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Gupta R, Bhaduri A, Desai S, Das S, Menon V. Malignant tumors of the eyelid in India: A multicenter, multizone study on clinicopathologic features and outcomes. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 68:2466-2470. [PMID: 33120642 PMCID: PMC7774165 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2306_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze data on eyelid malignancy in India, clinical and pathologic features, and outcomes. Methods: A multicentre study, from oculoplastic practices in four geographic zones in India. The centers perform similar documentation and protocol-based management for eyelid tumors. Clinical features, pathology, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) class, management, and the outcomes were analyzed. Results: The study included 129 patients, with slight female preponderance and mean age 62.7 years. The median delay to the consultation was 9 months. Rural patients traveled a mean distance of 115.2 km; there was no difference between the city and outstation patients in the delay to consultation or follow up. Pathology included 55/129 (42.6%) sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC), 47/129 (36.4%) basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in 15 (11.6%), and 12 (9.3%) other tumors. Commonest AJCC class was T2b/T3a in 80/111 (72%), invasion of the orbit was present in 16 (12.4%). Surgery with margin clearance was performed in 103. With a mean follow-up of 21.44 months, local recurrence and/or metastasis were seen in 12%. The diagnosis of SGC was strongly associated with adverse outcomes (odds ratio: 7.36). On multiple logistic regression analysis, diagnosis of SGC (P = 0.011) was significant in having adverse outcomes. Conclusion: The multicenter Indian data shows the highest prevalence of SGC, with the commonest AJCC class T2b. Most tumors were locally resectable at presentation. The histopathologic diagnosis of SGC is the factor strongly associated with adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshmi Gupta
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anirban Bhaduri
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Calcutta Medical Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Savari Desai
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sima Das
- Department of Orbit Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Shroff Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Menon
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Center for Sight, New Delhi, India
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2
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Le L, Escobar IE, Ho T, Lefkovith AJ, Latteri E, Haltaufderhyde KD, Dennis MK, Plowright L, Sviderskaya EV, Bennett DC, Oancea E, Marks MS. SLC45A2 protein stability and regulation of melanosome pH determine melanocyte pigmentation. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2687-2702. [PMID: 32966160 PMCID: PMC7927184 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SLC45A2 encodes a putative transporter expressed primarily in pigment cells. SLC45A2 mutations cause oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) and polymorphisms are associated with pigmentation variation, but the localization, function, and regulation of SLC45A2 and its variants remain unknown. We show that SLC45A2 localizes to a cohort of mature melanosomes that only partially overlaps with the cohort expressing the chloride channel OCA2. SLC45A2 expressed ectopically in HeLa cells localizes to lysosomes and raises lysosomal pH, suggesting that in melanocytes SLC45A2 expression, like OCA2 expression, results in the deacidification of maturing melanosomes to support melanin synthesis. Interestingly, OCA2 overexpression compensates for loss of SLC45A2 expression in pigmentation. Analyses of SLC45A2- and OCA2-deficient mouse melanocytes show that SLC45A2 likely functions later during melanosome maturation than OCA2. Moreover, the light skin-associated SLC45A2 allelic F374 variant restores only moderate pigmentation to SLC45A2-deficient melanocytes due to rapid proteasome-dependent degradation resulting in lower protein expression levels in melanosomes than the dark skin-associated allelic L374 variant. Our data suggest that SLC45A2 maintains melanosome neutralization that is initially orchestrated by transient OCA2 activity to support melanization at late stages of melanosome maturation, and that a common allelic variant imparts reduced activity due to protein instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Le
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology and.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Iliana E Escobar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Tina Ho
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology and.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ariel J Lefkovith
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology and.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Emily Latteri
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology and
| | - Kirk D Haltaufderhyde
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Megan K Dennis
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology and.,Biology Department, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601
| | - Lynn Plowright
- Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Elena V Sviderskaya
- Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Dorothy C Bennett
- Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Elena Oancea
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology and
