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Denner TC, Heise NV, Al-Harrasi A, Csuk R. Synthesis and Enzymatic Evaluation of a Small Library of Substituted Phenylsulfonamido-Alkyl Sulfamates towards Carbonic Anhydrase II. Molecules 2024; 29:3015. [PMID: 38998967 PMCID: PMC11243685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A small library of 79 substituted phenylsulfonamidoalkyl sulfamates, 1b-79b, was synthesized starting from arylsulfonyl chlorides and amino alcohols with different numbers of methylene groups between the hydroxyl and amino moieties yielding intermediates 1a-79a, followed by the reaction of the latter with sulfamoyl chloride. All compounds were screened for their inhibitory activity on bovine carbonic anhydrase II. Compounds 1a-79a showed no inhibition of the enzyme, in contrast to sulfamates 1b-79b. Thus, the inhibitory potential of compounds 1b-79b towards this enzyme depends on the substituent and the substitution pattern of the phenyl group as well as the length of the spacer. Bulkier substituents in the para position proved to be better for inhibiting CAII than compounds with the same substituent in the meta or ortho position. For many substitution patterns, compounds with shorter spacer lengths were superior to those with long chain spacers. Compounds with shorter spacer lengths performed better than those with longer chain spacers for a variety of substitution patterns. The most active compound held inhibition constant as low as Ki = 0.67 μM (for 49b) and a tert-butyl substituent in para position and acted as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni C. Denner
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes, Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (N.V.H.)
| | - Niels V. Heise
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes, Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (N.V.H.)
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman;
| | - René Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes, Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (N.V.H.)
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Bou Ghanem GO, Wareham LK, Calkins DJ. Addressing neurodegeneration in glaucoma: Mechanisms, challenges, and treatments. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 100:101261. [PMID: 38527623 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. The disease causes vision loss due to neurodegeneration of the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projection to the brain through the optic nerve. Glaucoma is associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). Thus, mainstay treatments seek to manage IOP, though many patients continue to lose vision. To address neurodegeneration directly, numerous preclinical studies seek to develop protective or reparative therapies that act independently of IOP. These include growth factors, compounds targeting metabolism, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents, and neuromodulators. Despite success in experimental models, many of these approaches fail to translate into clinical benefits. Several factors contribute to this challenge. Firstly, the anatomic structure of the optic nerve head differs between rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. Additionally, animal models do not replicate the complex glaucoma pathophysiology in humans. Therefore, to enhance the success of translating these findings, we propose two approaches. First, thorough evaluation of experimental targets in multiple animal models, including nonhuman primates, should precede clinical trials. Second, we advocate for combination therapy, which involves using multiple agents simultaneously, especially in the early and potentially reversible stages of the disease. These strategies aim to increase the chances of successful neuroprotective treatment for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi O Bou Ghanem
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Lauren K Wareham
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David J Calkins
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Park YJ, Shin HY, Kim JI. Exploring the role of apolipoprotein E gene promoter polymorphisms in susceptibility to normal-tension glaucoma in a Korean population. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8972. [PMID: 38637538 PMCID: PMC11026505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, particularly primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), poses a significant global health concern. Distinguished by intraocular pressure (IOP), POAG encompasses high-tension glaucoma (HTG) and normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a multifaceted protein with roles in lipid metabolism, neurobiology, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, controversies persist regarding the impact of APOE single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on open-angle glaucoma and NTG. This study aimed to identify APOE-specific SNPs influencing NTG risk. A cohort of 178 patients with NTG recruited from Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital and 32,858 individuals from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) cohort were included in the analysis. Genotype and haplotype analyses were performed on three promoter SNPs (rs449647, rs769446, and rs405509) and two exonic SNPs (rs429358 and rs7412) located on chromosome 19. Among the five SNPs, rs769446 genotypes exhibited significant differences between cases and controls. The minor allele C of rs769446 emerged as a protective factor against NTG. Furthermore, haplotype analysis of the five SNPs revealed that the A-T-G-T-T haplotype was a statistically significant risk factor for NTG. This study indicated an association between APOE promoter SNPs and NTG in the Korean population. Further studies are required to understand how APOE promoter SNPs contribute to NTG pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Park
- Medical Research Center, Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 271, Cheonbo-ro, Uijeongbu-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Medical Research Center, Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lee YC, Lee MY, Shin HY. Lack of association between SIX1/SIX6 locus polymorphisms and pseudoexfoliation syndrome in a population from the Republic of Korea. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31542. [PMID: 36596020 PMCID: PMC9803459 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported the association of the SIX1/SIX6 locus with open-angle glaucoma in various ethnic populations. However, the relevance of the SIX1/SIX6 locus to pseudoexfoliation syndrome (XFS) appears uncertain at present. Thus, we investigated the relationship between polymorphisms in the SIX1/SIX6 locus and XFS in a Korean XFS cohort. A total of 246 participants comprising 167 unrelated Korean patients with XFS and 79 ethnically matched control subjects were recruited. Four polymorphisms of the SIX1/SIX6 locus (rs33912345, rs12436579, rs2179970, and rs10483727) were genotyped using a TaqMan® allelic discrimination assay. Genotypic and allelic associations were analyzed using logistic regression. The minor allele frequency (MAF) of rs33912345 was found to be 0.287 and 0.247 in the XFS cases and controls, respectively, and the MAF of rs12436579 was found to be 0.383 and 0.361 in the XFS cases and control subjects, respectively. The MAF of rs2179970 was found to be 0.090 and 0.095 in the XFS cases and control subjects, respectively, and the MAF of rs10483727 was found to be 0.293 and 0.253 in the XFS cases and control subjects, respectively. Genetic association analysis of 4 SIX1/SIX6 locus single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed no significant difference in genotype distribution between the XFS cases and control subjects in the allelic, dominant, or recessive models (all, P > .05). The current study suggested that SIX1/SIX6 locus polymorphisms (rs33912345, rs12436579, rs2179970, and rs10483727) may not be associated with a genetic susceptibility to XFS in a Korean cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Yon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * Correspondence: Hye-Young Shin, Department of Ophthalmology, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea, 271 Cheonbo-ro, Uijeongbu-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul, Republic of Korea (e-mail: )
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Ng FYC, Song HJJMD, Tan BKJ, Teo CB, Wong ETY, Boey PY, Cheng CY. Bidirectional association between glaucoma and chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 49:101498. [PMID: 35747173 PMCID: PMC9189872 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prevalent and debilitating conditions, with common pathogenic pathways like oxidative stress and fluid dysregulation. We evaluated if there is a bidirectional association between them, as previous studies have yielded conflicting results. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library from inception until 15 June 2021, including full-length English articles published in peer-reviewed journals reporting on glaucoma and CKD as either exposure or outcome, among participants aged ≥18 years. We pooled overall summary estimates of odds ratios using random-effect meta-analysis and conducted subgroup meta-analyses and univariate meta regression. We assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and quality of evidence using the GRADE framework. Our article is PROSPERO-registered and adherent to both PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. This review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021262846). FINDINGS We identified 14 articles comprising of 3 retrospective cohort studies and 12 cross-sectional studies from 2,428 records, including 1,978,254 participants. Risk of bias was low to moderate. Participants with CKD at baseline had higher pooled odds of glaucoma (odds ratio[OR]=1.18, 95% confidence interval[CI]=1.04-1.33, I2=66%, N=12) compared to participants without CKD. The association remained significant in subgroups of longitudinal studies, participants with diabetes, East Asian studies and primary open-angle glaucoma. In the reverse direction, participants with glaucoma at baseline had over three-fold higher odds of incident CKD compared to participants without glaucoma after 10-15 years of follow-up in longitudinal studies (OR=3.67, 95% CI=2.16-6.24, I2=75%, N=2). All studies adjusted for age and sex, while most studies adjusted for comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension. Meta-regression identified ethnicity (East Asians vs Non-East Asians) as a significant effect moderator. Associations were robust to trim-and-fill adjustment for publication bias, single-study influence and cumulative meta-analyses. INTERPRETATION Our meta-analysis suggests a bidirectional relationship between glaucoma and CKD, particularly among East Asians. Further studies are required to elucidate underlying mechanisms and account for differential association by ethnicity. FUNDING Ching-Yu Cheng is supported by Clinician Scientist Award (NMRC/CSA-SI/0012/2017) of the Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye Yu Ci Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Chong Boon Teo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emmett Tsz Yeung Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Pui Yi Boey
- Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Corresponding author at: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Singapore.
