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Raina A, Tantray YR, Khan S. Assessment of Bio-physiological damages and cytological aberrations in cowpea varieties treated with gamma rays and sodium azide. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288590. [PMID: 37471405 PMCID: PMC10358960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of mutagen induced biological damage forms an important study in determining the mutagenic potency and genotypic sensitivity, a vital aspect in mutation breeding programs. A prior assessment of lethal dose (LD50), mutagen induced biological damage (alterations in bio-physiological traits and frequency of cytological aberrations) is a prerequisite for determining an optimum mutagen dose in a successful mutation breeding experiment. Therefore, in a multi-year project of mutation breeding, two widely cultivated varieties of cowpea viz., Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, were treated with gamma (γ) rays and sodium azide (SA) doses. The results reflected a proportionate increase in bio-physiological damages with the increase in mutagenic doses and caused a substantial reduction in mean seed germination and seedling height. Different cytological aberrations such as cytomixis, univalents, chromosome stickiness, precocious separation, unequal separation, bridges, laggards, disturbed polarity, dyads, triads, and polyads were observed in both varieties. All the mutagen doses induced a broader spectrum of cytological aberrations with varying frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Raina
- Mutation Breeding Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- Botany Section, Women's College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | - Samiullah Khan
- Mutation Breeding Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Siddiqui S, Alrumman SA. Methomyl, imbraclaobrid and clethodim induced cytomixis and syncytes behaviors in PMCs of Pisum sativum L: Causes and outcomes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103390. [PMID: 35935105 PMCID: PMC9352543 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomixis is a common phenomenon observed in meiotic cells such as anther which is influenced by various factors. Use of pesticides is a common practice in agriculture. However, it is not known whether pesticides can induce cytomixis in plant cells and induce genetic variation. To understand this, the present study was planned to assess the cytomixis and syncytes behaviors in PMCs of Pisum sativum L. Seeds of P. sativum (Family: Fabaceae) were treated with different concentrations of commonly used pesticides methomyl (ME), imbraclaobrid (IM) and clethodim (CL). Seeds were treated with various concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% of ME, IM and CL prepared in water) for 1 and 3 h. Effect of pesticides on pollen fertility, frequency of cytomixis, and kind of cytomixis cells was assessed. In the cytomixis cells, the cytomictic channel (CC) and direct fusion (DF), and various stages of meiosis (PI, MI, AI and TI) with cytomixis cells were observed. In addition, frequency of syncytes cell and their various stages of meiosis I (PI, MI, AI and TI) in pollen mother cells (PMCs) was assessed. During the microsporogenesis in P. sativum, the occurrence of cytomixis and syncytes at various stages of meiosis I were seen. The formation of cytoplasmic channels and direct fusing of pollen mother cells (PMCs) were both seen to cause cytomixis, with the former being more common than the latter. The percentage of PMCs with cytomixis and syncytes cells increased with increase in the concentration of pesticides. The result of the present investigation indicates that commonly used pesticides ME, IM, and CL have a significant effect on pollen fertility, frequency of cytomixis, and kind of cytomixis cells, the cytomictic channel (CC) and direct fusion (DF), in addition, frequency of syncytes cell and their various stages of meiosis I (PI, MI, AI and TI) in pollen mother cells (PMCs) on P. sativum.
