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Reyes-Ramírez A, Belgaidi Z, Gibert P, Pommier T, Siberchicot A, Mouton L, Desouhant E. Larval density in the invasive Drosophila suzukii: Immediate and delayed effects on life-history traits. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10433. [PMID: 37636864 PMCID: PMC10450837 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of density are key in determining population dynamics, since they can positively or negatively affect the fitness of individuals. These effects have great relevance for polyphagous insects for which immature stages develop within a single site of finite feeding resources. Drosophila suzukii is a crop pest that induces severe economic losses for agricultural production; however, little is known about the effects of density on its life-history traits. In the present study, we (i) investigated the egg distribution resulting from females' egg-laying strategy and (ii) tested the immediate (on immatures) and delayed (on adults) effects of larval density on emergence rate, development time, potential fecundity, and adult size. The density used varied in a range between 1 and 50 larvae. We showed that 44.27% of the blueberries used for the oviposition assay contained between 1 and 11 eggs in aggregates. The high experimental density (50 larvae) has no immediate effect in the emergence rate but has effect on larval developmental time. This trait was involved in a trade-off with adult life-history traits: The time of larval development was reduced as larval density increased, but smaller and less fertile females were produced. Our results clearly highlight the consequences of larval crowding on the juveniles and adults of this fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Reyes-Ramírez
- UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Zaïnab Belgaidi
- UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Patricia Gibert
- UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Thomas Pommier
- UMR 1418, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, INRAE, CNRS, VetAgro Sup Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Aurélie Siberchicot
- UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Laurence Mouton
- UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Emmanuel Desouhant
- UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne Cedex France
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2
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Schwarz R, Dror L, Stark G, Gefen E, Kronfeld-Schor N, Chapple DG, Meiri S. Conserved ecophysiology despite disparate microclimatic conditions in a gecko. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:316-328. [PMID: 34951507 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microscale differences in the habitats organisms occupy can influence selection regimes and promote intraspecific variation of traits. Temperature-dependent traits can be locally adapted to climatic conditions or be highly conserved and insensitive to directional selection under all but the most extreme regimes, and thus be similar across populations. The opposing slopes of Nahal Oren canyon in the Carmel Mountains, Israel, are strikingly different: the south-facing slope receives intensive solar radiation, is hot and supports mostly annual vegetation, whereas the north-facing slope is ~10°C cooler, more humid, and supports Mediterranean woodland. We examined whether these differences manifest in the thermal physiology of a common gecko species Ptyodactylus guttatus in controlled laboratory conditions. We predicted that geckos from the hotter south-facing slope would prefer higher temperatures, have faster gut passage times, lower metabolic and evaporative water loss rates, and start diel activity earlier compared with north-facing slope conspecifics. Contrary to these predictions, there were no differences between any of the ecophysiological traits in geckos from the opposing slopes. Nevertheless, our data showed that individuals from the north-facing slope were generally more active in earlier hours of the afternoon compared with south-facing individuals. We suggest that P. guttatus individuals disperse between the slopes and either gene-flow or behavioral plasticity deter local adaptation, resulting in similar physiological traits. Perhaps a stronger contrast in climatic conditions and a stronger barrier are needed to result in interpopulation divergence in temperature-dependent traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Schwarz
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Dror
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gavin Stark
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Gefen
- Department of Biology, University of Haifa-Oranim, Kiryat Tivon, Israel
| | | | - David G Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shai Meiri
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Huisamen EJ, Karsten M, Terblanche JS. Consequences of Thermal Variation during Development and Transport on Flight and Low-Temperature Performance in False Codling Moth (Thaumatotibia leucotreta): Fine-Tuning Protocols for Improved Field Performance in a Sterile Insect Programme. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040315. [PMID: 35447757 PMCID: PMC9030207 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we aimed to assess whether variation in (1) developmental temperature and (2) transport conditions influenced the low-temperature performance and flight ability of false codling moth (FCM) adults in an SIT programme. To achieve the first aim, larvae were exposed to either a (control) (constant 25 °C), a cold treatment (constant 15 °C) or a fluctuating thermal regime (FTR) (25 °C for 12 h to 15 °C for 12 h) for 5 days, whereafter larvae were returned to 25 °C to pupate and emerge. After adult emergence, critical thermal minimum, chill coma recovery time, life history traits and laboratory flight ability were scored. For the second aim, adult FCM were exposed to 4 or 25 °C with or without vibrations to simulate road transportation. After the pre-treatments, flight ability, spontaneous behaviour (i.e., muscle coordination by monitoring whether the moth moved out of a defined circle or not) and chill coma recovery time were determined. The first experiment showed that FTR led to enhanced cold tolerance, increased flight performance and high egg-laying capacity with minimal costs. The second experiment showed that transport conditions currently in use did not appear to adversely affect flight and low-temperature performance of FCM. These results are important for refining conditions prior to and during release for maximum field efficacy in an SIT programme for FCM.