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Association of Polymorphisms at the SIX1/SIX6 Locus with Normal Tension Glaucoma in a Population from the Republic of Korea. J Glaucoma 2022; 31:763-766. [PMID: 35658088 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000002060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several previous studies have reported that the relevance of the SIX1/SIX6 locus to open angle glaucoma (OAG) in various ethnic populations. However, definitions of OAG patients were different among those studies. The relevance of the SIX1/SIX6 locus to normal tension glaucoma (NTG) in a Korean population remains uncertain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of the SIX1/SIX6 locus with NTG in a Korean cohort. METHOD Patients with NTG and ethnically-matched healthy controls were recruited from eye clinics in Korea (210 cases and 117 controls). Four polymorphisms (rs33912345, rs12436579, rs2179970, and rs10483727) of the SIX1/SIX6 locus were genotyped for 327 subjects using a TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. RESULTS The rs33912345 polymorphism was significantly correlated with NTG in the recessive model (OR: 0.265; 95%CI: 0.078-0.898, P=0.033), but not in the allelic and dominant models (both P>0.05). The SNP rs10483727 was significantly associated with NTG in the allelic model (OR: 0.674; 95% CI: 0.464-0.979, P=0.038) and the recessive model (OR: 0.187; 95%vCI: 0.058-0.602, P=0.005). Genetic association analysis of SNP rs12436579 and rs2179970 revealed no significant difference in genotype distribution between NTG cases and controls in allelic, dominant, or recessive model (all P>0.05). CONCLUSION The current study found that SIX1-SIX6 locus rs10483727 and rs33912345 polymorphisms were significantly associated with NTG risk in Korean population.
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Huang G, Liang D, Luo L, Lan C, Luo C, Xu H, Lai J. Significance of the lncRNAs MALAT1 and ANRIL in occurrence and development of glaucoma. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24215. [PMID: 35028972 PMCID: PMC8842314 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) is the commonest form of glaucoma which is estimated to cause bilaterally blind within 11.1 million people by 2020. Therefore, the primary objectives of this study were to investigate the clinical significance of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the lncRNAs MALAT1 and ANRIL in a Chinese Han POAG cohort. Methods Three hundred and forty‐six glaucoma patients and 263 healthy controls were recruited, and totally 14 SNPs in MALAT1 and ANRIL were genotyped between the two populations. Results The MALAT1 SNPs rs619586 (A>G), rs3200401 (C>T), and rs664589 (C>G) were associated with POAG risk, and the ANRIL SNPs rs2383207 (A>G), rs564398 (A>G), rs2157719 (A>G), rs7865618 (G>A), and rs4977574 (A>G) were associated with POAG (p < 0.05). The MALAT1 haplotypes ACG and ATC, comprised rs619586, rs3200401, and rs664589, increased POAG risk, and the ANRIL haplotype AAGAA, made up of rs2383207, rs7865618, rs4977574, rs564398, and rs2157719, show a significantly increased risk of POAG. In addition, rs619586 (A>G) of MALAT1 and rs564398/rs2157719 of ANRIL were associated with a smaller vertical cup‐to‐disc ratio, while rs619586 of MALAT1 and rs2383207/rs4977574 of ANRIL were associated with higher intraocular pressure in the POAG population. Conclusion Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes in ANRIL and MALAT1 were associated with POAG onset in our study population, which provide more possibilities to POAG diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou City, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou City, China
| | - Lidan Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou City, China
| | - Chenghong Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou City, China
| | - Chengfeng Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou City, China
| | - Hongwang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou City, China
| | - Jiangfeng Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou City, China
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8
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The role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma. Part 1. Connective tissue. OPHTHALMOLOGY JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.17816/ov52972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents an analytical review of works devoted to molecular and genetic studies in primary open-angle glaucoma from the perspective of the concept of hereditary inferiority of the connective tissue of the eye (scleral component), and the entire body as a whole, as triggers in the development of the disease. The relationship between the main theories of the pathogenesis of glaucoma optical neuropathy and the determining role of molecular and genetic mechanisms of specific changes in the eye tissue is shown. The clinical features of primary open-angle glaucoma in patients with a family history are analyzed. Potentially new directions for preclinical diagnosis of glaucoma and pathogenetically oriented therapy are proposed.
