Auditory Brainstem Responses and EMFs Generated by Mobile Phones

High-Frequency Hearing Loss Amongst Smart Mobile Phone Users: A Case-Control Study

BACKGROUND

In past 20 years, there is increase in mobile phone users from 12.4 million to about 5.6 billion i.e 70 % of the world's population.[1] Electromagnetic radiations emitted from mobile phone damages inner ear, cochlea and outer hair cells of inner ear and auditory pathway (AP).[2].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Case control study. Group 1, N=30 subjects, using mobile smart phones since past 1-5 years and exposure time more than 2 hours per day. Group II included 30 subjects, using mobile smart phones for more than 5 years and exposure time more than 2 hours per day. Headache, tinnitus, or sensations of burning around phone-using were excluded. Brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) done. Student Unpaired t test was used for analysis and chisquare test.

RESULTS

Mean ± SD of absolute latencies (AL) of Brainstem evoked response auditory. (BERA) waves III, V and all interpeak latencies at 80 dB and 4,6,8 KHz in group 2 were delayed and significant as compared to group 1. All parameters were highly significant at 8KHz as compared to 4KHz in group 2.

CONCLUSION

Brain stem evoked response audiometry (BERA) detects hearing loss in smart mobile phone using subjects at higher frequencies i.e at 8 KHz early. Hence central neural axis involvement can be detected early by BERA.

Assessment of Effects of Chronic Mobile Phone Usage on Auditory Functions: A Study at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Northern India

Genuine concerns are being increased regarding potential health risks associated with the radiation exposure while using mobile devices. To study the effects of mobile phone usage on auditory functions. The detailed history of the patient was obtained with special emphasis on total cumulative usage [in years], average daily use [in minutes]. According to the years of exposure, subjects were divided into Group A (< 5 years of exposure) and Group B (> 5 years of exposure) and according to the average daily usage of mobile phones, subjects were divided into Group 1 (< 60 min daily usage) and Group 2 (> 60 min of daily usage). After that systemic examination was done. Audiological testing included pure tone audiometry (PTA) with extended high frequencies (0.250-12 kHz), Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) and Auditory Brainstem response (ABR) testing and middle latency response (MLR) were performed. Out of 100 subjects, maximum subjects (38%) in the present study were in the age group of 21-30 years with male: female ratio of 1.6:1. The main associated complaints in the subjects at the time of enrolment in the study included ear warmth (34%) followed by aural fullness (20%) and tinnitus (17%). In Group A, mild SNHL was seen in 3 (11.54%) subjects in whom 2 had > 60 min average daily use and 1 had < 60 min daily use. In Group B 19 (25.68%) subjects had mild SNHL out of which 6 were in Group 2 and 13 were in Group 1. In group B 2 (2.7%) subjects had moderate SNHL. Increase in latencies of Na and Pa were noted with prolonged and frequent exposure to mobile phones in MLR. It is advised to limit the usage of mobile phones so as to reduce the damage caused by EMRs to the auditory system.

Inner Ear Function Evaluation in Mobile Phone Users: A Cross-Sectional Study From a Tertiary Care Centre in North India