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Niel M, Chaumoître K, Adalian P. Age-at-Death Estimation of Fetuses and Infants in Forensic Anthropology: A New "Coupling" Method to Detect Biases Due to Altered Growth Trajectories. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020200. [PMID: 35205067 PMCID: PMC8868630 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary In forensic anthropology, estimating the age-at-death of young juvenile skeletons is crucial as a direct determinant of legal issues in many countries. Most methods published for this purpose are based on either maturation or growth processes (two essential components of development) and focus on “normal” (i.e., nonpathological) growth. However, when the osseous remains available for study are from an individual that experienced an altered growth process, age estimation may be biased, and accounting for this would be helpful for potentially avoiding inaccuracies in estimation. In this research, we developed a method based on the combined evaluation of both maturation and growth. Maturation is evaluated by the conformation of the pars basilaris, a bone at the skull base that provides an indirect estimate of brain maturation, while growth is assessed using femoral biometry. The method was tested on two medical validation samples of normal and pathological individuals. The results show that it was possible to identify “uncoupling” between maturation and growth in 22.8% of the pathological individuals. Highlighting potential uncoupling is therefore an essential step in assessing the confidence of an age estimate, and its presence should lead experts to be cautious in their conclusions in court. Abstract The coupling between maturation and growth in the age estimation of young individuals with altered growth processes was analyzed in this study, whereby the age was determined using a geometric morphometrics method. A medical sample comprising 223 fetuses and infants was used to establish the method. The pars basilaris shapes, quantified by elliptic Fourier analysis, were grouped into consensus stages to characterize the maturation process along increasing age groups. Each pars basilaris maturation stage was “coupled” to biometry by defining an associated femur length range. The method was tested on a validation sample of 42 normal individuals and a pathological sample of 114 individuals whose pathologies were medically assessed. Couplings were present in 90.48% of the normal sample and 77.19% of the pathological sample. The method was able to detect “uncoupling” (i.e., possibly altered growth) in more than 22.8% of samples, even if there was no visible traces of pathology on bones in most cases. In conclusion, experts should be warned that living conditions may cause alterations in the development of young individuals in terms of uncoupling, and that the age-at-death estimation based on long bone biometry could be biased. In a forensic context, when age has been estimated in cases where uncoupling is present, experts should be careful to take potential inaccuracies into account when forming their conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Niel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, 13007 Marseille, France; (K.C.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-9169-8890
| | - Kathia Chaumoître
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, 13007 Marseille, France; (K.C.); (P.A.)
- Service de Radiologie et Imagerie Médicale, Hôpital Nord, CHU Marseille, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13015 Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Adalian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, 13007 Marseille, France; (K.C.); (P.A.)