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Mursalimov S, Ohno N, Deineko E. Intercellular nuclear migration in cryofixed tobacco male meiocytes. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1371-1376. [PMID: 34812933 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01725-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, intercellular nuclear migration (INM), also known as cytomixis, was documented in cryofixed plant meiocytes for the first time. Intact tobacco inflorescences and flower buds as well as dissected individual anthers were cryofixed in liquid nitrogen by plunge freezing. Cryosubstituted and cryosectioned male meiocytes were analyzed by light microscopy. For cryosubstitution, the frozen material was kept in acetic alcohol at - 70 °C for 1 week. For cryosectioning, the frozen material was sectioned at - 20 °C, and fixed with precooled acetic alcohol. Fixation of the intact tobacco inflorescences in Carnoy's solution was used as a control. Microscopy revealed good preservation of cell structure in the cryofixed anthers, flower buds, and inflorescences. INM was detectable in all the studied cryofixed and chemically fixed samples. The cytological picture of INM observed in the cryofixed meiocytes did not noticeably differ from the picture obtained with the chemically fixed cells. These results indicate that INM is observable irrespective of whether a physical or chemical fixation method is employed, with minimal damage from handling. Our results contradict the notion that INM is a phenomenon caused by mechanical, osmotic, or chemical artifacts during sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Mursalimov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Elena Deineko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Kumar G, Bhardwaj M. Gamma Rays Induced Cytomictic Variations in Pollen Mother Cells of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) L. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chromosome numbers and meiotic behavior in some species of Asteraceae from high altitudinal regions of Kashmir Himalayas. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC BIODIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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6
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Chi X, Zhang F, Gao Q, Xing R, Chen S. A Review on the Ethnomedicinal Usage, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Properties of Gentianeae (Gentianaceae) in Tibetan Medicine. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2383. [PMID: 34834747 PMCID: PMC8620629 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gentianaceae is a large plant family and is distributed worldwide. As the largest tribe in Gentianaceae, Gentianeae contains 939-968 species, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent areas are the main centers of diversity for Gentianeae. Species from the Gentianeae are widely used in traditional Tibetan medicine. In this review, a systematic and constructive overview of the information on botany, ethnomedicinal usage, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Gentianeae in Tibetan medicine is provided. The results of this study are based on a literature search, including electronic databases, books, websites, papers, and conference proceedings. Botanical studies showed that Gentianeae includes the subtribe Gentianeae and Swertiinae, and several new genera and taxa have been identified. Approximately 83 species from Gentianeae were used in Tibetan medicine, among which Gentiana and Swertia constituted the largest number of species with 42 and 24 species, respectively. The species from Gentianeae are mainly used as Bangjian (སྤང་རྒྱན།), Jieji (ཀྱི་ལྕེ།), Dida (ཏིག་ཏ།), and Ganggaqiong (གང་གྰཆུང་།) in Tibetan medicine with different clinical applications. More than 240 formulas were found containing Gentianeae species with different attending functions. Phytochemical studies showed that the main active components of Gentianeae species are iridoids, xanthones, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. The bioactivities of plants from Gentianeae include hepatic protection, upper respiratory tract protection, joint and bone protection, glucose regulation, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral effects. This review will provide a reference for future research on natural resource protection, plant-based drug development, and further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chi
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
| | - Faqi Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
| | - Qingbo Gao
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
| | - Rui Xing
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
| | - Shilong Chen
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