Background India has approximately 1.02 billion mobile phone users. The electromagnetic radiations emitted by telecommunication systems are absorbed by the recipient's body, leading to changes in brain electrical activity, sensations of warmth or burning around the ear, and alterations in the blood-brain barrier. The inner ear, being the closest organ during mobile phone use, directly receives these electromagnetic radiations. This study aims to assess the inner ear function among mobile phone users, investigate the impact of mobile phones on the hearing thresholds of volunteers through pure-tone audiometry (PTA), and delve into the same using otoacoustic emissions (OAE). Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted at a single center in North India from September 2020 to March 2021. The sample size of around 100 was determined using G Power software (G Power, Aichach, Germany), including volunteers aged 18-25, using mobile phones for over a year with normal hearing. Exclusions involved various ear-related histories or chronic systemic illnesses. Dominant and non-dominant ear groups were formed based on mobile phone usage. The study involved comprehensive ENT examinations, pure-tone audiometry, and otoacoustic emissions. We performed statistical analyses using SPSS version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), which presented descriptive statistics and employed tests for group comparisons. Results Most participants were in the 21-23 age group (56%), with a mean age of 22.16 ± 1.77 years. There were 45 males and 55 females. The mean mobile phone usage was 6.6 ± 1.98 years, with varying daily durations. The dominant ear for mobile phone usage was predominantly the right ear (75 participants). Pure-tone audiometry results showed no statistically significant differences between dominant and non-dominant ears. Among the 24 participants with absent OAE, no significant association was found with mobile phone usage duration. Notably, the highest incidence of absent OAE occurred in the 120-180-minute usage category. Conclusion Mobile phones have seamlessly integrated into the lives of individuals, witnessing an exponential increase in users over time. The inner ear, situated in proximity to mobile phone usage, is of particular concern. While there is existing evidence indicating potential adverse effects of mobile phones on the inner ear, further long-term studies involving larger populations are essential to comprehensively evaluating the impact on inner ear function among mobile phone users.

Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation from Mobile Phones on Auditory Brainstem Response

Mobile phones are being used by around 70% of the global population. A simple non-invasive procedure to detect early impairment of the acoustic nerve and auditory pathway is by auditory brainstem response (ABR). It's a response to the sound stimulus generated from the brainstem in the form of electrical impulses. To determine the effect of long-term usage of mobile phones on auditory brainstem responses (ABRs). This Epidemiological, cross-sectional study was undertaken at a tertiary care hospital and includes 865 individuals aged between 18 to 45 years using mobile phone for > 2 years. Users were categorized into various groups according to the minutes of mobile usage per day, years of mobile usage and total duration of mobile phone use in dominant (mobile using) and non-Dominant (non-mobile using) ears. The changes in ABR were studied in each ear to ascertain the effect of EMF exposure due to chronic mobile phone use. Mean age of subjects was 27.01 years. (M: F = 1.57:1.0). Range of mobile phone usage was from 4 to 900 min/day, with mean as 85.94 min/day. No significant differences were seen between dominant and non-dominant ears in regard to amplitudes of wave I, III and V, latencies of wave I and V and Inter peak latency (IPL) of wave I-III, III-V and I-V. No statistically significant difference for I-III, III-V and I-V IPL were found b/w two groups/ears except for usage of mobile phone for > 180 min/day in wave I-V, usage for 0-4 years in wave I-III and I-V and net hours usage for > 1500 h in wave I-V. The mean IPL in all the waves increases with the increase in years of mobile usage and is maximum in all waves in > 12 years mobile users. The long-term exposure to EMF does induce measurable changes in ABRs. Amplitude and IPLs of ABR were found comparable between the dominant and non-dominant ears using mobile phones, except for those using mobile usage for > 180 min/day and with increasing years of usage of mobile phone. Therefore, prudent use of mobile phone should be encouraged for a shorter period of time and for essential purpose only.

Experimental study of potential adverse effects on the auditory system of rabbits exposed to short-term GSM-1800 radiation

PURPOSE

The effects of the electromagnetic (EM) radiation emitted by a mobile phone on the central auditory system of rabbits are investigated in this paper. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements were performed before and after short-term exposure to EM radiation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Excitation was provided by a GSM-1800 emitter placed in contact with the (randomly selected) ear of the anesthetized rabbit/subject. The latency of waves I, II, III, IV, V and the interpeak latencies I-III, I-V, III-V were recorded, for both ears, before (baseline recordings) and after 1, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes of exposure to the EM radiation. The repeated measures one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the post hoc Tukey test for pairwise comparisons was performed in order to decide about the significance of the results.