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Akai N, Ohsawa S, Sando Y, Igaki T. Epithelial cell-turnover ensures robust coordination of tissue growth in Drosophila ribosomal protein mutants. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009300. [PMID: 33507966 PMCID: PMC7842893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly reproducible tissue development is achieved by robust, time-dependent coordination of cell proliferation and cell death. To study the mechanisms underlying robust tissue growth, we analyzed the developmental process of wing imaginal discs in Drosophila Minute mutants, a series of heterozygous mutants for a ribosomal protein gene. Minute animals show significant developmental delay during the larval period but develop into essentially normal flies, suggesting there exists a mechanism ensuring robust tissue growth during abnormally prolonged developmental time. Surprisingly, we found that both cell death and compensatory cell proliferation were dramatically increased in developing wing pouches of Minute animals. Blocking the cell-turnover by inhibiting cell death resulted in morphological defects, indicating the essential role of cell-turnover in Minute wing morphogenesis. Our analyses showed that Minute wing discs elevate Wg expression and JNK-mediated Dilp8 expression that causes developmental delay, both of which are necessary for the induction of cell-turnover. Furthermore, forced increase in Wg expression together with developmental delay caused by ecdysone depletion induced cell-turnover in the wing pouches of non-Minute animals. Our findings suggest a novel paradigm for robust coordination of tissue growth by cell-turnover, which is induced when developmental time axis is distorted. Animal development can be disturbed by various stimuli such as genetic mutations, environmental fluctuations, and physical injuries. However, animals often accomplish normal tissue growth and morphogenesis even in the presence of developmental perturbations. Drosophila Minute mutants, a series of fly mutants for a ribosomal protein gene, show significantly prolonged larval period but develop into essentially normal flies. We found an unexpected massive cell death and subsequent compensatory cell proliferation in developing wing discs of Minute animals. This ‘cell-turnover’ was essential for normal wing morphogenesis in Minute flies. We found that the cell-turnover was induced by elevated Wg expression in the wing pouch and JNK-mediated Dilp8 expression that causes developmental delay. Indeed, cell-turnover was reproduced in non-Minute animals’ wing discs by overexpressing Wg using the wg promoter together with developmental delay caused by ecdysone depletion. Our findings propose a novel paradigm for morphogenetic robustness by cell-turnover, which ensures normal wing growth during the abnormally prolonged larval period, possibly by creating a flexible cell death and proliferation platform to adjust cell numbers in the prospective wing blade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Akai
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Group of Genetics, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shizue Ohsawa
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Group of Genetics, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukari Sando
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Niel M, Chaumoître K, Corny J, Lalys L, Adalian P. Maturation of the human foetal basioccipital: quantifying shape changes in second and third trimesters using elliptic Fourier analysis. J Anat 2019; 235:34-44. [PMID: 31025333 PMCID: PMC6579950 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During prenatal development, the brain is considered the best maturation criterion for the estimation of foetal physiological age, regardless of the conditions of pregnancy. Unfortunately, the brain lyses very quickly after death, but fortunately, the brain also has a major influence over osseous structures of the cranial base during development. Therefore, we considered the osseous structures of the cranial base potential indirect maturation indicators of foetal age. Because of its early formation and robustness, the basioccipital is a cranial base bone that is often used for studies in biological anthropology. Studies generally use conventional morphometry and bone size ratio to highlight morphological changes occurring during the foetal period and to create age estimation methods. These methods usually define thresholds beyond which the morphology of the basioccipital changes, but do not fully consider the form that might be valuable precisely to visualize its development or improve age estimation methods. Using geometric morphometric methods, the present study aims to analyse the development of the basioccipital during the second and third trimesters of foetal life by quantifying and visualizing shape changes in the inferior view. Basioccipital shapes are used as direct indicators of the maturation of the cranial base and as indirect indicators of the maturation of the brain and, by extension, the whole body. A sample of 221 anonymized computed tomographic (CT) scans of normal foetuses, ranging from 18 to 41 gestational weeks (GW), was used. Elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) was used to quantify the basioccipital outline, and maturation