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Cappelli F, Caudano F, Marenco M, Testa V, Masala A, Sindaco D, Macrì A, Traverso CE, Iester M, Ricciarelli R. Evaluating the Correlation between Alzheimer's Amyloid-β Peptides and Glaucoma in Human Aqueous Humor. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:21. [PMID: 32821493 PMCID: PMC7401938 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.5.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recent studies suggest that glaucoma may share common pathogenic mechanisms with Alzheimer's disease. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the correlation between glaucoma and amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) concentration in human samples of aqueous humor (AH). Methods Eighty-one candidates for cataract or glaucoma surgery were consecutively enrolled, with a median age of 77 years; of these, 32 subjects were affected by glaucoma and 49 were controls. Before surgery, each patient received an ophthalmological examination including biometry, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, fundus photography, and determination of the mean thickness of the ganglion cell complex (GCC) and/or retinal nerve fiber layer. During the surgical procedure, an AH sample was collected and immediately processed for total protein (TP) and Aβ42 evaluation. Results Aβ42 levels were not statistically different between the glaucomatous and control samples, but a significant increase in TP concentration was found in the AH of glaucoma patients compared with controls (P = 0.02). In addition, positive correlations were observed between TP and Aβ42 (r = 0.51; P < 0.0001), between TP and IOP (r = 0.44; P < 0.0001), and between Aβ42 and IOP (r = 0.22; P = 0.033). Conclusions Our results indicate that an increased protein concentration in the AH could play a role in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous disease. Translational Relevance This study strongly supports the hypothesis that increased TP in the AH may have a pathogenic role in glaucoma. Further investigations are needed to clarify whether the protein enhancement represents a causative factor and whether it can be used as a marker of disease or as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cappelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Caudano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Marenco
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valeria Testa
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Sindaco
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Macrì
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo E Traverso
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Iester
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Ricciarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Damage of Retinal Neurons: Drug Development Targets for Therapies of Chronic Neurodegeneration of the Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113362. [PMID: 30373222 PMCID: PMC6274960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of oxidative stress in the development of chronic neurodegenerative diseases of the retina has become increasingly apparent in recent years. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radicals produced at low levels as a result of normal cellular metabolism that are ultimately metabolized and detoxified by endogenous and exogenous mechanisms. In the presence of oxidative cellular stress, ROS are produced in excess, resulting in cellular injury and death and ultimately leading to tissue and organ dysfunction. Recent studies have investigated the role of excess ROS in the pathogenesis and development of chronic neurodegenerative diseases of the retina including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. Findings from these studies are promising insofar as they provide clear rationales for innovative treatment and prevention strategies of these prevalent and disabling diseases where currently therapeutic options are limited. Here, we briefly outline recent developments that have contributed to our understanding of the role of ROS in the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases of the retina. We then examine and analyze the peer-reviewed evidence in support of ROS as targets for therapy development in the area of chronic neurodegeneration of the retina.
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Dong SW, Chen Y, Liu GH, Chen L, Zhao XH, Wang Z. Neuroprotective Efficacy of Cadambine Against Cadmium in Primary Brain Neonatal Rat Cells. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2018.194.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Genetic variants associated with primary open angle glaucoma in Indian population. Genomics 2017; 109:27-35. [PMID: 27851990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Mookherjee S, Banerjee D, Chakraborty S, Mukhopadhyay I, Sen A, Ray K. Evaluation of the IL1 Gene Cluster Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Pathogenesis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:633-636. [PMID: 27533638 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Dysregulation of the immune system has previously been implicated in glaucoma pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the potential association of SNPs in the IL1 gene cluster, consisting of nine genes, with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) cases. These cases presented with low to normal intraocular pressures (<20 mmHg), and are referred to as non-high tension glaucoma (non-HTG) cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this biphasic study, the discovery phase was conducted with 198 non-HTG cases and 112 controls from eastern India. A total of 68 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the IL1 nine-gene cluster region were genotyped using the MALDI-TOF based Sequenom platform. SNPs, which were found to be significantly associated with non-HTG cases in the first phase of the study, were further genotyped by Sanger sequencing in a replication cohort consisting of 194 non-HTG cases and 242 controls. RESULTS In the discovery phase, two nonsynonymous SNPs (rs3811046 and rs3811047), located in the IL1F7 gene and in an intergenic region, respectively were found to be weakly associated with non-HTG cases. However, the association was not sustained in the replication cohort. CONCLUSION Our study did not reveal any reproducible association of SNPs in the IL1 gene cluster with POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suddhasil Mookherjee
- 1 Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata, India
| | - Deblina Banerjee
- 1 Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata, India
| | - Subhadip Chakraborty
- 1 Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Kunal Ray
- 1 Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata, India
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Frezzotti P, Giorgio A, Toto F, De Leucio A, De Stefano N. Early changes of brain connectivity in primary open angle glaucoma. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:4581-4596. [PMID: 27503699 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to assess in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), a major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, whether diffuse brain changes recently shown in advanced stage can be detected since the early stage. We used multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 57 patients with the three POAG stages and in 29 age-matched normal controls (NC). Voxelwise statistics was performed with nonparametric permutation testing. Compared with NC, disrupted anatomical connectivity (AC) was found in the whole POAG group along the visual pathway and in nonvisual white matter tracts (P < 0.001). Moreover, POAG patients showed decreased functional connectivity (FC) in the visual (P = 0.004) and working memory (P < 0.001) networks whereas an increase occurred in the default mode (P = 0.002) and subcortical (P < 0.001) networks. Altered AC and FC were already present in early POAG (n = 14) in both visual and nonvisual systems (P ≤ 0.01). Only severe POAG (n = 30) showed gray matter atrophy and this mapped on visual cortex (P < 0.001) and hippocampus (P < 0.001). Increasing POAG stage was associated with worsening AC in both visual and nonvisual pathway (P < 0.001), progressive atrophy in the hippocampus and frontal cortex (P < 0.003). Most of the structural and functional alterations within and outside the visual system showed correlation (P < 0.001 to 0.02) with computerized visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. In conclusion, the complex pathogenesis of POAG includes widespread damage of AC and altered FC within and beyond the visual system since the early disease stage. The association of brain MRI changes with measures of visual severity emphasizes the clinical relevance of our findings. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4581-4596, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Frezzotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Giorgio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Toto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Leucio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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15
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Kumar S, Malik MA, Goswami S, Sihota R, Kaur J. Candidate genes involved in the susceptibility of primary open angle glaucoma. Gene 2016; 577:119-31. [PMID: 26621382 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Abu-Hassan DW, Li X, Ryan EI, Acott TS, Kelley MJ. Induced pluripotent stem cells restore function in a human cell loss model of open-angle glaucoma. Stem Cells 2015; 33:751-61. [PMID: 25377070 PMCID: PMC4359625 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Normally, trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal inner wall endothelial cells within the aqueous humor outflow pathway maintain intraocular pressure within a narrow safe range. Elevation in intraocular pressure, because of the loss of homeostatic regulation by these outflow pathway cells, is the primary risk factor for vision loss due to glaucomatous optic neuropathy. A notable feature associated with glaucoma is outflow pathway cell loss. Using controlled cell loss in ex vivo perfused human outflow pathway organ culture, we developed compelling experimental evidence that this level of cell loss compromises intraocular pressure homeostatic function. This function was restored by repopulation of the model with fresh TM cells. We then differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and used them to repopulate this cell depletion model. These differentiated cells (TM-like iPSCs) became similar to TM cells in both morphology and expression patterns. When transplanted, they were able to fully restore intraocular pressure homeostatic function. This successful transplantation of TM-like iPSCs establishes the conceptual feasibility of using autologous stem cells to restore intraocular pressure regulatory function in open-angle glaucoma patients, providing a novel alternative treatment option. Stem Cells2015;33:751–761
