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Saka B, Akakpo SA, Teclessou JN, Gnossike P, Adam S, Mahamadou G, Kassang P, Elegbede Y, Mouhari-Toure A, Darre T, Kombate K, Pitché P. Skin cancers in people with albinism in Togo in 2019: results of two rounds of national mobile skin care clinics. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:26. [PMID: 33402100 PMCID: PMC7786986 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In people with albinism (PWA), the deficiency of melanin increase the risk of skin cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of skin cancers and characteristics of these detected skin cancers (histological types, localization) in PWA in 10 cities in Togo in 2019. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of medical records of PWA systematically examined during two mobile skin care clinics in 2019, as part of a programme for the prevention and management of skin cancers in these subjects. Results During the study period, 280 (95.2%) of the 294 PWA consulted, had developed skin lesions. Of the 280 PWA, the pathological reports from the medical records of 33 patients (11.8%; (95%CI = [8.2–16.2]) had concluded to non-melanoma skin cancers. The mean age of these 33 patients was 38.6 ± 15.2 years and the sex-ratio was 1. Their occupations were mainly resellers (21.2%), traders (15.2%) and farmers (12.2%). In the 33 patients, 54 cases of non-melanoma skin cancers were identified, with some patients having more than one tumor, and some of them having more than one (histologically confirmed) diagnosis. These 54 non-melanoma skin cancers were divided into 21 cases of invasive squamous cell carcinomas, 2 cases of Bowen’s disease and 31 cases of basal cell carcinomas. These non-melanoma skin cancers mainly occurred in the head and neck (33 cases; 61.1%), the upper limbs (15 cases; 27, 8%) and the trunk (4 cases; 7.4%). Conclusion The results of this study show a high prevalence of skin cancers among PWAs in Togo in 2019, only non-melanoma skin cancers. In addition, they illustrate the role of ultraviolet rays with regard to the localization of skin cancers and the occupations of patients. Popularization and compliance with photo protection measures, systematic and regular examination of the skin of these PWAs will allow early detection and treatment of these skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayaki Saka
- Dermatology and STIs Department, Service de dermatolgie et IST, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, BP. 30785, Lomé, Togo.
| | - Sefako Abla Akakpo
- Dermatology and STIs Department, Service de dermatolgie et IST, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, BP. 30785, Lomé, Togo
| | | | | | - Saliou Adam
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale et Plastique, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Garba Mahamadou
- Dermatology and STIs Department, Service de dermatolgie et IST, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, BP. 30785, Lomé, Togo
| | - Panawé Kassang
- Dermatology and STIs Department, Service de dermatolgie et IST, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, BP. 30785, Lomé, Togo
| | - Yvette Elegbede
- Service de dermatolgie et IST, Centre Hospitalier Régional de Tomdè, Kara, Togo
| | | | - Tchin Darre
- Laboratoire d'anatomie et cytotologie pathologique, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Koussake Kombate
- Service de dermatolgie et IST, CHU Campus Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Palokinam Pitché
- Dermatology and STIs Department, Service de dermatolgie et IST, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, BP. 30785, Lomé, Togo
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Brahmbhatt HD, Gupta R, Gupta A, Rastogi S, Misri R, Mobeen A, Ghosh A, Kothari P, Sitaniya S, Scaria V, Singh A. The long noncoding RNA MALAT1 suppresses miR-211 to confer protection from ultraviolet-mediated DNA damage in vitiligo epidermis by upregulating sirtuin 1. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:1132-1142. [PMID: 33152110 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The absence of melanocytes poses a challenge for long-term tissue homeostasis in vitiligo. Surprisingly, while individuals with Fitzpatrick phototypes I-II (low melanin content) have a higher incidence of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer, people with vitiligo are at a decreased risk for the same. OBJECTIVES To understand the molecular mechanisms that protect vitiligo skin from ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage by (i) characterizing differentially expressed microRNAs in lesional vs. nonlesional epidermis and (ii) identifying their upstream regulators and downstream gene targets. METHODS Genome-wide microRNA profiling of nonlesional and lesional epidermis was performed on five individuals with stable nonsegmental vitiligo using next-generation RNA sequencing. The relevance of the upstream regulator and downstream target gene of the most differentially expressed microRNA was studied. RESULTS Our study found sirtuin1 (SIRT1), an NAD-dependent deacetylase, to be a direct target of miR-211 - the most significantly downregulated microRNA in lesional epidermis. Inhibition of SIRT1 with EX-527 downregulated keratin 10 and involucrin, suggesting that SIRT1 promotes keratinocyte differentiation. Overexpression of miR-211 mimic led to a significant increase in γ-H2AX positivity and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) formation, hallmarks of UVB-mediated DNA damage. These effects could be ameliorated by the addition of resveratrol, a SIRT1 activator. Furthermore, a long noncoding RNA, MALAT1, was identified as a negative upstream regulator of miR-211. Overexpression of MALAT1 resulted in increased expression of SIRT1 and a concomitant removal of UVB-induced CPDs in primary keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish a novel MALAT1-miR-211-SIRT1 signalling axis that potentially confers protection to the 'amelanotic' keratinocytes in vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Brahmbhatt
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - R Gupta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - A Gupta
- D.Y. Patil Medical College, Dr D.Y. Patil University, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, 411018, India
| | - S Rastogi
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - R Misri
- Hindu Rao Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - A Mobeen
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - A Ghosh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - P Kothari