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Kravets EA, Plohovskaya SH, Horyunova II, Yemets AI, Blume YB. Sources of Chromosomal Polymorphism of Microsporocytes in Species of Lilium L. and Allium L.: Cytomixis, Extra Chromosomes, and Chromatin Diminution. CYTOL GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452721020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Mursalimov S, Ohno N, Matsumoto M, Bayborodin S, Deineko E. Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy Reveals That Intercellular Nuclear Migration Occurs in Most Normal Tobacco Male Meiocytes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:672642. [PMID: 34025709 PMCID: PMC8138938 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.672642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) was used here to study tobacco male meiosis. Three-dimensional ultrastructural analyses revealed that intercellular nuclear migration (INM) occurs in 90-100% of tobacco meiocytes. At the very beginning of meiosis, every meiocyte connected with neighboring cells by more than 100 channels was capable of INM. At leptotene and zygotene, the nucleus in most tobacco meiocytes approached the cell wall and formed nuclear protuberances (NPs) that crossed the cell wall through the channels and extended into the cytoplasm of a neighboring cell. The separation of NPs from the migrating nuclei and micronuclei formation were not observed. In some cases, the NPs and nuclei of neighboring cells appeared apposed to each other, and the gap between their nuclear membranes became invisible. At pachytene, NPs retracted into their own cells. After that, the INM stopped. We consider INM a normal part of tobacco meiosis, but the reason for such behavior of nuclei is unclear. The results obtained by SBF-SEM suggest that there are still many unexplored features of plant meiosis hidden by limitations of common types of microscopy and that SBF-SEM can turn over a new leaf in plant meiosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Mursalimov
- Laboratory of Plant Bioengineering, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- *Correspondence: Sergey Mursalimov
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Sergey Bayborodin
- Laboratory of Plant Bioengineering, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Deineko
- Laboratory of Plant Bioengineering, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Ascari L, Cristofori V, Macrì F, Botta R, Silvestri C, De Gregorio T, Huerta ES, Di Berardino M, Kaufmann S, Siniscalco C. Hazelnut Pollen Phenotyping Using Label-Free Impedance Flow Cytometry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:615922. [PMID: 33370424 PMCID: PMC7753158 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.615922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Impedance flow cytometry (IFC) is a versatile lab-on-chip technology which enables fast and label-free analysis of pollen grains in various plant species, promising new research possibilities in agriculture and plant breeding. Hazelnut is a monoecious, anemophilous species, exhibiting sporophytic self-incompatibility. Its pollen is dispersed by wind in midwinter when temperatures are still low and relative humidity is usually high. Previous research found that hazelnut can be characterized by high degrees of pollen sterility following a reciprocal chromosome translocation occurring in some cultivated genotypes. In this study, IFC was used for the first time to characterize hazelnut pollen biology. IFC was validated via dye exclusion in microscopy and employed to (i) follow pollen hydration over time to define the best pre-hydration treatment for pollen viability evaluation; (ii) test hazelnut pollen viability and sterility on 33 cultivars grown in a collection field located in central Italy, and two wild hazelnuts. The accessions were also characterized by their amount and distribution of catkins in the tree canopy. Pollen sterility rate greatly varied among hazelnut accessions, with one main group of highly sterile cultivars and a second group, comprising wild genotypes and the remaining cultivars, producing good quality pollen. The results support the hypothesis of recurring reciprocal translocation events in Corylus avellana cultivars, leading to the observed gametic semi-sterility. The measured hazelnut pollen viability was also strongly influenced by pollen hydration (R adj 2 = 0.83, P ≤ 0.0001) and reached its maximum at around 6 h of pre-hydration in humid chambers. Viable and dead pollen were best discriminated at around the same time of pollen pre-hydration, suggesting that high humidity levels are required for hazelnut pollen to maintain its functionality. Altogether, our results detail the value of impedance flow cytometry for high throughput phenotyping of hazelnut pollen. Further research is required to clarify the causes of pollen sterility in hazelnut, to confirm the role of reciprocal chromosome translocations and to investigate its effects on plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ascari
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valerio Cristofori
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Federico Macrì