stages were established to visualize shape changes with a principal component analysis. Our study allowed us precisely to quantify and continuously visualize shape changes occurring during prenatal life. Additionally, this study provides the first evidence of two distinct linear shape trajectories of the basioccipital. Foetuses aged between 18 and 26 GW have a rapid shape change with well-individualized stages, whereas shape changes are less visible in the second trajectory (27-41 GW). Furthermore, intra-stage shape variation is higher for the basioccipital at the beginning of the second and third trimesters than at the first trimester. By using geometric morphometric methods and EFA, this study shows that it was possible to go beyond classical methods. Indeed, the developed methodology enabled the first quantification of the overall shape changes of the basioccipital between gestational ages. The morphological shape changes throughout the foetal period can be useful for anthropological studies and provide new perspectives for immature age estimation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Niel
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADESMarseillesFrance
| | - Kathia Chaumoître
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADESMarseillesFrance
- Service de Radiologie et Imagerie médicaleHôpital NordCHU MarseilleAssistance Publique des Hôpitaux de MarseilleMarseillesFrance
| | - Julien Corny
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADESMarseillesFrance
| | - Loïc Lalys
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADESMarseillesFrance
| | - Pascal Adalian
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS, ADESMarseillesFrance
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Genomic divergence and adaptive convergence in Drosophila simulans from Evolution Canyon, Israel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11839-11844. [PMID: 31127048 PMCID: PMC6576144 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720938116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity refugia formed by unique features of the Mediterranean arid landscape, such as the dramatic ecological contrast of "Evolution Canyon," provide a natural laboratory in which local adaptations to divergent microclimate conditions can be investigated. Significant insights have been provided by studies of Drosophila melanogaster diversifying along the thermal gradient in Evolution Canyon, but a comparative framework to survey adaptive convergence across sister species at the site has been lacking. To fill this void, we present an analysis of genomic polymorphism and evolutionary divergence of Drosophila simulans, a close relative of Drosophila melanogaster with which it co-occurs on both slopes of the canyon. Our results show even deeper interslope divergence in D. simulans than in D. melanogaster, with extensive signatures of selective sweeps present in flies from both slopes but enhanced in the population from the hotter and drier south-facing slope. Interslope divergence was enriched for genes related to electrochemical balance and transmembrane transport, likely in response to increased selection for dehydration resistance on the hotter slope. Both species shared genomic regions that underwent major selective sweeps, but the overall level of adaptive convergence was low, demonstrating no shortage of alternative genomic solutions to cope with the challenges of the microclimate contrast. Mobile elements were a major source of genetic polymorphism and divergence, affecting all parts of the genome, including coding sequences of mating behavior-related genes.
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8
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Aggression and courtship differences found in Drosophila melanogaster from two different microclimates at Evolution Canyon, Israel. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4084. [PMID: 30858499 PMCID: PMC6411990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggression and courtship behavior were examined of wild Drosophila melanogaster flies isolated from two contrasting microclimates found at Evolution Canyon in Mt. Carmel, Israel: an African-like dry tropical Slope (AS) and a European-like humid temperate Slope (ES), separated by 250 meters. Studies were carried out to ask whether behavioral differences existed between the two populations obtained from opposite slopes with divergent microclimates in Israel. First, we measured and compared intraslope aggression between same sex fly pairings collected from the same slope. Both male and female flies displayed similar fighting abilities from both slopes. ES males, however, from the humid biome, showed a tendency to lunge more per aggressive encounter, compared with AS males from the dry biome. Next, we tested interslope aggression by pairing flies from opposite slopes. ES males displayed higher numbers of lunges, and won more fights against their AS opponents. We also observed enhanced courtship performances in ES compared to AS males. The fighting and courtship superiority seen in ES males could reinforce fitness and pre-mating reproductive isolation mechanisms that underlie incipient sympatric speciation. This may support an evolutionary advantage of adaptively divergent fruit fly aggression phenotypes from different environments.