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3
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Zar MS, Shahid AA, Shahzad MS, Shin KJ, Lee HY, Lee SS, Israr M, Wiegand P, Kulstein G. Forensic SNP Genotyping with SNaPshot: Development of a Novel In-house SBE Multiplex SNP Assay,. J Forensic Sci 2018; 63:1824-1829. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mian Sahib Zar
- Center for Synthetic Biology Engineering Research (CSynBER); Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 1068 Xuevuan Avenue Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen China
- National Lab and CAS Center of Excellence for Biomacromolecules; Institute of Biophysics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Department of Forensic Sciences; University of Health Sciences; Lahore Pakistan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB); University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB); University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib Shahzad
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB); University of the Punjab; Lahore Pakistan
| | - Kyoung-Jin Shin
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hwan Young Lee
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Sang-Seob Lee
- Section of Forensic Odontology; Medical Examiner's Office; National Forensic Service; 10 Ipchun-ro Wonju Gangwon-do Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Israr
- Department of Forensic Studies; University of Swat; Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Peter Wiegand
- Institute of Legal Medicine; Ulm University; Medical Center; Albert-Einstein-Allee 23; Ulm Germany 89081
| | - Galina Kulstein
- Institute of Legal Medicine; Ulm University; Medical Center; Albert-Einstein-Allee 23; Ulm Germany 89081
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4
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van de Loosdrecht M, Bouzouggar A, Humphrey L, Posth C, Barton N, Aximu-Petri A, Nickel B, Nagel S, Talbi EH, El Hajraoui MA, Amzazi S, Hublin JJ, Pääbo S, Schiffels S, Meyer M, Haak W, Jeong C, Krause J. Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations. Science 2018; 360:548-552. [PMID: 29545507 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar8380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
North Africa is a key region for understanding human history, but the genetic history of its people is largely unknown. We present genomic data from seven 15,000-year-old modern humans, attributed to the Iberomaurusian culture, from Morocco. We find a genetic affinity with early Holocene Near Easterners, best represented by Levantine Natufians, suggesting a pre-agricultural connection between Africa and the Near East. We do not find evidence for gene flow from Paleolithic Europeans to Late Pleistocene North Africans. The Taforalt individuals derive one-third of their ancestry from sub-Saharan Africans, best approximated by a mixture of genetic components preserved in present-day West and East Africans. Thus, we provide direct evidence for genetic interactions between modern humans across Africa and Eurasia in the Pleistocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke van de Loosdrecht
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Jena, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745, Germany
| | - Abdeljalil Bouzouggar
- Origin and Evolution of Homo sapiens in Morocco Research Group, Institut National des Sciences de l'Archéologie et du Patrimoine, Hay Riad, Madinat Al Irfane, Angle rues 5 et 7, Rabat-Instituts, 10 000 Rabat, Morocco. .,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EVA), Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Germany
| | - Louise Humphrey
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Jena, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745, Germany
| | - Nick Barton
- Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Ayinuer Aximu-Petri
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EVA), Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Germany
| | - Birgit Nickel
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EVA), Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Germany
| | - Sarah Nagel
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EVA), Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Germany
| | - El Hassan Talbi
- Faculté des Sciences, Campus d'Al Qods, Université Mohammed Premier, B.P. 717 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Abdeljalil El Hajraoui
- Origin and Evolution of Homo sapiens in Morocco Research Group, Institut National des Sciences de l'Archéologie et du Patrimoine, Hay Riad, Madinat Al Irfane, Angle rues 5 et 7, Rabat-Instituts, 10 000 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Saaïd Amzazi
- Mohammed V University, Avenue Ibn Batouta, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EVA), Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Germany
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EVA), Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Germany
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Jena, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745, Germany
| | - Matthias Meyer
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EVA), Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Jena, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745, Germany
| | - Choongwon Jeong
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Jena, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745, Germany.
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Jena, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745, Germany.
