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Design and Characterization of a Rolling-Contact Involute Joint and Its Applications in Finger Exoskeletons. MACHINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/machines10050301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The hand exoskeleton has been widely studied in the fields of hand rehabilitation and grasping assistance tasks. Current hand exoskeletons face challenges in combining a user-friendly design with a lightweight structure and accurate modeling of hand motion. In this study, we developed a finger exoskeleton with a rolling contact involute joint. Specific implementation methods were investigated, including an analysis of the mechanical characteristics of the involute joint model, the formula derivation of the joint parameter optimization algorithm, and the design process for a finger exoskeleton with an involute joint. Experiments were conducted using a finger exoskeleton prototype to evaluate the output trajectory and grasping force of the finger exoskeleton. An EMG-controlled hand exoskeleton was developed to verify the wearability and functionality of the glove. The experimental results show that the proposed involute joint can provide sufficient fingertip force (10N) while forming a lightweight exoskeleton to assist users with functional hand rehabilitation and grasping activities.
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Marino FE. Adaptations, Safety Factors, Limitations and Trade-Offs in Human Exercise Performance. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-022-00185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This review will describe how human exercise performance at the highest level is exquisitely orchestrated by a set of responses by all body systems related to the evolutionary adaptations that have taken place over a long history. The review will also describe how many adaptations or features are co-opted (exaptations) for use in different ways and have utility other than for selective advantage.
Methods
A review of the literature by relevant search engines and reference lists in key published articles using the terms, performance, limitations, regulation, trade-offs as related to exercise, indicates that there are at least three areas which could be considered key in understanding the evolutionary basis of human exercise performance.
Results
First, there is a basic assumption that exaptations have limitations or capacities which cannot be exceeded which in turn will limit our physical performance. Second, it is thought that some biological systems and tissues have additional capacity which is rarely fully accessed by the organism; referred to as a safety factor. Third, there are biological trade-offs which occur when there is an increase in one trait or characteristic traded for a decrease in another.
Conclusions
Adaptations have resulted in safety factors for body systems and tissues with trade-offs that are most advantageous for human performance for a specific environment.
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Abstract
Abstract
Evolution acts through a combination of four different drivers: (1) mutation, (2) selection, (3) genetic drift, and (4) developmental constraints. There is a tendency among some biologists to frame evolution as the sole result of natural selection, and this tendency is reinforced by many popular texts. “The Naked Ape” by Desmond Morris, published 50 years ago, is no exception. In this paper I argue that evolutionary biology is much richer than natural selection alone. I illustrate this by reconstructing the evolutionary history of five different organs of the human body: foot, pelvis, scrotum, hand and brain. Factors like developmental tinkering, by-product evolution, exaptation and heterochrony are powerful forces for body-plan innovations and the appearance of such innovations in human ancestors does not always require an adaptive explanation. While Morris explained the lack of body hair in the human species by sexual selection, I argue that molecular tinkering of regulatory genes expressed in the brain, followed by positive selection for neotenic features, may have been the driving factor, with loss of body hair as a secondary consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico M. van Straalen
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lloyd EA. Adaptationism and the Logic of Research Questions: How to Think Clearly About Evolutionary Causes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13752-015-0214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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