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Gerard M, Michez D, Debat V, Fullgrabe L, Meeus I, Piot N, Sculfort O, Vastrade M, Smagghe G, Vanderplanck M. Stressful conditions reveal decrease in size, modification of shape but relatively stable asymmetry in bumblebee wings. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15169. [PMID: 30310103 PMCID: PMC6181934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human activities can generate a wide variety of direct and indirect effects on animals, which can manifest as environmental and genetic stressors. Several phenotypic markers have been proposed as indicators of these stressful conditions but have displayed contrasting results, depending, among others, on the phenotypic trait measured. Knowing the worldwide decline of multiple bumblebee species, it is important to understand these stressors and link them with the drivers of decline. We assessed the impact of several stressors (i.e. natural toxin-, parasite-, thermic- and inbreeding- stress) on both wing shape and size and their variability as well as their directional and fluctuating asymmetries. The total data set includes 650 individuals of Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Overall wing size and shape were affected by all the tested stressors. Except for the sinigrin (e.g. glucosinolate) stress, each stress implies a decrease of wing size. Size variance was affected by several stressors, contrary to shape variance that was affected by none of them. Although wing size directional and fluctuating asymmetries were significantly affected by sinigrin, parasites and high temperatures, neither directional nor fluctuating shape asymmetry was significantly affected by any tested stressor. Parasites and high temperatures led to the strongest phenotype modifications. Overall size and shape were the most sensitive morphological traits, which contrasts with the common view that fluctuating asymmetry is the major phenotypic marker of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Gerard
- Laboratoire de Zoologie, Research institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000, Mons, Belgium.
| | - Denis Michez
- Laboratoire de Zoologie, Research institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, CP 50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lovina Fullgrabe
- Laboratory of Numerical Ecology of Aquatic Systems, Research institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Ivan Meeus
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-900, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niels Piot
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-900, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ombeline Sculfort
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, CP 50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Martin Vastrade
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology, Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-900, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maryse Vanderplanck
- Laboratoire de Zoologie, Research institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000, Mons, Belgium
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Takahashi KH. Multiple modes of canalization: Links between genetic, environmental canalizations and developmental stability, and their trait-specificity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 88:14-20. [PMID: 29787862 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The robustness of biological systems against mutational and environmental perturbations is termed canalization. Because reducing phenotypic variability under environmental and genetic perturbations can be adaptive and facilitated by natural selection, it has been suggested that once canalization mechanisms have evolved to buffer the effects of environmental perturbations, they may act to buffer any and all sources of variation. Although whether canalization mechanisms are general or specific to the types of perturbation or phenotypic traits that they buffer is often addressed, the links between different canalization mechanisms remain unclear. In this review, three major sources of phenotypic variation, associated canalization concepts and indicators of the degree of canalization are first outlined. Then, the molecular bases of canalization mechanisms based on recent empirical studies are overviewed. Finally, the links between the underlying processes of different canalization mechanisms are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo H Takahashi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama-si, Okayama-ken, 700-8530, Japan.
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11
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Fluctuating asymmetry of meristic traits: an isofemale line analysis in an invasive drosophilid, Zaprionus indianus. Genetica 2017; 145:307-317. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-017-9966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Laparie M, Vernon P, Cozic Y, Frenot Y, Renault D, Debat V. Wing morphology of the active flyerCalliphora vicina(Diptera: Calliphoridae) during its invasion of a sub-Antarctic archipelago where insect flightlessness is the rule. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Laparie
- UR0633 Unité de Recherche de Zoologie Forestière (URZF); INRA; 2163 Avenue de la pomme de pin CS 40001 Ardon 45075 Orléans Cedex 2 France
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
| | - Philippe Vernon
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
| | - Yann Cozic
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
| | - Yves Frenot
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
- Institut Polaire Français Paul-Émile Victor; Technopôle Brest-Iroise 29280 Plouzané France
| | - David Renault
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio; Université de Rennes 1; 263 Avenue du Gal Leclerc CS 74205 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Vincent Debat
- UMR CNRS 7205 OSEB; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 45 rue Buffon - Entomologie 75005 Paris France
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13
