [PMID: 33142908 PMCID: PMC7692337 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer accounts for one of the most complex diseases nowadays due to its multifactorial nature. Despite the vast number of cytotoxic agents developed so far, good therapeutic approaches are not always reached. In recent years, multitarget drugs are gaining great attention against multifactorial diseases in contraposition to polypharmacy. Herein we have accomplished the conjugation of phenolic derivatives with an ample number of organochalcogen motifs with the aim of developing novel antiproliferative agents. Their antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties (against six tumour and one non-tumour cell lines) were analysed. Moreover, in order to predict P-gp-mediated chemoresistance, the P-glycoprotein assay was also conducted in order to determine whether compounds prepared herein could behave as substrates of that glycoprotein. Selenium derivatives were found to be significantly stronger antiproliferative agents than their sulfur isosters. Moreover, the length and the nature of the tether, together with the nature of the organoselenium scaffold were also found to be crucial features in the observed bioactivities. The lead compound, bearing a methylenedioxyphenyl moiety, and a diselenide functionality, showed a good activity (GI50 = 0.88‒2.0 µM) and selectivity towards tumour cell lines (selectivity index: 14‒32); moreover, compounds considered herein were not substrates for the P-gp efflux pump, thus avoiding the development of chemoresistance coming from such mechanism, commonly found for widely-used chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Begines
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain; (P.B.); (S.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Lucía Sevilla-Horrillo
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain; (L.S.-H.); (R.P.)
| | - Adrián Puerta
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, c/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain; (A.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Rebecca Puckett
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain; (L.S.-H.); (R.P.)
| | - Samuel Bayort
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain; (P.B.); (S.B.); (I.M.)
| | - Irene Lagunes
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, c/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain; (A.P.); (I.L.)
| | - Inés Maya
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain; (P.B.); (S.B.); (I.M.)
| | - José M. Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, c/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain; (A.P.); (I.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.P.); (Ó.L.); (J.G.F.-B.); Tel.: +34-922-316-502 (J.M.P.) ext. 6126; +34-954-559-997 (Ó.L.); +34-954-550-996 (J.G.F.-B.)
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain; (P.B.); (S.B.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.P.); (Ó.L.); (J.G.F.-B.); Tel.: +34-922-316-502 (J.M.P.) ext. 6126; +34-954-559-997 (Ó.L.); +34-954-550-996 (J.G.F.-B.)
| | - José G. Fernández-Bolaños
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071 Seville, Spain; (P.B.); (S.B.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.P.); (Ó.L.); (J.G.F.-B.); Tel.: +34-922-316-502 (J.M.P.) ext. 6126; +34-954-559-997 (Ó.L.); +34-954-550-996 (J.G.F.-B.)
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Cortés-Percino A, Vega-Báez JL, Romero-López A, Puerta A, Merino-Montiel P, Meza-Reyes S, Padrón JM, Montiel-Smith S. Synthesis and Evaluation of Pyrimidine Steroids as Antiproliferative Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203676. [PMID: 31614780 PMCID: PMC6832952 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A small and focused library of steroidal non-fused and fused pyrimidines was prepared from pregnenolone acetate and diosgenin, respectively. The key step was the cycloaddition reaction of nitrogen-containing 1,3-binucleophiles with the steroidal α,β-unsaturated ketone. Urea, thiourea and guanidine reacted in a similar manner and afforded the steroidal pyrimidines in good yields. The antiproliferative tests against human tumor cell lines gave GI50 values in the micromolar range and had no effect on healthy fibroblasts. Additional experiments indicated that the compounds did not act as P-glycoprotein substrates, thus avoiding the rise of drug resistance. The fused steroidal pyrimidinethione was selected as drug lead for further testing due to its strong antiproliferative activities within the low micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Cortés-Percino
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico.
| | - José Luis Vega-Báez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico.
| | - Anabel Romero-López
- Instituto de Física "Luis Rivera Terrazas" Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Ecocampus Valsequillo, 72960 San Pedro Zacachimalpa, Pue., Mexico.
| | - Adrián Puerta
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, c/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Penélope Merino-Montiel
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico.
| | - Socorro Meza-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico.
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, c/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Sara Montiel-Smith
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico.
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Lagunes I, Begines P, Silva A, Galán AR, Puerta A, Fernandes MX, Maya I, Fernández-Bolaños JG, López Ó, Padrón JM. Selenocoumarins as new multitarget antiproliferative agents: Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico calculations. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:493-501. [PMID: 31271961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a straightforward preparation of new antiproliferative agents based on the hybridization of a coumarin skeleton and an organoselenium motif. Three families were obtained: isoselenocyanate, selenocarbamates and selenoureas. The main purpose of these hybrid structures is the development of new antiproliferative agents with a multitarget mode of action. A strong correlation between the nature of the organosenium scaffold and the antiproliferative activity was observed. Thus, whereas selenocarbamates proved to be inactive, or moderate antiproliferative agents, isoselenocyanate and most of the selenoureas behaved as strong antiproliferative agents, with GI50 values within the low micromolar range. Interestingly, a good selectivity toward tumor cell lines was found for some of the compounds. Moreover, an increase in the ROS level was observed for tumor cells, and accordingly, these pro-oxidant species might be involved in their mode of action. Overall, title compounds were found not to be substrates for P-glycoprotein, which is overexpressed in many cancer cells as a way of detoxification, and thus, to develop drug resistance. In silico calculations revealed that the selenoderivatives prepared herein might undergo a strong interaction with the active site of HDAC8, and therefore, be potential inhibitors of histone deacetylase 8. In vitro assessment against HDAC8 revealed a strong inhibition of such enzyme exerted by selenoureas, particularly by symmetrical coumarin-containing selenourea. Two compounds showed good antiproliferative data and appear as plausible leads for further testings. The symmetrical coumarin 6 displays the best in vitro inhibition of HDAC8, but is affected by P-gp. In contrast, the N-butyl selenourea coumarin derivative 5a escapes P-gp resistance but has lower HDAC8 inhibition activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lagunes
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Apartado 456, E-38071, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Paloma Begines
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Adrián Silva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alexis R Galán
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Apartado 456, E-38071, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Adrián Puerta
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Apartado 456, E-38071, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Miguel X Fernandes
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Apartado 456, E-38071, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Inés Maya
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José G Fernández-Bolaños
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1203, E-41071, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Apartado 456, E-38071, La Laguna, Spain.