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Botta
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristian Silvestri
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Consolata Siniscalco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Mursalimov SR, Sidorchuk YV, Deineko EV. Cytological Techniques to Study Cytomixis in Plant Male Meiosis. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2061:117-129. [PMID: 31583656 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9818-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter we describe cytological techniques to study cytomixis, a process of nuclear migration between plant cells, in squashed plant male meiocytes of Nicotiana tabacum and Secale cereale. To perform immunostaining or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on meiotic cells involved in cytomixis common protocols are modified. During preparation of specimens for subsequent cytological analysis, it is necessary not only to make DNA and proteins accessible to DNA probes and antibodies, but also to preserve cell cytoplasm. There are also some important modifications in the protocols applied for meiocytes of different plant species. Here we describe protocols for immunostaining and FISH in rigid tobacco male meiocytes with dense cytoplasm and thick callose wall, that tolerate hard squashing, and in soft rye male meiocytes, that are easily damaged upon squashing, both to study cytomixis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey R Mursalimov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuriy V Sidorchuk
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Deineko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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Wagay NA, Khan NA, Rafiq S, Pulate P. A report of aneuploidy and cytomixis in rare and endemic species of central India: Cyathocline lutea Law ex Wight. THE NUCLEUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-019-00296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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12
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Analysis of cytoskeleton in the cells involved in cytomixis: the migrated chromatin displays an MT-organizing activity and can interact with the spindle. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Male meiosis in 18 species of 07 genera of the tribe Astereae (Asteraceae) from Western Himalaya. THE NUCLEUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-018-0230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Mursalimov S, Deineko E. Cytomixis in plants: facts and doubts. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:719-731. [PMID: 29192339 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The migration of nuclei between plant cells (cytomixis) is a mysterious cellular phenomenon frequently observable in the male meiosis of higher plants. Cytomixis attracts attention because of unknown cellular mechanisms underlying migration of nuclei and its potential evolutionary significance, since the genetic material is transferred between the cells that form pollen. Although cytomixis was discovered over a century ago, the advance in our understanding of this process has been rather insignificant because of methodological difficulties. The data that allowed for a new insight into this phenomenon were obtained by examining the migrating nuclei with electron and confocal laser microscopy, immunostaining, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. As has been shown, the chromatin migrating between cells is surrounded by an undamaged nuclear membrane. Such chromatin does not undergo heterochromatization and contains normal euchromatin markers. The condensation degree of the migrating chromatin corresponds to the current meiotic stage, and normal structures of synaptonemal complex are present in the migrating part of the nucleus. The cells involved in cytomixis lack any detectable morphological and molecular markers of programmed cell death. It has been shown that individual chromosomes and genomes (in the case of allopolyploids) have no predisposition to the migration between cells, i.e., parts of the nucleus are involved in cytomixis in a random manner. However, the fate of migrating chromatin after it has entered the recipient cell is still vague. A huge amount of indirect data suggests that migrating chromatin is incorporated into the nucleus of the recipient cell; nonetheless, the corresponding direct evidences are still absent. No specific markers of cytomictic chromatin have been yet discovered. Thus, the causes and consequences of cytomixis are still disputable. This review briefs the recent data on the relevant issues, describes the classical and modern methodological approaches to analysis of the intercellular migration of nuclei, and discusses the problems in cytomixis research and its prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Mursalimov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090.