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5
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Colomb L, Flament F, Wagle A, Agrawal D. In vivo
evaluation of some biophysical parameters of the facial skin of Indian women. Part I: variability with age and geographical locations. Int J Cosmet Sci 2017; 40:50-57. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Colomb
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; 188, Rue Paul Hochart 94550 Paris France
| | - F. Flament
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; 188, Rue Paul Hochart 94550 Paris France
| | - A. Wagle
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; 7th Floor, Universal Majestic, Ghatkopar - Mankhurd Link Road Chembur Mumbai - 400 071 India
| | - D. Agrawal
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; 7th Floor, Universal Majestic, Ghatkopar - Mankhurd Link Road Chembur Mumbai - 400 071 India
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6
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Sarkar A, Nandineni MR. Association of common genetic variants with human skin color variation in Indian populations. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 30. [PMID: 28984396 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human skin color is one of the most conspicuously variable physical traits that has attracted the attention of physical anthropologists, social scientists and human geneticists. Although several studies have established the underlying genes and their variants affecting human skin color, they were mostly confined to Europeans and Africans and similar studies in Indian populations have been scanty. Studying the association between candidate genetic variants and skin color will help to validate previous findings and to better understand the molecular mechanism of skin color variation. METHODS In this study, 22 candidate SNPs from 12 genes were tested for association with skin color in 299 unrelated samples sourced from nine geographical locations in India. RESULTS Our study establishes the association of 9 SNPs with the phenotype in Indian populations and could explain ∼31% of the variance in skin color. Haplotype analysis of chromosome 15 revealed a significant association of alleles G, A and C of SNPs rs1426654, rs11070627, and rs12913316, respectively, to the phenotype, and accounted for 17% of the variance. Latitude of the sampling location was also a significant factor, contributing to ∼19% of the variation observed in the samples. CONCLUSIONS These observations support the findings that rs1426654 and rs4775730 located in SLC24A5, and rs11070627 and rs12913316 located in MYEF2 and CTXN2 genes respectively, are major contributors toward skin pigmentation and would aid in further unraveling the genotype-phenotype association in Indian populations. These findings can be utilized in forensic DNA applications for criminal investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anujit Sarkar
- Laboratory of Genomics and Profiling Applications, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500001, India.,Graduate studies, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Madhusudan R Nandineni
- Laboratory of Genomics and Profiling Applications, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500001, India.,Laboratory of DNA Fingerprinting Services, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500001, India
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7
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Nouveau S, Agrawal D, Kohli M, Bernerd F, Misra N, Nayak CS. Skin Hyperpigmentation in Indian Population: Insights and Best Practice. Indian J Dermatol 2016; 61:487-95. [PMID: 27688436 PMCID: PMC5029232 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.190103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is one of the most strikingly variable phenotypes in humans, therefore making cutaneous pigmentation disorders frequent symptoms manifesting in a multitude of forms. The most common among them include lentigines, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, dark eye circles, and melasma. Variability of skin tones throughout the world is well-documented, some skin tones being reported as more susceptible to pigmentation disorders than others, especially in Asia and India. Furthermore, exposure to ultraviolet radiation is known to trigger or exacerbate pigmentation disorders. Preventive strategies for photoprotection and treatment modalities including topical and other medical approaches have been adopted by dermatologists to mitigate these disorders. This review article outlines the current knowledge on pigmentation disorders including pathophysiology, molecular profiling, and therapeutic options with a special focus on the Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Nouveau
- Department of Advanced Research, L'Oreal Research and Innovation, France
| | - Divya Agrawal
- Department of Advanced Research, L'Oreal India Pvt. Limited, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Malavika Kohli
- Department of Dermatology, Jaslok Hospital and Breach Candy Hospital Trust, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Francoise Bernerd
- Department of Advanced Research, L'Oreal Research and Innovation, France
| | - Namita Misra
- Department of Advanced Research, L'Oreal India Pvt. Limited, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chitra Shivanand Nayak
- Department of Dermatology, Leprology and Venereology, Topiwala National Medical College and B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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8