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Affiliation(s)
- Diala W Abu-Hassan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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17
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Williams SEI, Carmichael TR, Allingham RR, Hauser M, Ramsay M. The genetics of POAG in black South Africans: a candidate gene association study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8378. [PMID: 25669751 PMCID: PMC4323640 DOI: 10.1038/srep08378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple loci have been associated with either primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) or heritable ocular quantitative traits associated with this condition. This study examined the association of these loci with POAG, with central corneal thickness (CCT), vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR) and with diabetes mellitus in a group of black South Africans (215 POAG cases and 214 controls). The population was homogeneous and distinct from other African and European populations. Single SNPs in the MYOC, COL8A2, COL1A1 and ZNF469 gene regions showed marginal associations with POAG. No association with POAG was identified with tagging SNPs in TMCO1, CAV1/CAV2, CYP1B1, COL1A2, COL5A1, CDKN2B/CDKN2BAS-1, SIX1/SIX6 or the chromosome 2p16 regions and there were no associations with CCT or VCDR. However, SNP rs12522383 in WDR36 was associated with diabetes mellitus (p = 0.00008). This first POAG genetic association study in black South Africans has therefore identified associations that require additional investigation in this and other populations to determine their significance. This highlights the need for larger studies in this population if we are to achieve the goal of facilitating early POAG detection and ultimately preventing irreversible blindness from this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E I Williams
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Trevor R Carmichael
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Michael Hauser
- Duke Center for Human Genetics, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Michele Ramsay
- 1] Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa [2] Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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18
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Nowak A, Szaflik JP, Gacek M, Przybylowska-Sygut K, Kamińska A, Szaflik J, Majsterek I. BDNF and HSP gene polymorphisms and their influence on the progression of primary open-angle glaucoma in a Polish population. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10:1206-13. [PMID: 25624860 PMCID: PMC4296062 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2014.45089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that is often associated with high intraocular pressure (IOP). One of the effects of elevated IOP is disorder of neurotrophic molecules transport, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and recruit specific cellular proteins called "heat shock proteins" (HSPs). The aim of this study was to evaluate a relationship between the BDNF and HSP70-1 gene polymorphisms with risk occurrence of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study consisted of 167 patients with POAG (mean age: 73 ±9) and 193 healthy subjects (mean age: 64 ±13). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. Analysis of the gene polymorphisms was performed using PCR-RFLP, using the following restriction enzymes: NlaIII (rs6265) and BsrBI (rs1043618). The Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT) clinical parameters were also analyzed. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each genotype and allele were calculated. RESULTS Comparison of the distributions of genotypes and alleles of the 196G/A polymorphism of the BDNF gene as well as 190G/C polymorphism of the HSP70-1 gene and analysis of the odds ratio (OR) showed no statistically significant differences between POAG patients and controls (p > 0.05). However, there was a statistically significant association of the 196G/A of BDNF and 190G/C of HSP70-1 gene polymorphisms with progression of POAG depending on values of clinical parameters. 196G/A of BDNF correlated with the parameters GDx and RA (p = 0.03; p = 0.002, respectively), while 190G/C of HSP70-1 correlated with c/d and RA (p = 0.014, p = 0.024, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The BDNF 196G/A and HSP70-1 190G/C gene polymorphisms may be related to progression of POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Nowak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek P. Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology II, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mira Gacek
- Department of Ophthalmology II, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Kamińska
- Department of Ophthalmology II, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology II, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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Kaurani L, Vishal M, Kumar D, Sharma A, Mehani B, Sharma C, Chakraborty S, Jha P, Ray J, Sen A, Dash D, Ray K, Mukhopadhyay A. Gene-rich large deletions are overrepresented in POAG patients of Indian and Caucasian origins. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:3258-64. [PMID: 24764060 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Large copy number variations (CNV) can contribute to increased burden for neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we analyzed the genome-wide burden of large CNVs > 100 kb in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), a neurodegenerative disease of the eye that is the largest cause of irreversible blindness. METHODS Genome-wide analysis of CNVs > 100 kb were analyzed in a total of 1720 individuals, including an Indian cohort (347 POAG cases and 345 controls) and a Caucasian cohort (624 cases and 404 controls). All the CNV data were obtained from experiments performed on Illumina 660W-Quad (infinium) arrays. RESULTS We observed that for both the populations CNVs > 1 Mb was significantly enriched for gene-rich regions unique to the POAG cases (P < 10(-11)). In the Indian cohort CNVs > 1 Mb (39 calls) in patients influenced 125 genes while in controls 31 such CNVs influenced only 5 genes with no overlap. In both cohorts we observed 1.9-fold gene enrichment in patients for deletions compared to duplications, while such a bias was not observed in controls (0.3-fold). Overall duplications > 1 Mb were more than deletions (Del/Dup = 0.82) confirming that the enrichment of gene-rich deletions in patients was associated with the disease. Of the 39 CNVs > 1 Mb from Indian patients, 28 (72%) also were implicated in other neurodegenerative disorders, like autism, schizophrenia, sensorineural hearing loss, and so forth. We found one large duplication encompassing CNTN4 gene in Indian and Caucasian POAG patients that was absent in the controls. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, our study is the first report on large CNV bias for gene-rich regions in glaucomatous neurodegeneration, implicating its impact across populations of contrasting ethnicities. We identified CNTN4 as a novel candidate gene for POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Kaurani
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Mansi Vishal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Dhirendra Kumar
- G. N. Ramachandran Knowledge Centre for Genome Informatics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Bharati Mehani
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Charu Sharma
- Mathematics Department, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subhadip Chakraborty
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India S. N. Pradhan Centre for Neurosciences, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Pankaj Jha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Jharna Ray
- S. N. Pradhan Centre for Neurosciences, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Debasis Dash
- G. N. Ramachandran Knowledge Centre for Genome Informatics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Kunal Ray
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Arijit Mukhopadhyay
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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20
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Tan P, Yuan H, Zhu X, Cui Y, Li H, Feng X, Qiu Y, Chen H, Zhou W. Activation of muscarinic receptors protects against retinal neurons damage and optic nerve degeneration in vitro and in vivo models. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:227-36. [PMID: 24279639 PMCID: PMC6493181 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist pilocarpine reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) of glaucoma mainly by stimulating ciliary muscle contraction and then increasing aqueous outflow. It is of our great interest to know whether pilocarpine has the additional properties of retinal neuroprotection independent of IOP lowering in vitro and in vivo models. METHODS In rat primary retinal cultures, cell viability was measured using an MTT assay and the trypan blue exclusion method, respectively. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were identified by immunofluorescence and quantified by flow cytometry. For the in vivo study, the retinal damage after retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats was evaluated by histopathological study using hematoxylin and eosin staining, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical study on cleaved caspase-3, caspase-3, and ChAT. RESULTS Pretreatment of pilocarpine attenuated glutamate-induced neurotoxicity of primary retinal neurons in a dose-dependent manner. Protection of pilocarpine in both retinal neurons and RGCs was largely abolished by the nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine and the M1-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist pirenzepine. After ischemia/reperfusion injury in retina, the inner retinal degeneration occurred including ganglion cell layer thinning and neuron lost, and the optic nerve underwent vacuolar changes. These degenerative changes were significantly lessened by topical application of 2% pilocarpine. In addition, the protective effect of pilocarpine on the ischemic rat retina was favorably reflected by downregulating the expression of activated apoptosis marker cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-3 and upregulating the expression of cholinergic cell marker ChAT. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, this highlights pilocarpine through the activation of muscarinic receptors appear to afford significant protection against retinal neurons damage and optic nerve degeneration at clinically relevant concentrations. These data also further support muscarinic receptors as potential therapeutic neuroprotective targets in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan‐Pan Tan