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5
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Castro SJ, Casero CN, Padrón JM, Nicotra VE. Selective Antiproliferative Withanolides from Species in the Genera Eriolarynx and Deprea. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1338-1344. [PMID: 31070367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Four new withanolides (2-5), together with 4β,7β,20-trihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,5,24-trienolide (1), were isolated from the aerial parts of Eriolarynx iochromoides. The antiproliferative activity of all compounds purified from E. iochromoides together with four withaphysalins and four physangulidines isolated previously from three Deprea species were evaluated against human solid tumor cell lines. Four withanolides showed antiproliferative activity comparable in potency to cisplatin. Selectivity toward cancer cells and interaction with P-glycoprotein of the active withanolides were evaluated.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/drug effects
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Humans
- Molecular Structure
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry
- Solanaceae/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Withanolides/isolation & purification
- Withanolides/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián J Castro
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET) , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Casilla de Correo 495 , 5000 Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Carina N Casero
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET) , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Casilla de Correo 495 , 5000 Córdoba , Argentina
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN) , Universidad de La Laguna , C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2 , 38206 La Laguna , Spain
| | - Viviana E Nicotra
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET) , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Casilla de Correo 495 , 5000 Córdoba , Argentina
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Zhang C, Gong P, Liu P, Zhou N, Zhou Y, Wang Y. Thioridazine elicits potent antitumor effects in colorectal cancer stem cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:1168-1174. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Li H, Juan L, Xia L, Wang Y, Bao Y, Sun G. Thioridazine Sensitizes Esophageal Carcinoma Cell Lines to Radiotherapy-Induced Apoptosis In Vitro and In Vivo. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2624-34. [PMID: 27453171 PMCID: PMC4970441 DOI: 10.12659/msm.899950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is one of the primary treatments for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Identification of novel radio-sensitizing agents will improve the therapeutic outcome of radiotherapy. This study aimed to determine the radio-sensitizing effect of the antipsychotic agent thioridazine in ESCC and explored the underlying mechanisms. Material/Methods ECA-109 and TE-1 ESCC cells were treated with thioridazine and radiotherapy alone and in combination. Cell survival was measured by MTT assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were monitored by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was used to analyze the expression of phospho-PI3K, phosphor-AKT, phospho-mTOR, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax, Bcl-2, Bal-xl, Bak, and p53. The xenograft mouse model was used to study the in vivo anticancer effect of thioridazine and irradiation. Results Combined treatment with thioridazine and irradiation significantly reduced viability of ESCC cells compared with thioridazine or irradiation treatment alone. Thioridazine and irradiation treatment induced G0/G1 phases cell cycle arrest through down-regulation of CDK4 and cyclinD1. In addition, thioridazine and irradiation treatment induced apoptosis through up-regulation of cleaved capase-3 and 9, as well as an increase in the expression of Bax and Bak and a decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. Furthermore, thioridazine and irradiation treatment inhibited the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and up-regulated the expression of p53. In xenograft mice, thioridazine and irradiation reduced ESCC tumor growth. Conclusions Thioridazine sensitizes ESCC cells to radiotherapy. Thioridazine may play a role in ESCC radiation therapy as a promising radiosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Li Juan
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Leiming Xia
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yangyi Bao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Guoping Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
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Mu J, Xu H, Yang Y, Huang W, Xiao J, Li M, Tan Z, Ding Q, Zhang L, Lu J, Wu X, Liu Y. Thioridazine, an antipsychotic drug, elicits potent antitumor effects in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2107-14. [PMID: 24604290 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioridazine, an antipsychotic drug, has been reported to induce apoptosis in various types of cancer cells, with specificity on targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, whether it elicits anticancer effects in gastric cancer has never been reported. In the present study, we examined the ability of thioridazine to induce cell death in the gastric cancer cell lines NCI-N87 and AGS, and detected its in vivo tumor inhibition capacity. Thioridazine elicited cytotoxic effects on NCI-N87 and AGS cells in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibited the colony formation abilitiy of the NCI-N87 and AGS cells. Thioridazine treatment induced nuclear fragmentation, increased the proportion of sub-G1 phase cells, and elevated the percentage of Annexin V-positive cells, suggesting the occurrence of apoptosis. Moreover, thioridazine induced gastric cancer cell apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner, as shown by a decrease in the precursors of casapse-9, caspase-8 and caspase-3, and by the ability of the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK to reverse the cytotoxic effect of thioridazine. JC-1 staining further revealed that thioridazine induced gastric cancer cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. In addition, thioridazine pretreatment inhibited the growth of NCI-N87 cell-derived tumors. The present study demonstrated that the antipsychotic drug thioridazine possesses anti-gastric cancer ability through in vitro and in vivo experiments, suggesting thioridazine as a potential drug in gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Mu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University school of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Haineng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Weidan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xiao
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R. China
| | - Maolan Li
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University school of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhujun Tan
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University school of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Qichen Ding
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University school of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University school of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Lu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University school of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Xiangsong Wu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University school of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University school of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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