| | - Elena Deineko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
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Zhang X, Cao Q, Zhou P, Jia G. Meiotic chromosome behavior of the male-fertile allotriploid lily cultivar 'Cocossa'. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1641-1653. [PMID: 28741131 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytological observations of microsporogenesis in the allotriploid lily cultivar 'Cocossa' showed that viable pollen production could be attributed mainly to disoriented spindles, abnormal cytokinesis, and cytomixis during male meiosis. To identify the reasons why the allotriploid lily cultivar 'Cocossa' can produce aneuploid and euploid functional male gametes and can be used as the paternal parent in lily introgression breeding, we performed a detailed investigation of microsporogenesis using the conventional cytological methods. The allotriploid not only produced single pollen grains with variable sizes but also produced adherent pollen grains. Pollen viability was estimated at 50.1% based on staining and 30.8% based on germination. Based on the chromosomal analysis of BC2 plants derived from Oriental cultivars (♀) crossed with the OOT cultivar 'Cocossa' (♂), it was concluded that the objective allotriploid contributed haploid (x), diploid (2x), and aneuploid chromosome complements. Common meiotic abnormalities were observed, indicating the high genetic imbalance of this allotriploid. In addition to normally oriented metaphase II spindles (linear and perpendicular), abnormal spindles, such as parallel, tripolar, fused, and multiple spindles, accounted for 6.21, 6.41, 14.27, and 1.17%, respectively. Tripolar and fused spindles resulted in the production of triads and dyads, which contributed to unreduced pollen production. Some microsporocytes exhibited complete or partial absence of cytokinesis, which led to relatively high frequencies of monads, dyads, and triads. Furthermore, the phenomenon of cytomixis during microsporogenesis occurred mainly in the first meiotic prophase and early development of pollen grains, which we assume is a possible cause of unreduced gamete generation. Our study offers a new resource for lily introgression breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qinzheng Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guixia Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Kumar P, Singhal VK, Srivastava SK. First detection of cytomixis and its consequences in Thalictrum cultratum Wall. (Ranunculaceae). CYTOL GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452717050061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Gaafar RM, El Shanshoury AR, El Hisseiwy AA, AbdAlhak MA, Omar AF, Abd El Wahab MM, Nofal RS. Induction of apomixis and fixation of heterosis in Egyptian rice Hybrid1 line using colchicine mutagenesis. ANNALS OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 2017; 62:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aoas.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Rani S, Chahota RK, Sharma TR. Cytomixis and Associated Meiotic Abnormalities during Male Meiosis in Angelica glauca Edgew. (Apiaceae) from North-Western Himalayas. CYTOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.81.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Singhal VK, Singh J, Kaur S, Kumar R. Chromosome Counts through Male Meiosis in Some Dicots from the Hills around Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. CYTOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.81.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Kumar P, Singhal VK. Morphological and Ecological Adaptations, and Cytological Studies in Astragalus rhizanthus Royle ex Benth. (Papilionaceae), an Endemic to Himalayas. CYTOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.81.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kumar
- Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre
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Singhal VK, Khan NA, Gupta RC. Syncyte and ‘2 n’ Pollen Grain Formation in Heracleum pinnatum: A Possible Mechanism for the Origin of Intraspecific Polyploids. CYTOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.81.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kumari K, Saggoo MIS. Male Meiosis in Two Morphotypes of Melica persica Kunth (Poaceae) from Himachal Pradesh, India. CYTOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.81.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kumar R, Rana PK, Singhal VK. Chromatin Stickiness and Abnormal Spindle Resulting in Meiotic Irregularities and Pollen Sterility in <i>Meconopsis aculeata</i> Royle from the Northwest Himalayas. CYTOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.81.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kumar P, Singhal VK, Srivastava SK. Meiotic Studies and B-Chromosomes in Sedum oreades (Decne.) R. Hamet (Crassulaceae) from Alpine Regions of Northwest Indian Himalaya. CYTOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.81.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kumar
- Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre
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Malik RA, Gupta RC, Kumari S, Malik AH. Cytomictic anomalous male meiosis and 2n pollen grain formation in Mertensia echioides Benth. (Boraginaceae) from Kashmir Himalaya. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:134192. [PMID: 25544950 PMCID: PMC4269315 DOI: 10.1155/2014/134192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently Mertensia echioides Benth. (Boraginaceae) collected from Kashmir Himalaya, India, is cytologically analyzed for the first time revealing 2n = 2x = 24 (diploid). Interestingly we found 4.3-6.2% syncytic meiocytes/PMCs with 2n = 4x = 48 (tetraploid) in addition to normal meiocytes (2n = 24) during male meiosis. These comparatively larger PMCs (pollen mother cells) lead to the formation of fertile giant 2n pollen grains. A frequency of 6.4-13.3% PMCs shows transfer of chromatin material at prophase-I and, therefore, results in aneuploid meiocytes. Whole chromatin transfer by the process of cytomixis could also have led to the formation of tetraploid cells. Translocation heterozygosity is also evident in the form of multivalents in 12-17% diploid (2x) meiocytes at diakinesis and metaphase-I and is reported for the first time in this species. The syncytes formed depict open chain hexavalent and quadrivalent formation in the three populations with different frequencies. Moreover chromatin stickiness at metaphase-I is observed in 45% of PMCs in population-1 (P-1). Syncyte or unreduced PMC formation leading to unreduced fertile gametes is here speculated to act as a possible way out for infraspecific polyploidization in the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyaz Ahmad Malik