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Medical SciencesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Hai‐Hong Yuan
- Department of PharmacologyShanghai Institute of Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Xu Zhu
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Medical SciencesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yong‐Yao Cui
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Medical SciencesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Hui Li
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Medical SciencesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xue‐Mei Feng
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Medical SciencesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Medical SciencesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Hong‐Zhuan Chen
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Medical SciencesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Medical SciencesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular Aβ amyloid deposits in the form of amyloid plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and synaptic and neuronal loss co-exist in the brain parenchyma, with the limbic areas being the most severely affected. The classic clinical findings are personality changes, progressive cognitive dysfunction, and loss of ability to perform activities of daily living. Visual impairment is common and appears related to disease severity, suggesting that visual testing may provide a method of screening and tracking AD changes. Although still not fully understood, research and clinical findings point to a possible common causal relationship between AD and glaucoma. These two chronic neurodegenerative disorders share biological and mechanistic features, among them (1) a strong age-related incidence, (2) retinal ganglion cell degeneration, and (3) extracellular fibrillar deposits in exfoliation syndrome, the most common recognizable cause of glaucoma, suggesting that both diseases may originate from similar misfolding mechanisms. A presentation of common pathogenetic pathways associated with these disorders, including cell death mechanisms, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial dysfunction and vascular abnormalities, will serve as an initiation point for further exploration.
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22
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Banerjee D, Banerjee A, Mookherjee S, Vishal M, Mukhopadhyay A, Sen A, Basu A, Ray K. Mitochondrial genome analysis of primary open angle glaucoma patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70760. [PMID: 23940637 PMCID: PMC3733777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a multi-factorial optic disc neuropathy characterized by accelerating damage of the retinal ganglion cells and atrophy of the optic nerve head. The vulnerability of the optic nerve damage leading to POAG has been postulated to result from oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of the mitochondrial genomic variants in 101 patients and 71 controls by direct sequencing of the entire mitochondrial genome. The number of variable positions in the mtDNA with respect to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS), have been designated "Segregating Sites". The segregating sites present only in the patients or controls have been designated "Unique Segregating Sites (USS)". The population mutation rate (θ = 4Neμ) as estimated by Watterson's θ (θw), considering only the USS, was significantly higher among the patients (p = 9.8 × 10(-15)) compared to controls. The difference in θw and the number of USS were more pronounced when restricted to the coding region (p<1.31 × 10(-21) and p = 0.006607, respectively). Further analysis of the region revealed non-synonymous variations were significantly higher in Complex I among the patients (p = 0.0053). Similar trends were retained when USS was considered only within complex I (frequency 0.49 vs 0.31 with p<0.0001 and mutation rate p-value <1.49×10(-43)) and ND5 within its gene cluster (frequency 0.47 vs 0.23 with p<0.0001 and mutation rate p-value <4.42×10(-47)). ND5 is involved in the proton pumping mechanism. Incidentally, glaucomatous trabecular meshwork cells have been reported to be more sensitive to inhibition of complex I activity. Thus mutations in ND5, expected to inhibit complex I activity, could lead to generation of oxidative stress and favor glaucomatous condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblina Banerjee
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Suddhasil Mookherjee
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mansi Vishal
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Analabha Basu
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
| | - Kunal Ray
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Ma F, Dai J, Sun X. Progress in understanding the association between high myopia and primary open-angle glaucoma. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 42:190-7. [PMID: 23845009 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology; Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia; Ministry of Health PR China; Shanghai China
| | - Jinhui Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology; Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia; Ministry of Health PR China; Shanghai China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology; Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia; Ministry of Health PR China; Shanghai China
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Kokotas H, Kroupis C, Chiras D, Grigoriadou M, Lamnissou K, Petersen MB, Kitsos G. Biomarkers in primary open angle glaucoma. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 50:2107-19. [PMID: 22745021 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness worldwide, is currently defined as a disturbance of the structural or functional integrity of the optic nerve that causes characteristic atrophic changes in the optic nerve, which may lead to specific visual field defects over time. This disturbance usually can be arrested or diminished by adequate lowering of intraocular pressure (IOP). Glaucoma can be divided roughly into two main categories, ‘ open angle ’ and ‘ closed angle ’ glaucoma.Open angle, chronic glaucoma tends to progress at a slower rate and patients may not notice loss of vision until the disease has progressed significantly. Primary open angle glaucoma(POAG) is described distinctly as a multifactorial optic neuropathy that is chronic and progressive with a characteristic acquired loss of optic nerve fibers. Such loss develops in the presence of open anterior chamber angles, characteristic visual field abnormalities, and IOP that is too high for the healthy eye. It manifests by cupping and atrophy of the optic disc, in the absence of other known causes of glaucomatous disease. Several biological markers have been implicated with the disease. The purpose of this study was to summarize the current knowledge regarding the non-genetic molecular markers which have been predicted to have an association with POAG but have not yet been validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Kokotas
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Child Health , Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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25
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Budenz DL, Barton K, Whiteside-de Vos J, Schiffman J, Bandi J, Nolan W, Herndon L, Kim H, Hay-Smith G, Tielsch JM. Prevalence of glaucoma in an urban West African population: the Tema Eye Survey. JAMA Ophthalmol 2013; 131:651-8. [PMID: 23538512 PMCID: PMC4139110 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Multiple studies have found an increased prevalence, younger age at onset, and more severe course of glaucoma in people of African descent, but these findings are based on studies conducted outside Africa. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of glaucoma in an urban West African population of adults. DESIGN AND SETTING A population-based, cross-sectional study of adults 40 years and older conducted from September 1, 2006, through December 31, 2008, from 5 communities in Tema, Ghana. PARTICIPANTS Participants from randomly selected clusters underwent a screening examination that consisted of visual acuity, frequency doubling perimetry, applanation tonometry, and optic disc photography. Participants who failed any of these tests were referred for complete examination, including gonioscopy, standard automated perimetry, and stereoscopic optic disc photography. RESULTS A total of 6806 eligible participants were identified, and 5603 (82.3%) were enrolled in the study. The field examination referred 1869 participants (33.3%) to the clinic examination, and 1538 (82.2%) came for complete examination. A total of 362 participants were identified as having glaucoma of any type and category. Primary open-angle glaucoma was the underlying diagnosis in 342 participants (94.5%). The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma was 6.8% overall, increasing from 3.7% among those 40 to 49 years old to 14.6% among those 80 years and older, and was higher in men than in women in all age groups, with an overall male-female prevalence ratio of 1.5. Of the participants with glaucoma, 9 (2.5%) were blind using World Health Organization criteria, and only 12 (3.3%) were aware that they had glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The prevalence of glaucoma is higher in this urban West African population than in previous studies of people of East or South African and of non-African descent. Strategies to identify affected persons and effectively manage the burden of glaucoma are needed in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Budenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Department of Ophthalmology, Miami, FL, USA.