- D.Y. Patil Medical College, Dr D.Y. Patil University, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, 411018, India
| | - S Sitaniya
- D.Y. Patil Medical College, Dr D.Y. Patil University, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, 411018, India
| | - V Scaria
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - A Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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A Histopathological Study of Skin Lesions in Individuals with Oculocutaneous Albinism in Togo in 2019. J Skin Cancer 2020; 2020:2361957. [PMID: 32802514 PMCID: PMC7411479 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2361957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to study the histopathological patterns of skin lesions in persons with albinism (PWA) in Togo in 2019. Method During two mobile skin care clinics in 2019, biopsies/excisional biopsies were performed in PWA in case of clinical doubt or in front of lesions suspected to be cancerous for histological examination. Anatomopathological reports were thus analysed. Results During the two mobile skin care clinics, 115 biopsies/excisional biopsies were carried out in 79 PWA, with a mean age of 24 ± 16.1 years. Histological examination led to a diagnosis in 110 cases (95.6%) and was inconclusive in 5 cases (4 cases of uncertain histological diagnosis and one case of nonspecific histological lesions). Fourteen different histological diagnoses were made, with a frequency ranging from 0.9% (one case) to 26.9% (31 cases). The four most frequent diagnoses in descending order were basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) (31 cases; 26.9%), invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) or Bowen's disease (23 cases; 20%), keratosis (20 cases; 17.3%), and cysts (seven cases; 6.1%). The 54 skin carcinomas were diagnosed in 33 (41.8%) of the 79 patients who underwent skin biopsies/excisional biopsies. The BCC/SCC ratio was 1.3. No cases of cutaneous melanoma had been diagnosed. Conclusion Skin cancers represent the main histological diagnosis in PWA (46.9%) in Togo in 2019. The pattern of cutaneous malignancies in PWA shows the same trend as that seen in Caucasians with a predominance of basal cell carcinomas.
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Ganguly K, Dutta T, Saha A, Sarkar D, Sil A, Ray K, Sengupta M. Mapping the TYR gene reveals novel and previously reported variants in Eastern Indian patients highlighting preponderance of the same changes in multiple unrelated ethnicities. Ann Hum Genet 2020; 84:303-312. [PMID: 32115698 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of congenital autosomal recessive disorders with seven known subtypes (OCA1-OCA7) characterized by loss or absence of pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes. OCA1, caused by pathogenic variations in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, has been documented to be the most prevalent subtype across the world including India. In the present study, we recruited 53 OCA-affected individuals from 45 unrelated families belonging to 20 different marriage groups/ethnicities of 15 different districts of West Bengal. We took a targeted sequencing-based approach to find the causal variations in the TYR gene. We report here identification of two novel potentially pathogenic variations [NM_000372.4:c.614C>T, NP_000363.1:p.(Pro205Leu), and NM_000372.4:c.1036+1=/G>T], one novel synonymous TYR variant [NM_000372.4:c.204=/A>G, NP_000363.1:p.(Gln68=)], two pathogenic variations documented for the first time in Indian OCA cases [NM_000372.4:c.1147G>A, NP_000363.1:p.(Asp383Asn), and NM_000372.4:c.585G>A, NP_000363.1:p.(Trp195*)], along with nine previously reported pathogenic variants in 36 out of 53 (∼68%) patients recruited. We report common haplotype backgrounds for the two most prevalent variations [NM_000372.4:c.124G>A, NM_000372.4:c.832C>T] in cases belonging to different marriage/ethnic groups, suggesting a possible founder effect. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive genetic study on OCA1 from India, firmly establishing OCA1 as the commonest form of albinism in this part of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausik Ganguly
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Tithi Dutta
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Arpan Saha
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Devroop Sarkar
- Joypur Block Primary Health Centre, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Asim Sil
- Vivekananda Mission Ashram Netra Niramay Niketan, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Kunal Ray
- ATGC Diagnostics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mainak Sengupta
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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5
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Albinism: epidemiology, genetics, cutaneous characterization, psychosocial factors. An Bras Dermatol 2019; 94:503-520. [PMID: 31777350 PMCID: PMC6857599 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism is an autosomal recessive disease caused by the complete absence or decrease of melanin biosynthesis in melanocytes. Due to the reduction or absence of melanin, albinos are highly susceptible to the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation and are at increased risk of actinic damage and skin cancer. In Brazil, as in other parts of the world, albinism remains a little known disorder, both in relation to epidemiological data and to phenotypic and genotypic variation. In several regions of the country, individuals with albinism have no access to resources or specialized medical care, and are often neglected and deprived of social inclusion. Brazil is a tropical country, with a high incidence of solar radiation during the year nationwide. Consequently, actinic damage and skin cancer occur early and have a high incidence in this population, often leading to premature death. Skin monitoring of these patients and immediate therapeutic interventions have a positive impact in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. Health education is important to inform albinos and their families, the general population, educators, medical professionals, and public agencies about the particularities of this genetic condition. The aim of this article is to present a review of the epidemiological, clinical, genetic, and psychosocial characteristics of albinism, with a focus in skin changes caused by this rare pigmentation disorder.