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Raghbir Chand Gupta
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Santosh Kumari
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Akhtar Hussain Malik
- Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190006, India
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Gupta RC, Goyal H, Singh V, Goel RK. Meiotic studies in some species of tribe Cichorieae (Asteraceae) from Western Himalayas. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:673456. [PMID: 25489603 PMCID: PMC4247967 DOI: 10.1155/2014/673456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper deals with meiotic studies in 15 species belonging to 6 genera of the tribe Cichorieae from various localities of Western Himalayas. The chromosome number has been reported for the first time in Hieracium crocatum (2n = 10) and Lactuca lessertiana (2n = 2x = 16). Further, intraspecific variability has been reported for the first time in H. umbellatum (2n = 2x = 10 and 2n = 6x = 54), Tragopogon dubius (2n = 2x = 14 and 2n = 4x = 28), and T. gracilis (2n = 2x = 14). The chromosome report of 2n = 2x = 10 in Youngia tenuifolia is made for the first time in India. Maximum numbers of the populations show laggards, chromosome stickiness, and cytomixis from early prophase to telophase-II, leading to the formation of aneuploid cells or meiocytes with double chromosome number. Such meiotic abnormalities produce unreduced pollen grains and the reduced pollen viability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henna Goyal
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
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Xie H, Ash JE, Linde CC, Cunningham S, Nicotra A. Himalayan-Tibetan plateau uplift drives divergence of polyploid poppies: Meconopsis Viguier (Papaveraceae). PLoS One 2014; 9:e99177. [PMID: 24933008 PMCID: PMC4059618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meconopsis Viguier (Papaveraceae) is an iconic genus of alpine forbs that includes medicinal and ornamental species. This study extends previous phylogenetic analyses of Meconopsis, using ITS sequences representing all the major Meconopsis clades. Phenotypic traits are also analysed for all described species. Our results show that Meconopsis evolved as a ≥ octaploid clade, with considerable interior structure reflecting further changes in ploidy levels as well as phenotypic differentiation. We support the exclusion of a few species as Cathcartia or Papaver, making Meconopsis a Tibetan region clade. Based on average rates of nucleotide substitution in angiosperm herbs we estimate that the Meconopsis clade diverged from the Meconella clade of Papaver approximately 16.6 Ma. This is soon after the 'hard' collision of the Indian continent with Asia caused uplift of the Himalaya and Hengduan ranges, greatly extended the Tibetan plateau, and initiated monsoonal climates. Eight major clades within Meconopsis are well supported and these correspond closely to previously recognised subgenus groups. However, the relationship among the clades is poorly resolved, probably because they diverged rapidly ∼15-11 Ma. Two of these clades are ∼dodecaploid but appear to have originated independently. The eight clades have distinct distributions, variously associated with the Himalaya, the eastern Plateau and Hengduan ranges. Some Meconopsis species were not monophyletic, suggesting that a combination of multilocus molecular and phenotypic traits is required when defining and revising species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xie
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Julian E. Ash
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Celeste C. Linde
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Saul Cunningham
- Ecosystem Sciences, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Adrienne Nicotra
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Mursalimov SR, Sidorchuk YV, Deineko EV. New insights into cytomixis: specific cellular features and prevalence in higher plants. PLANTA 2013; 238:415-423. [PMID: 23775439 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of intercellular migration of nuclei in plant tissues (cytomixis) was discovered over a century ago, which has been followed by numerous attempts to clarify the essence of this process as well as to determine its causes and consequences. Most attention of researchers has been paid to cytomixis in microsporogenesis, since the transfer of part of genetic material between microsporocytes may influence the ploidy level of the produced pollen and, presumably, have an evolutionary significance. This review compiles the data on cytological pattern of cytomixis and proposes a scheme as to how cytomictic channels are formed and function in angiosperms. The prevalence of cytomixis in different plant taxa is analyzed using the published data. The causes, mechanisms, and consequences of the nuclear migration between cells in plant tissues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey R Mursalimov
- Laboratory of Plant Bioengineering, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation.