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Prpic NM, Posnien N. Size and shape-integration of morphometrics, mathematical modelling, developmental and evolutionary biology. Dev Genes Evol 2016; 226:109-12. [PMID: 27032962 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola-Michael Prpic
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Developmental Biology, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Nico Posnien
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Developmental Biology, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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14
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Analyzing Fluctuating Asymmetry with Geometric Morphometrics: Concepts, Methods, and Applications. Symmetry (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/sym7020843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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15
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Klingenberg CP. Studying morphological integration and modularity at multiple levels: concepts and analysis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20130249. [PMID: 25002695 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most studies on integration and modularity have focused on variation among individuals within populations or species, this is not the only level of variation for which integration and modularity exist. Multiple levels of biological variation originate from distinct sources: genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity resulting from environmental heterogeneity, fluctuating asymmetry from random developmental variation and, at the interpopulation or interspecific levels, evolutionary change. The processes that produce variation at all these levels can impart integration or modularity on the covariance structure among morphological traits. In turn, studies of the patterns of integration and modularity can inform about the underlying processes. In particular, the methods of geometric morphometrics offer many advantages for such studies because they can characterize the patterns of morphological variation in great detail and maintain the anatomical context of the structures under study. This paper reviews biological concepts and analytical methods for characterizing patterns of variation and for comparing across levels. Because research comparing patterns across level has only just begun, there are relatively few results, generalizations are difficult and many biological and statistical questions remain unanswered. Nevertheless, it is clear that research using this approach can take advantage of an abundance of new possibilities that are so far largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peter Klingenberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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16
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Hidalgo K, Dujardin JP, Mouline K, Dabiré RK, Renault D, Simard F. Seasonal variation in wing size and shape between geographic populations of the malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Acta Trop 2015; 143:79-88. [PMID: 25579425 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito, Anopheles coluzzii is a major vector of human malaria in Africa with widespread distribution throughout the continent. The species hence populates a wide range of environments in contrasted ecological settings often exposed to strong seasonal fluctuations. In the dry savannahs of West Africa, this mosquito population dynamics closely follows the pace of surface water availability: the species pullulates during the rainy season and is able to reproduce throughout the dry season in areas where permanent water bodies are available for breeding. The impact of such environmental fluctuation on mosquito development and the phenotypic quality of emerging adults has however not been addressed in details. Here, we examined and compared phenotypic changes in the duration of pre-imaginal development, body dry mass at emergence and wing size, shape and surface area in young adult females An. coluzzii originated from five distinct geographic locations when they are reared in two contrasting conditions mimicking those experienced by mosquitoes during the rainy season (RS) and at the onset of the dry season (ODS) in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Our results demonstrated strong phenotypic plasticity in all traits, with differences in the magnitude and direction of changes between RS and ODS depending upon the geographic origin, hence the genetic background of the mosquito populations. Highest heterogeneity within population was observed in Bama, where large irrigation schemes allow year-round mosquito breeding. Further studies are needed to explore the adaptive value of such phenotypic plasticity and its relevance for local adaptation in An. coluzzii.
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17
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Divergence of Drosophila melanogaster repeatomes in response to a sharp microclimate contrast in Evolution Canyon, Israel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10630-5. [PMID: 25006263 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1410372111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeat sequences, especially mobile elements, make up large portions of most eukaryotic genomes and provide enormous, albeit commonly underappreciated, evolutionary potential. We analyzed repeatomes of Drosophila melanogaster that have been diverging in response to a microclimate contrast in Evolution Canyon (Mount Carmel, Israel), a natural evolutionary laboratory with two abutting slopes at an average distance of only 200 m, which pose a constant ecological challenge to their local biotas. Flies inhabiting the colder and more humid north-facing slope carried about 6% more transposable elements than those from the hot and dry south-facing slope, in parallel to a suite of other genetic and phenotypic differences between the two populations. Nearly 50% of all mobile element insertions were slope unique, with many of them disrupting coding sequences of genes critical for cognition, olfaction, and thermotolerance, consistent with the observed patterns of thermotolerance differences and assortative mating.