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Nuclear morphology and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 expression differentiate serum-starved oxidative stress signalling from hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in retinal neuronal cell line. Cell Biol Int 2013; 36:1021-7. [PMID: 22775755 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by serum starvation and H2O2 exposure, both triggers apoptosis in retinal neuronal cell line RGC-5 (retinal ganglion cell-5). We have examined whether, despite excess generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and apoptosis induction, there is any dissimilarity in nuclear morphology and apoptotic signalling pathway in RGC-5 under these conditions. Sub-confluent cells were treated either with H2O2 or maintained in SFM (serum-free medium). ROS level was detected along with nuclear morphology and ultrastructural analysis. Generation of excess intracellular ROS, nuclear localization of Bax and caspase 3 activation along with decrease of cellular viability, confirmed apoptosis induction in RGC-5 by 72 h serum starvation and 500 M H2O2 exposure for 1 h. Nuclear swelling as supported by nuclear cytoplasmic ratio and conspicuous black spots with nuclear remodelling were observed only upon SFM, but not with H2O2 treatment. Serum starvation did not alter JNK1 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1) expression, although nuclear translocation and higher level of pJNK (phospho-JNK) was evident. Conversely, H2O2 exposure blocked the expression and activation of JNK1 to phospho-JNK as a negligible level of pJNK was present in the cytoplasm. Despite similar ROS generation in both the conditions, difference in nuclear morphology and JNK1 expression leads to the hypothesis that RGC-5 cells may follow different signalling pathways when challenged with serum starvation and H2O2.
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Gramlich OW, Beck S, von Thun und Hohenstein-Blaul N, Boehm N, Ziegler A, Vetter JM, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Enhanced insight into the autoimmune component of glaucoma: IgG autoantibody accumulation and pro-inflammatory conditions in human glaucomatous retina. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57557. [PMID: 23451242 PMCID: PMC3581473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is accumulating evidence that autoimmune components, such as autoantibodies and autoantibody depositions, play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimeŕs disease or Multiple Sclerosis. Due to alterations of autoantibody patterns in sera and aqueous humor, an autoimmune component is also assumed in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, a common reason for irreversible blindness worldwide. So far there has been no convincing evidence that autoantibodies are accumulated in the retina of glaucoma patients and that the local immune homeostasis might be affected. METHODS AND RESULTS Six human glaucomatous donor eyes and nine samples from donors with no recorded ocular disease were included. Antibody microarrays were used to examine the patterns of pro-inflammatory proteins and complement proteins. Analysis of TNF-α and interleukin levels revealed a slight up-regulation exclusively in the glaucomatous group, while complement protein levels were not altered. IgG autoantibody accumulations and/or cellular components were determined by immunohistology (n = 4 per group). A significantly reduced number of retinal ganglion cells was found in the glaucomatous group (healthy: 104±7 nuclei/mm, glaucoma: 67±9 nuclei/mm; p = 0.0007). Cell loss was accompanied by strong retinal IgG autoantibody accumulations, which were at least twice as high as in healthy subjects (healthy: 5.0±0.5 IgG deposits/100 cells, glaucoma: 9.4±1.9 IgG deposits/100 cells; p = 0.004). CD27(+) cells and CD27(+)/IgG(+) plasma cells were observed in all glaucomatous subjects, but not in controls. CONCLUSION This work provides serious evidence for the occurrence of IgG antibody deposition and plasma cells in human glaucomatous retina. Moreover, the results suggest that these IgG deposits occurred in a pro-inflammatory environment which seems to be maintained locally by immune-competent cells like microglia. Thereby, glaucoma features an immunological involvement comparable to other neurodegenerative diseases, but also shows a multifactorial pathomechanism, which diverges and might be linked to the specific nature of both eye and retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W. Gramlich
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Beck
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Nils Boehm
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Anika Ziegler
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan M. Vetter
- Cornea Bank of Rhineland-Palatine, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz H. Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
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Analysis of COCHand TNFAVariants in East Indian Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:937870. [PMID: 24063017 PMCID: PMC3770021 DOI: 10.1155/2013/937870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma represents a heterogeneous group of optic neuropathies with a complex genetic basis. It is the second-largest cause of blindness in the world that reduces vision without warning and often without symptoms. Among 3 major subtypes of glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common form. The focus of this study is to understand the molecular basis of the disease among Indian patients with respect to two genes, Cochlin (COCH) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA), selected based on reports of possible association with POAG. The genes were screened in patients and controls by PCR and direct sequencing. Although two novel changes (–450 C/T and –79 G/G) were identified in the 5′upstream region of COCH, no causal variant could be identified in either gene. –450 C/T was detected in 3 patients and 2 controls and –79 G/C in a single patient. Further, we did not observe significant association with the promoter SNPs of TNFA that had been previously reported to be associated with POAG pathogenesis. Thus, our study suggests lack of association of both COCH and TNFA with POAG pathogenesis.