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Kumar P, Singhal VK. Chromosome number and secondary chromosomal associations in wild populations of Geranium pratense L. from the cold deserts of Lahaul-Spiti (India). CYTOL GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452713020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kumar S, Jeelani SM, Rani S, Gupta RC, Kumari S. Cytology of five species of subfamily Papaveroideae from the Western Himalayas. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:307-16. [PMID: 22643839 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During the present course, population-based meiotic studies were carried out on five species of subfamily Papaveroideae from selected localities of Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh in the Western Himalayas (India). Varied intraspecific chromosome counts were reported for the first time in Argemone mexicana and Meconopsis latifolia, both existing on 2n = 2x = 14. The x = 7, confirmed for the first time from the newly found diploid cytotype, is suggested to be the primary chromosomal basic number for the Meconopsis. Furthermore, meiotic course was noted to be normal in Argemone ochroleuca, it varied from normal to abnormal in the populations of A. mexicana and Papaver dubium whereas it was invariably found to be abnormal in all the populations of Meconopsis aculeata and M. latifolia. These anomalous taxa were marked with meiotic abnormalities in the form of cytomixis, chromosomal stickiness, unoriented bivalents, formation of laggards and bridges resulting in abnormal microsporogenesis, and production of heterogeneous-sized fertile pollen grains along with reduced pollen fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India 147002
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Kumar G, Yadav RS. Induction of cytomixis affects microsporogenesis in Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae). Russ J Dev Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360412040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liu Y, Hui RK, Deng RN, Wang JJ, Wang M, Li ZY. Abnormal male meiosis explains pollen sterility in the polyploid medicinal plant Pinellia ternata (Araceae). GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:112-20. [PMID: 22290471 DOI: 10.4238/2012.january.17.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pinellia ternata is an important traditional Chinese medicinal plant. Its different populations in China have various ploidy levels, based on x = 13, as well as extensive aneuploid series. The microsporogenesis process was observed in specimens from three populations from three regions of Hubei Province; they were characterized by normal and abnormal meiotic divisions in pollen mother cells (PMCs) at all stages simultaneously. Meiotic abnormalities including univalents/multivalents, chromosomal laggards/bridges and micronuclei appeared in about 50% of the PMCs, together with abnormal cytokinesis. Chromatin/chromosome transfer between meiocytes occurred only during the first division, at low frequency; this might contribute to these meiotic abnormalities. Although the remaining 50% of the PMCs presented normal cytological behavior, pollen fertility was only about 2%. These results provide cytological explanations for its low seed-set and the general use of asexual reproduction through tubers and bulbils; it also explains the wide variations in chromosome number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
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Guan JZ, Wang JJ, Cheng ZH, Liu Y, Li ZY. Cytomixis and meiotic abnormalities during microsporogenesis are responsible for male sterility and chromosome variations in Houttuynia cordata. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:121-30. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.january.17.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Singhal VK, Kaur M, Kumar HP, Gupta RC. High Pollen Sterility and 2 n Pollen Grains in an Asynaptic 4 x Cytotype (2 n=48) of Solanum nigrum L. CYTOLOGIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.77.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Kaur D, Singhal VK. Phenomenon of Cytomixis and Intraspecific Polyploidy (2 x, 4 x) in Spergularia diandra (Guss.) Heldr. & Sart. in the Cold Desert Regions of Kinnaur District (Himachal Pradesh). CYTOLOGIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.77.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Mandal A, Datta AK. Inter- and Intra-Plant Variations in Cytomictic Behavior of Chromosomes in <i>Corchorus fascicularis</i> Lamk. (Tiliaceae). CYTOLOGIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.77.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aninda Mandal
- Department of Botany, Cytogenetics, Genetics and Plant Breeding Section, University of Kalyani
| | - Animesh K. Datta
- Department of Botany, Cytogenetics, Genetics and Plant Breeding Section, University of Kalyani
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Rana PK, Himshikha, Kumar P, Singhal VK, Gupta RC. Impact of Reciprocal Translocations and Non-Synchronous Disjunction of Chromosomes on Pollen Fertility in Astragalus chlorostachys from the Northwest Himalayas (India). CYTOLOGIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.77.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Himshikha
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University
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Mursalimov SR, Deineko EV. An ultrastructural study of cytomixis in tobacco pollen mother cells. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:717-24. [PMID: 21286765 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular chromatin migration (cytomixis) in the pollen mother cells of two tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) lines was analyzed by electron microscopy during the first meiotic prophase. The maximal manifestation of cytomixis was observed in the pachytene. As a rule, several cells connected with one another by cytomictic channels wherein the nuclei migrated were observable at this stage. In the majority of cases, nuclei passed from cell to cell concurrently through several closely located cytomictic channels. Chromatin migrated between cells within the nuclear envelope, and its disintegration was unobservable. The nucleus, after passing through cytomictic channels into another cell, can be divided into individual micronuclei or, in the case of a direct contact with another nucleus, can form a nuclear bridge. It has been demonstrated that the chromatin structure after intracellular migration visually matches the chromatin structure before it passed through the cytomictic channel. No signs of pyknosis were observable in the chromatin of the micronuclei formed after cytomixis, and the synaptonemal complex was distinctly seen. The dynamics of changes in the nucleoli during cytomixis was for the first time monitored on an ultrastructural level. Possible mechanisms determining cytomixis are discussed and the significance of this process in plant development is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey R Mursalimov
- Laboratory of Plant Bioengineering, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation.
