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Garay-Ruiz D, Zonta C, Lovat S, González-Fabra J, Bo C, Licini G. Elucidating Sulfide Activation Mode in Metal-Catalyzed Sulfoxidation Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:4494-4501. [PMID: 35226481 PMCID: PMC8924929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Interest in the catalytic
activation of peroxides, together with
the requirement of stereoselectivity for the production of enantiopure
sulfoxides, has made sulfoxidation the ideal playground for theoretical
and experimental physical organic chemists investigating oxidation
reactivity. Efforts have been dedicated for elucidating the catalytic
pathway regarding these species and for dissecting out the dominant
factors influencing the yield and stereochemistry. In this article,
Ti(IV) and Hf(IV) aminotriphenolate complexes have been prepared and
investigated as catalysts in the presence of peroxides in sulfide
oxidation. Experimental results have been combined with theoretical
calculations obtaining detailed mechanistic information on oxygen
transfer processes. The study revealed that steric issues are mainly
responsible for the formation of intermediates in the oxidation pathway.
In particular, we could highlight the occurrence of a blended situation
where the steric effects of sulfides, ligands, and oxidants influence
the formation of different intermediates and reaction pathways. Steric issues are mainly responsible
for the formation of
intermediates in the catalytic activation of the peroxide pathway.
In particular, we could highlight the occurrence of a blended situation
where the steric effects of sulfides, ligands, and oxidants influence
the formation of different intermediates and reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Garay-Ruiz
- Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology (BIST), Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristiano Zonta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova and CIRCC, Padova Unit, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Lovat
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova and CIRCC, Padova Unit, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Joan González-Fabra
- Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology (BIST), Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carles Bo
- Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology (BIST), Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Giulia Licini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova and CIRCC, Padova Unit, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Chen H, Zhou A, Sun D, Zhao Y, Wang Y. Theoretical Investigation on the Elusive Reaction Mechanism of Spirooxindole Formation Mediated by Cytochrome P450s: A Nascent Feasible Charge-Shift C-O Bond Makes a Difference. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8419-8430. [PMID: 34313131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spirooxindoles are pivotal biofunctional groups widely distributed in natural products and clinic drugs. However, construction of such subtle chiral skeletons is a long-standing challenge to both organic and bioengineering scientists. The knowledge of enzymatic spirooxindole formation in nature may inspire rational design of new catalysts. To this end, we presented a theoretical investigation on the elusive mechanism of the spiro-ring formation at the 3-position of oxindole mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450). Our calculated results demonstrated that the electrophilic attack of CpdI, the active species of P450, to the substrate, shows regioselectivity, i.e., the attack at the C9 position forms a tetrahedral intermediate involving an unusual feasible charge-shift C9δ+-Oδ- bond, while the attack at the C1 position forms an epoxide intermediate. The predominant route is the first route with the charge-shift bonding intermediate due to holding a relatively lower barrier by >5 kcal mol-1 than the epoxide route, which fits the experimental observations. Such a delocalized charge-shift bond facilitates the formation of a spiro-ring mainly through elongation of the C1-C9 bond to eliminate the aromatization of the tricyclic beta-carboline. Our theoretical results shed profound mechanistic insights for the first time into the elusive spirooxindole formation mediated by P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Chen
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anran Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongru Sun
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
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