RESULTS

The statistical tests indicated that, as regards the ear ipsilateral to the radiating module, the mean latencies of waves I, II, III, IV, V, I-III, I-IV after 60 min exposure, the mean latencies of waves I, III, IV, V, I-III, I-IV after 45 min exposure and the mean latencies of waves I, III, IV, V, I-IV after 30 min exposure, were significantly prolonged compared to the corresponding baseline values. Statistically significant differences were also found for certain peak and interpeak latencies for 60 min exposure as compared with the corresponding results for 1 min and 15 min exposure. No statistically significant delay was observed for the latencies before and after the exposure, for the ear contralateral to the radiation source.

CONCLUSIONS

Although we found that more than 30 min exposure to GSM-1800 radiation resulted in prolongation of certain ABR components of rabbits, further investigation may be needed into the potential adverse effects on the auditory pathways.

A study on the effect of prolonged mobile phone use on pure tone audiometry thresholds of medical students of Sikkim

Introduction:

Mobile phones have become indispensable for daily activities, and people are exposed to them from an early age. There is, however, concern about the harmful effect of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the mobile phones.

Objective:

The objective of the study was to study the effect of mobile phone on average pure tone audiometry (PTA) threshold of the person and to study the changes in the pure tone threshold at high frequencies such as 2 kHz, 4 kHz, and 8 kHz among the students with prolonged exposure to mobile phones.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among the medical students who have been using mobile phones for the past 5 years. The effect of mobile phones on the PTA threshold in the exposed ear and the nonexposed ear was assessed.

Results:

The study shows that there is a significant difference in average air conduction (AC) and bone conduction (BC) hearing threshold among the exposed and the nonexposed ears (P < 0.05). A significant rise of both AC and BC threshold at individual frequencies between the exposed and the nonexposed ear is also noted in this study.

Conclusion:

The study conducted shows changes in the hearing threshold of the exposed ear when compared with the nonexposed ear. There are however lot of unanswered questions which provide an interesting avenue for further research. Till concrete evidence is available the only feasible way to control its exposure is to limit the duration of usage of mobile phones.

Perceptions and knowledge toward mobile-health among the college going students in Coastal South India

Background:

Among the manifold uses of mobile phones, mobile-health (mHealth) has been an important one, which is the practice of public health initiatives by awareness raising and communication campaigns. Optimum utilization of mHealth is possible only through adequate awareness. Hence, we aimed to study the perceptions and knowledge about mHealth among college going students in Mangalore, India.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2014 among 627 students in selected engineering (302 students) and medical colleges (325 students) in Mangalore, India. Colleges were selected using convenience sampling (nonrandom) method. Data were collected using semi-structured self-administered questionnaire and analyzed.

Results:

Overall, 48.9% were males, 61.4% belonged to 18-20 years age group. The awareness about mobile phone health utilities among medical and engineering students was found to be similar. Among those who were aware of the concept of mHealth (74 [11.2%]), 40 (54.1%) were medical students. Marginally higher proportion of medical students felt mHealth could be helpful in protecting the patients’ confidentiality and would help in better communication with the patients.

Conclusion:

There was high level of general awareness about mHealth among the subjects. However, many specific areas had limited knowledge among both the streams of students, hence highlighting the need for increasing awareness and sensitization.

Effect of Prolonged Use of Mobile Phone on Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials

OBJECTIVES

Mobile phones are being widely used throughout the world. Electromagnetic waves generated from mobile phones have raised concerns as these may have adverse effects on human auditory system owing to the daily use of mobile phones. The purpose of current study was to evaluate the effects of long term mobile phone usage on auditory brainstem evoked responses (ABR).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective, cross-sectional, case control study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital. Total 100 healthy subjects aged 18 to 30 years of both the genders were selected, out of which 67 subjects were long-term GSM mobile phone users (using mobile phone for more than 1 year) and 33 were controls who were mobile phone non users. Both the groups were investigated for ABR and changes were studied in both the ears of cases and controls to ascertain the effects of electromagnetic exposure.

RESULTS

No significant difference (p>0.05) was found in latencies, interpeak latencies and amplitudes of ABR waves between cases and controls.

CONCLUSION

Our study shows that long term usage of mobile phones does not affect propagation of electrical stimuli along the auditory nerve to auditory brainstem centres.