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Mookherjee S, Acharya M, Banerjee D, Bhattacharjee A, Ray K. Molecular basis for involvement of CYP1B1 in MYOC upregulation and its potential implication in glaucoma pathogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45077. [PMID: 23028769 PMCID: PMC3448602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP1B1 has been implicated in primary congenital glaucoma with autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Mutations in CYP1B1 have also been reported in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) cases and suggested to act as a modifier of the disease along with Myocilin (MYOC). Earlier reports suggest that over-expression of myocilin leads to POAG pathogenesis. Taken together, we propose a functional interaction between CYP1B1 and myocilin where 17β estradiol acts as a mediator. Therefore, we hypothesize that 17β estradiol can induce MYOC expression through the putative estrogen responsive elements (EREs) located in its promoter and CYP1B1 could manipulate MYOC expression by metabolizing 17β estradiol to 4-hydroxy estradiol, thus preventing it from binding to MYOC promoter. Hence any mutation in CYP1B1 that reduces its 17β estradiol metabolizing activity might lead to MYOC upregulation, which in turn might play a role in glaucoma pathogenesis. It was observed that 17β estradiol is present in Human Trabecular Meshwork cells (HTM) and Retinal Pigment Epithelial cells (RPE) by immunoflouresence and ELISA. Also, the expression of enzymes related to estrogen biosynthesis pathway was observed in both cell lines by RT-PCR. Subsequent evaluation of the EREs in the MYOC promoter by luciferase assay, with dose and time dependent treatment of 17β estradiol, showed that the EREs are indeed active. This observation was further validated by direct binding of estrogen receptors (ER) on EREs in MYOC promoter and subsequent upregulation in MYOC level in HTM cells on 17β estradiol treatment. Interestingly, CYP1B1 mutants with less than 10% enzymatic activity were found to increase the level of endogenous myocilin in HTM cells. Thus the experimental observations are consistent with our proposed hypothesis that mutant CYP1B1, lacking the 17β estradiol metabolizing activity, can cause MYOC upregulation, which might have a potential implication in glaucoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suddhasil Mookherjee
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Moulinath Acharya
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Deblina Banerjee
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashima Bhattacharjee
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Kunal Ray
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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Hutchinson SA, Tooke-Locke E, Wang J, Tsai S, Katz T, Trede NS. Tbl3 regulates cell cycle length during zebrafish development. Dev Biol 2012; 368:261-72. [PMID: 22659140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of cell cycle rate is essential for the correct timing of proliferation and differentiation during development. Changes to cell cycle rate can have profound effects on the size, shape and cell types of a developing organ. We previously identified a zebrafish mutant ceylon (cey) that has a severe reduction in T cells and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Here we find that the cey phenotype is due to absence of the gene transducin (beta)-like 3 (tbl3). The tbl3 homolog in yeast regulates the cell cycle by maintaining rRNA levels and preventing p53-induced cell death. Zebrafish tbl3 is maternally expressed, but later in development its expression is restricted to specific tissues. Tissues expressing tbl3 are severely reduced in cey mutants, including HSPCs, the retina, exocrine pancreas, intestine, and jaw cartilage. Specification of these tissues is normal, suggesting the reduced size is due to a reduced number of differentiated cells. Tbl3 MO injection into either wild-type or p53-/- mutant embryos phenocopies cey, indicating that loss of tbl3 causes specific defects in cey. Progression of both hematopoietic and retinal development is delayed beginning at 3 day post fertilization due to a slowing of the cell cycle. In contrast to yeast, reduction of Tbl3 causes a slowing of the cell cycle without a corresponding increase in p53 induced cell death. These data suggest that tbl3 plays a tissue-specific role regulating cell cycle rate during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Hutchinson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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31
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Tokuda Y, Yagi T, Yoshii K, Ikeda Y, Fuwa M, Ueno M, Nakano M, Omi N, Tanaka M, Mori K, Kageyama M, Nagasaki I, Yagi K, Kinoshita S, Tashiro K. An approach to predict the risk of glaucoma development by integrating different attribute data. SPRINGERPLUS 2012; 1:41. [PMID: 23961367 PMCID: PMC3725912 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-1-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is one of the major causes of blindness worldwide and considered to be influenced by inherited and environmental factors. Recently, we demonstrated a genome-wide association study for the susceptibility to POAG by comparing patients and controls. In addition, the serum cytokine levels, which are affected by environmental and postnatal factors, could be also obtained in patients as well as in controls, simultaneously. Here, in order to predict the effective diagnosis of POAG, we developed an “integration approach” using different attribute data which were integrated simply with several machine learning methods and random sampling. Two data sets were prepared for this study. The one is the “training data set”, which consisted of 42 POAG and 42 controls. The other is the “test data set” consisted of 73 POAG and 52 controls. We first examined for genotype and cytokine data using the training data set with general machine learning methods. After the integration approach was applied, we obtained the stable accuracy, using the support vector machine method with the radial basis function. Although our approach was based on well-known machine learning methods and a simple process, we demonstrated that the integration with two kinds of attributes, genotype and cytokines, was effective and helpful in diagnostic prediction of POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Tokuda
- Department of Genomic Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajiicho 465, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
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Molecular motor proteins and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:9057-82. [PMID: 22272119 PMCID: PMC3257116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12129057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons in the brain, brainstem and spinal cord, which is characterized by motor dysfunction, muscle dystrophy and progressive paralysis. Both inherited and sporadic forms of ALS share common pathological features, however, the initial trigger of neurodegeneration remains unknown. Motor neurons are uniquely targeted by ubiquitously expressed proteins in ALS but the reason for this selectively vulnerability is unclear. However motor neurons have unique characteristics such as very long axons, large cell bodies and high energetic metabolism, therefore placing high demands on cellular transport processes. Defects in cellular trafficking are now widely reported in ALS, including dysfunction to the molecular motors dynein and kinesin. Abnormalities to dynein in particular are linked to ALS, and defects in dynein-mediated axonal transport processes have been reported as one of the earliest pathologies in transgenic SOD1 mice. Furthermore, dynein is very highly expressed in neurons and neurons are particularly sensitive to dynein dysfunction. Hence, unravelling cellular transport processes mediated by molecular motor proteins may help shed light on motor neuron loss in ALS.