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Jonnalagadda M, Norton H, Ozarkar S, Kulkarni S, Ashma R. Association of genetic variants with skin pigmentation phenotype among populations of west Maharashtra, India. Am J Hum Biol 2016; 28:610-8. [PMID: 26918427 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES South Asians exhibit extensive variation in skin melanin index (MI) which is observed across the broader region of South Asia as well as within restricted geographic regions. However, the genetic variants associated with variation in the skin pigmentation phenotype are poorly understood in these populations. The present study examines the association between MI measures and genetic variants from 5 candidate pigmentation genes among 533 individuals representing 6 populations of West Maharashtra. METHODS Associations between five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) known to play a role in pigmentation (rs1426654-SLC24A5, rs1042602-TYR, rs16891982-SLC45A2, rs6058017-ASIP, and rs642742-KITLG) and MI measures were tested using standard one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) within each population. Multiple linear regression was used to test the effects of these SNPs in the full West Maharashtra sample using sex, age, and population or social group as covariates. RESULTS rs1426654 showed significant association with MI in all six study populations (P < 0.01). Association tests using sex, age, and population as covariates showed rs1426654 and rs1042602 to be significantly (P < 0.01) associated with lighter skin pigmentation in West Maharashtra as a whole. By contrast, when social group was added as a covariate instead of population, rs1426654, rs1042602, and rs16891982 were significantly (P < 0.01) associated with lighter skin pigmentation. CONCLUSIONS Only rs1426654 is significantly associated with MI in each individual population; however, rs1426654, rs1042602, and rs16891982 are significantly associated with pigmentation in the broader West Maharashtra region after controlling for population and social group, with rs1426654 (SLC24A5) explaining the majority of the observed variation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:610-618, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Jonnalagadda
- Department of Anthropology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Heather Norton
- Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Shantanu Ozarkar
- Department of Anthropology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shaunak Kulkarni
- Department of Anthropology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Richa Ashma
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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9
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Jonnalagadda M, Ozarkar S, Ashma R, Kulkarni S. Skin pigmentation variation among populations of West Maharashtra, India. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 28:36-43. [PMID: 26126512 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Global patterns of skin pigmentation have evolved as an adaptation to local ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Indian populations exposed to intense UVR show great variation in skin pigmentation. The UVR-based selection model cannot satisfactorily address the high prevalence of light skin among these populations. Thus, the present study examines pigmentation variation among populations of West Maharashtra and the Indian subcontinent within the context of population structure and social hierarchy. METHODS Melanin index (MI) was measured from 555 individuals representing six endogamous populations of West Maharashtra. Skin pigmentation was assessed in terms of variation between populations and differences between and among castes and tribes. A linear regression analysis was run to assess the relationship among MI, UVR, and social hierarchy using published MI data from 13 Indian endogamous populations. RESULTS Skin pigmentation differed significantly among populations of West Maharashtra. Significant pigmentation variation exists between castes and tribes of West Maharashtra as well as across the Indian subcontinent. We observe a significant negative relationship between social hierarchy and skin pigmentation, whereas the relationship between UVR and MI is weak. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that various factors may have contributed to pigmentation diversity across the Indian subcontinent. The lack of correlation between UVR and MI suggests that natural selection may not have played a significant role in shaping pigmentation variation across the subcontinent. We discuss other possible explanations, including metabolic conservation and cultural factors such as traditional social hierarchies and strict endogamy that have led to the development of population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Jonnalagadda
- Department of Anthropology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shantanu Ozarkar
- Department of Anthropology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Richa Ashma
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shaunak Kulkarni
- Department of Anthropology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
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10
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Ali M, Liu X, Pillai EN, Chen P, Khor CC, Ong RTH, Teo YY. Characterizing the genetic differences between two distinct migrant groups from Indo-European and Dravidian speaking populations in India. BMC Genet 2014; 15:86. [PMID: 25053360 PMCID: PMC4120727 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background India is home to many ethnically and linguistically diverse populations. It is hypothesized that history of invasions by people from Persia and Central Asia, who are referred as Aryans in Hindu Holy Scriptures, had a defining role in shaping the Indian population canvas. A shift in spoken languages from Dravidian languages to Indo-European languages around 1500 B.C. is central to the Aryan Invasion Theory. Here we investigate the genetic differences between two sub-populations of India consisting of: (1) The Indo-European language speaking Gujarati Indians with genome-wide data from the International HapMap Project; and (2) the Dravidian language speaking Tamil Indians with genome-wide data from the Singapore Genome Variation Project. Results We implemented three population genetics measures to identify genomic regions that are significantly differentiated between the two Indian populations originating from the north and south of India. These measures singled out genomic regions with: (i) SNPs exhibiting significant variation in allele frequencies in the two Indian populations; and (ii) differential signals of positive natural selection as quantified by the integrated haplotype score (iHS) and cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH). One of the regions that emerged spans the SLC24A5 gene that has been functionally shown to affect skin pigmentation, with a higher degree of genetic sharing between Gujarati Indians and Europeans. Conclusions Our finding points to a gene-flow from Europe to north India that provides an explanation for the lighter skin tones present in North Indians in comparison to South Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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