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18
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Lack of response to artificial selection on developmental stability of partial wing shape components in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetica 2014; 142:177-84. [PMID: 24744255 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-014-9765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Developmental stability, the ability of organisms to buffer their developmental processes against developmental noise is often evaluated with fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Natural genetic variation in FA has been investigated using Drosophila wings as a model system and the recent estimation of the heritability of wing shape FA was as large as 20%. Because natural genetic variation in wing shape FA was found to localize in a partial component of the wings, heritable variation in specific parts of the wings might be responsible for FA estimation based on the whole wing shape. In this study, we quantified the shape of three partial components of the wings, and estimated the heritability of the wing shape FA based on artificial selections. As a result, FA values for the partial wing shape components did not respond to artificial selections and the heritability scores estimated were very small. These results indicate that natural additive genetic variation in FA of partial wing components was very small compared with that in a complex wing trait.
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19
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Breno M, Bots J, Van Dongen S. Relationship between canalization and developmental stability of foetal rabbit limbs in two reproductive toxicological experiments. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Breno
- Evolutionary Ecology Group; Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Jessica Bots
- Evolutionary Ecology Group; Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Stefan Van Dongen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group; Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerp Belgium
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20
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21
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BRENO MATTEO, LEIRS HERWIG, VAN DONGEN STEFAN. No relationship between canalization and developmental stability of the skull in a natural population ofMastomys natalensis(Rodentia: Muridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Klingenberg CP, Debat V, Roff DA. Quantitative genetics of shape in cricket wings: developmental integration in a functional structure. Evolution 2010; 64:2935-51. [PMID: 20482613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of developmental and genetic integration for evolution is contentious. One hypothesis states that integration acts as a constraint on evolution, whereas an alternative is that developmental and genetic systems evolve to match the functional modularity of organisms. This study examined a morphological structure, the cricket wing, where developmental and functional modules are discordant, making it possible to distinguish the two alternatives. Wing shape was characterized with geometric morphometrics, quantitative genetic information was extracted using a full-sibling breeding design, and patterns of developmental integration were inferred from fluctuating asymmetry of wing shape. The patterns of genetic, phenotypic, and developmental integration were clearly similar, but not identical. Heritabilities for different shape variables varied widely, but no shape variables were devoid of genetic variation. Simulated selection for specific shape changes produced predicted responses with marked deflections due to the genetic covariance structure. Three hypotheses of modularity according to the wing structures involved in sound production were inconsistent with the genetic, phenotypic, or developmental covariance structure. Instead, there appears to be strong integration throughout the wing. The hypothesis that genetic and developmental integration evolve to match functional modularity can therefore be rejected for this example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peter Klingenberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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23
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Drake AG, Klingenberg CP. Large‐Scale Diversification of Skull Shape in Domestic Dogs: Disparity and Modularity. Am Nat 2010; 175:289-301. [PMID: 20095825 DOI: 10.1086/650372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abby Grace Drake
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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24
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Debat V, Debelle A, Dworkin I. Plasticity, canalization, and developmental stability of the Drosophila wing: joint effects of mutations and developmental temperature. Evolution 2009; 63:2864-76. [PMID: 19624729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic effects of genetic and environmental manipulations have been rarely investigated simultaneously. In addition to phenotypic plasticity, their effect on the amount and directions of genetic and phenotypic variation is of particular evolutionary importance because these constitute the material for natural selection. Here, we used heterozygous insertional mutations of 16 genes involved in the formation of the Drosophila wing. The flies were raised at two developmental temperatures (18 degrees C and 28 degrees C). Landmark-based geometric morphometrics was used to analyze the variation of the wing size and shape at different hierarchical levels: among genotypes and temperatures; among individuals within group; and fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Our results show that (1) the phenotypic effects of the mutations depend on temperature; (2) reciprocally, most mutations affect wing plasticity; (3) both temperature and mutations modify the levels of FA and of among individuals variation within lines. Remarkably, the patterns of shape FA seem unaffected by temperature whereas those associated with individual variation are systematically altered. By modifying the direction of available phenotypic variation, temperature might thus directly affect the potential for further evolution. It suggests as well that the developmental processes responsible for developmental stability and environmental canalization might be partially distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Debat
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 5202, Département Systématique et Evolution, 75005 Paris, France.
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