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Kumar P, Singhal VK. Male meiosis, morphometric analysis and distribution pattern of 2× and 4× cytotypes of Ranunculus hirtellus Royle, 1834 (Ranunculaceae) from the cold regions of northwest Himalayas (India). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2011; 5:143-61. [PMID: 24260626 PMCID: PMC3833778 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v5i3.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the chromosome number, detailed male meiosis, microsporogenesis, pollen fertility and morphological features and distribution of 2× and 4× cytotypes of Ranunculus hirtellus Royle, 1834. The majority of the populations scored now from cold regions of the northwest Himalayas showed tetraploid (n=16) meiotic chromosome count and one of the populations studied from the Manimahesh hills existed at diploid level (n=8). The individuals of diploid cytotype exhibited perfectly normal meiotic course resulting in 100% pollen fertility and pollen grains of uniform sizes. On the other hand, the plants of the tetraploid cytotype from all the populations in spite of showing normal bivalent formation and equal distribution to the opposite poles at anaphases showed various meiotic abnormalities. The most prominent among these meiotic abnormalities was the cytomixis which involved inter PMC (pollen mother cell) chromatin material transfer at different stages of meiosis-I. The phenomenon of cytomixis induced various meiotic abnormalities which include chromatin stickiness, pycnotic chromatin, laggards and chromatin bridges, out of plate bivalents at metaphase-I, disoriented chromatin material at anaphase/telophase and micronuclei. Consequently, these populations exhibited varying percentages of pollen sterility (24 - 77 %) and pollen grains of heterogeneous sizes. Analysis of various morphometric features including the stomata in 2× and 4× cytotypes showed that increase in ploidy level in the species is correlated with gigantism of vegetative and floral characters and the two cytotypes can be distinguished from each other on the basis of morphological characters. The distribution patterns of the 2× and 4× cytotypes now detected and 2×, 3×, 4× cytotypes detected earlier by workers from other regions of the Indian Himalayas have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kumar
- />Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala -147 002, Punjab, India
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Talianova M, Janousek B. What can we learn from tobacco and other Solanaceae about horizontal DNA transfer? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:1231-42. [PMID: 21795732 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic organisms, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is regarded as an important though infrequent source of reticulate evolution. Many confirmed instances of natural HGT involving multicellular eukaryotes come from flowering plants. This review intends to provide a synthesis of present knowledge regarding HGT in higher plants, with an emphasis on tobacco and other species in the Solanaceae family because there are numerous detailed reports concerning natural HGT events, involving various donors, in this family. Moreover, in-depth experimental studies using transgenic tobacco are of great importance for understanding this process. Valuable insights are offered concerning the mechanisms of HGT, the adaptive role and regulation of natural transgenes, and new routes for gene trafficking. With an increasing amount of data on HGT, a synthetic view is beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Talianova
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Pécrix Y, Rallo G, Folzer H, Cigna M, Gudin S, Le Bris M. Polyploidization mechanisms: temperature environment can induce diploid gamete formation in Rosa sp. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3587-97. [PMID: 21398431 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy is an important evolutionary phenomenon but the mechanisms by which polyploidy arises still remain underexplored. There may be an environmental component to polyploidization. This study aimed to clarify how temperature may promote diploid gamete formation considered an essential element for sexual polyploidization. First of all, a detailed cytological analysis of microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis was performed to target precisely the key developmental stages which are the most sensitive to temperature. Then, heat-induced modifications in sporad and pollen characteristics were analysed through an exposition of high temperature gradient. Rosa plants are sensitive to high temperatures with a developmental sensitivity window limited to meiosis. Moreover, the range of efficient temperatures is actually narrow. 36 °C at early meiosis led to a decrease in pollen viability, pollen ectexine defects but especially the appearance of numerous diploid pollen grains. They resulted from dyads or triads mainly formed following heat-induced spindle misorientations in telophase II. A high temperature environment has the potential to increase gamete ploidy level. The high frequencies of diplogametes obtained at some extreme temperatures support the hypothesis that polyploidization events could have occurred in adverse conditions and suggest polyploidization facilitating in a global change context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Pécrix
- Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie UMR CNRS 6116, Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III, Av. Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, F-13397 Marseille, France
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Persistent occurrence of meiotic abnormalities in a new hexaploid cytotype of Thalictrum foetidum from Indian cold deserts. Biologia (Bratisl) 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Saggoo MIS, Gill A, Walia S. Cytomixis during Microsporogenesis in Some Populations of Croton bonplandianum of North India. CYTOLOGIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.76.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Singhal VK, Kaur D. Cytomixis Induced Meiotic Irregularities and Pollen Malformation in Clematis graveolens Lindley from the Cold Deserts of Kinnaur District of Himachal Pradesh (India). CYTOLOGIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.76.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Kalinka A, Achrem M, Rogalska SM. Cytomixis-like chromosomes/chromatin elimination from pollen mother cells (PMCs) in wheat-rye allopolyploids. THE NUCLEUS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-010-0002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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50
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Mursalimov SR, Baiborodin SI, Sidorchuk YV, Shumny VK, Deineko EV. Characteristics of the cytomictic channel formation in Nicotiana tabacum L. pollen mother cells. CYTOL GENET+ 2010. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452710010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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