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Cartier A, Parent A, Labrecque P, Laroche G, Parent JL. WDR36 acts as a scaffold protein tethering a G-protein-coupled receptor, Gαq and phospholipase Cβ in a signalling complex. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3292-304. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.085795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified the WD-repeat-containing protein, WDR36, as an interacting partner of the β isoform of thromboxane A2 receptor (TPβ) by yeast two-hybrid screening. We demonstrated that WDR36 directly interacts with the C-terminus and the first intracellular loop of TPβ by in vitro GST-pulldown assays. The interaction in a cellular context was observed by co-immunoprecipitation, which was positively affected by TPβ stimulation. TPβ–WDR36 colocalization was detected by confocal microscopy at the plasma membrane in non-stimulated HEK293 cells but the complex translocated to intracellular vesicles following receptor stimulation. Coexpression of WDR36 and its siRNA-mediated knockdown, respectively, increased and inhibited TPβ-induced Gαq signalling. Interestingly, WDR36 co-immunoprecipitated with Gαq, and promoted TPβ–Gαq interaction. WDR36 also associated with phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ) and increased the interaction between Gαq and PLCβ, but prevented sequestration of activated Gαq by GRK2. In addition, the presence of TPβ in PLCβ immunoprecipitates was augmented by expression of WDR36. Finally, disease-associated variants of WDR36 affected its ability to modulate Gαq-mediated signalling by TPβ. We report that WDR36 acts as a new scaffold protein tethering a G-protein-coupled receptor, Gαq and PLCβ in a signalling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréane Cartier
- Service de Rhumatologie, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Lebel, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Audrey Parent
- Service de Rhumatologie, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Lebel, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Pascale Labrecque
- Service de Rhumatologie, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Lebel, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Geneviève Laroche
- Service de Rhumatologie, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Lebel, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Parent
- Service de Rhumatologie, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke and Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne-Lebel, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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Liu YH, Tian T. Hypothesis of optineurin as a new common risk factor in normal-tension glaucoma and Alzheimer’s disease. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:591-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yu-Wai-Man P, Griffiths PG, Chinnery PF. Mitochondrial optic neuropathies - disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 30:81-114. [PMID: 21112411 PMCID: PMC3081075 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and autosomal-dominant optic atrophy (DOA) are the two most common inherited optic neuropathies in the general population. Both disorders share striking pathological similarities, marked by the selective loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the early involvement of the papillomacular bundle. Three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations; m.3460G>A, m.11778G>A, and m.14484T>C account for over 90% of LHON cases, and in DOA, the majority of affected families harbour mutations in the OPA1 gene, which codes for a mitochondrial inner membrane protein. Optic nerve degeneration in LHON and DOA is therefore due to disturbed mitochondrial function and a predominantly complex I respiratory chain defect has been identified using both in vitro and in vivo biochemical assays. However, the trigger for RGC loss is much more complex than a simple bioenergetic crisis and other important disease mechanisms have emerged relating to mitochondrial network dynamics, mtDNA maintenance, axonal transport, and the involvement of the cytoskeleton in maintaining a differential mitochondrial gradient at sites such as the lamina cribosa. The downstream consequences of these mitochondrial disturbances are likely to be influenced by the local cellular milieu. The vulnerability of RGCs in LHON and DOA could derive not only from tissue-specific, genetically-determined biological factors, but also from an increased susceptibility to exogenous influences such as light exposure, smoking, and pharmacological agents with putative mitochondrial toxic effects. Our concept of inherited mitochondrial optic neuropathies has evolved over the past decade, with the observation that patients with LHON and DOA can manifest a much broader phenotypic spectrum than pure optic nerve involvement. Interestingly, these phenotypes are sometimes clinically indistinguishable from other neurodegenerative disorders such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and multiple sclerosis, where mitochondrial dysfunction is also thought to be an important pathophysiological player. A number of vertebrate and invertebrate disease models has recently been established to circumvent the lack of human tissues, and these have already provided considerable insight by allowing direct RGC experimentation. The ultimate goal is to translate these research advances into clinical practice and new treatment strategies are currently being investigated to improve the visual prognosis for patients with mitochondrial optic neuropathies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant/pathology
- Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant/physiopathology
- Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant/therapy
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/pathology
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/physiopathology
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/therapy
- Optic Nerve/pathology
- Phenotype
- Point Mutation
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute for Ageing and Health, The Medical School, Newcastle University, UK.
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Osawa T, Mizuno Y, Fujita Y, Takatama M, Nakazato Y, Okamoto K. Optineurin in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropathology 2011; 31:569-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2011.01199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Fletcher EL, Jobling AI, Vessey KA, Luu C, Guymer RH, Baird PN. Animal models of retinal disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 100:211-86. [PMID: 21377628 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384878-9.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of the retina are the leading causes of blindness in the industrialized world. The recognition that animals develop retinal diseases with similar traits to humans has led to not only a dramatic improvement in our understanding of the pathogenesis of retinal disease but also provided a means for testing possible treatment regimes and successful gene therapy trials. With the advent of genetic and molecular biological tools, the association between specific gene mutations and retinal signs has been made. Animals carrying natural mutations usually in one gene now provide well-established models for a host of inherited retinal diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa, Leber congenital amaurosis, inherited macular degeneration, and optic nerve diseases. In addition, the development of transgenic technologies has provided a means by which to study the effects of these and novel induced mutations on retinal structure and function. Despite these advances, there is a paucity of suitable animal models for complex diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy, largely because these diseases are not caused by single gene defects, but involve complex genetics and/or exacerbation through environmental factors, epigenetic, or other modes of genetic influence. In this review, we outline in detail the available animal models for inherited retinal diseases and how this information has furthered our understanding of retinal diseases. We also examine how transgenic technologies have helped to develop our understanding of the role of isolated genes or pathways in complex diseases like AMD, diabetes, and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Optineurin, a multifunctional protein involved in glaucoma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and antiviral signalling. J Biosci 2010; 35:501-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-010-0056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Lee S, Van Bergen NJ, Kong GY, Chrysostomou V, Waugh HS, O'Neill EC, Crowston JG, Trounce IA. Mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma and emerging bioenergetic therapies. Exp Eye Res 2010; 93:204-12. [PMID: 20691180 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The similarities between glaucoma and mitochondrial optic neuropathies have driven a growing interest in exploring mitochondrial function in glaucoma. The specific loss of retinal ganglion cells is a common feature of mitochondrial diseases - not only the classic mitochondrial optic neuropathies of Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy - but also occurring together with more severe central nervous system involvement in many other syndromic mitochondrial diseases. The retinal ganglion cell, due to peculiar structural and energetic constraints, appears acutely susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial function is also well known to decline with aging in post-mitotic tissues including neurons. Because age is a risk factor for glaucoma this adds another impetus to investigating mitochondria in this common and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease. Mitochondrial function may be impaired by either nuclear gene or mitochondrial DNA genetic risk factors, by mechanical stress or chronic hypoperfusion consequent to the commonly raised intraocular pressure in glaucomatous eyes, or by toxic xenobiotic or even light-induced oxidative stress. If primary or secondary mitochondrial dysfunction is further established as contributing to glaucoma pathogenesis, emerging therapies aimed at optimizing mitochondrial function represent potentially exciting new clinical treatments that may slow retinal ganglion cell and vision loss in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjean Lee
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne Street East, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
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