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Oculocutaneous Albinism and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin of the Head and Neck in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Skin Cancer 2015; 2015:167847. [PMID: 26347819 PMCID: PMC4549604 DOI: 10.1155/2015/167847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism which is characterised by impaired melanin biosynthesis is the most common inherited pigmentary disorder of the skin and it is common among Blacks in sub-Saharan Africa. All albinos are at great risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of sun-exposed skin, and Black albinos in sub-Saharan Africa are at about a 1000-fold higher risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the skin than the general population. In Black albinos, skin carcinoma tends to run an aggressive course and is likely to recur after treatment, very probably because the aetiology and predisposing factors have not changed. Prevention or reduction of occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in Black albinos might be achieved through educating the population to increase awareness of the harmful effects of exposure to sunlight and at the same time making available effective screening programs for early detection of premalignant and malignant skin lesions in schools and communities and for early treatment.
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Lan LJ, Lien YS, Wang SC, Ituaso-Conway N, Tsai MC, Tseng PY, Yeh YL, Chen CT, Lue KH, Chung JG, Hsiao YP. Dermatological disorders in Tuvalu between 2009 and 2012. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3629-3631. [PMID: 25998560 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a distinct lack of knowledge on the prevalence of skin disorders in Tuvalu. The aim of the current study was to assess the prevalence of cutaneous diseases and to evaluate access dermatological care in Tuvalu. Cutaneous disorders in the people of Tuvalu between 2009 and 2012 were examined. The most common skin conditions were eczema/dermatitis, superficial fungal infections, impetigo, carbuncles, furuncles, folliculitis, acne, scabies, warts and keloids. Infrequent skin conditions included infectious granulomatous disease, albinism, actinic keratosis, skin cancer, cutaneous lupus erythematosus and mammary Paget's disease, which required medical attention. This is the first epidemiological report on skin disorders in the southwest Pacific Island, Tuvalu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jung Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ying-Shuang Lien
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shao-Chuan Wang
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Nese Ituaso-Conway
- Public Health, Princess Margaret Hospital, Ministry of Health, Funafuti, Tuvalu
| | - Ming-Che Tsai
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pao-Ying Tseng
- International Medical Service Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Lin Yeh
- Department of Dermatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Tzu Chen
- Department of Chief Secretary Group, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ko-Huang Lue
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ping Hsiao
- Department of Dermatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
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8
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Wilk MA, McAllister JT, Cooper RF, Dubis AM, Patitucci TN, Summerfelt P, Anderson JL, Stepien KE, Costakos DM, Connor TB, Wirostko WJ, Chiang PW, Dubra A, Curcio CA, Brilliant MH, Summers CG, Carroll J. Relationship between foveal cone specialization and pit morphology in albinism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:4186-98. [PMID: 24845642 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Albinism is associated with disrupted foveal development, though intersubject variability is becoming appreciated. We sought to quantify this variability, and examine the relationship between foveal cone specialization and pit morphology in patients with a clinical diagnosis of albinism. METHODS We recruited 32 subjects with a clinical diagnosis of albinism. DNA was obtained from 25 subjects, and known albinism genes were analyzed for mutations. Relative inner and outer segment (IS and OS) lengthening (fovea-to-perifovea ratio) was determined from manually segmented spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) B-scans. Foveal pit morphology was quantified for eight subjects from macular SD-OCT volumes. Ten subjects underwent imaging with adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO), and cone density was measured. RESULTS We found mutations in 22 of 25 subjects, including five novel mutations. All subjects lacked complete excavation of inner retinal layers at the fovea, though four subjects had foveal pits with normal diameter and/or volume. Peak cone density and OS lengthening were variable and overlapped with that observed in normal controls. A fifth hyper-reflective band was observed in the outer retina on SD-OCT in the majority of the subjects with albinism. CONCLUSIONS Foveal cone specialization and pit morphology vary greatly in albinism. Normal cone packing was observed in the absence of a foveal pit, suggesting a pit is not required for packing to occur. The degree to which retinal anatomy correlates with genotype or visual function remains unclear, and future examination of larger patient groups will provide important insight on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Wilk
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - John T McAllister
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Robert F Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Adam M Dubis
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa N Patitucci
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Phyllis Summerfelt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | | | - Kimberly E Stepien
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Deborah M Costakos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Thomas B Connor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - William J Wirostko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Pei-Wen Chiang
- Casey Eye Institute Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Murray H Brilliant
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States
| | - C Gail Summers
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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