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Abstract
Acute liver failure occurs abruptly with rapid progression. Traditional medical treatment and simple non-bioartificial liver support system cannot reverse the prognosis of acute liver failure (ALF), and liver transplantation is the only effective treatment. However, donor liver shortage, the need of a life-long immunosuppressive therapy as well as complex postoperative complications make ALF patients facing a variety of challenges in the perioperative period of liver transplantation, which are directly related to the success rate of surgery and the mortality. This article aims to discuss perioperative difficulties and preventive measures in liver transplantation for ALF by exploring how to extend the lives of patients before liver transplantation and how to deal with postoperative complications.
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Perrillo R, Buti M, Durand F, Charlton M, Gadano A, Cantisani G, Loong CC, Brown K, Hu W, Lopez-Talavera JC, Llamoso C. Entecavir and hepatitis B immune globulin in patients undergoing liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B. Liver Transpl 2013; 19:887-95. [PMID: 23788462 PMCID: PMC3791551 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT) for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver disease, the current standard of care for preventing reinfection of the allograft is nucleoside analogue therapy combined with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). Entecavir has demonstrated high efficacy and a favorable safety profile for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treatment, but data for patients undergoing HBV-related LT are limited. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of entecavir combined with various HBIG regimens after CHB-related LT. In this phase 3b, single-arm, open-label study, 65 patients undergoing LT for CHB-related liver disease with an HBV DNA load <172 IU/mL at LT received entecavir (1.0 mg daily) for 72 weeks after LT. The primary endpoint was the proportion of evaluable patients (treated for ≥4 weeks) with virological recurrence (HBV DNA level ≥50 IU/mL) through week 72. Concomitant HBIG therapy was received by 64 of the 65 enrolled patients, and 44% of these patients received high-dose HBIG (any HBIG dose in the specified interval ≥10,000 IU). Through week 72, all 61 patients evaluable for the efficacy analysis had undetectable HBV DNA. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of patients without hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) recurrence at week 72 was 0.9655. Two patients experienced a reappearance of HBsAg, but both remained HBV DNA(-) until the last follow-up. The frequency and nature of adverse events were consistent with those expected for this patient population. Serum creatinine increments ≥0.3 mg/dL and ≥0.5 mg/dL occurred in 62% and 39% of the patients, respectively, and all of these patients received calcineurin inhibitor therapy. In conclusion, in this population of patients treated with entecavir after CHB-related LT, entecavir was well tolerated and effective in maintaining viral suppression, even in individuals who experienced a reappearance of HBsAg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Perrillo
- Hepatology Division, Baylor University Medical CenterDallas, TX,Hepatology Division, Baylor University Medical Center, 3410 Worth St., Dallas, TX 75246. Telephone: 214-820-2956; FAX: 214-820-0993; E-mail:
| | - Maria Buti
- Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron University General Hospital/Network Center for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, Carlos III InstituteBarcelona, Spain
| | - Francois Durand
- Hepatology Service, National Institute of Health and Medical Research CRB3, Beaujon Hospital, University of Paris VIIClichy, France
| | - Michael Charlton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN
| | - Adrian Gadano
- Hepatology Section, Italian Hospital of Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guido Cantisani
- Liver Transplantation Group, Santa Casa Hospital ComplexPorto Alegre, Brazil,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Che-Chuan Loong
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Kimberly Brown
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb CompanyWallingford, CT
| | - Wenhua Hu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb CompanyWallingford, CT
| | | | - Cyril Llamoso
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb CompanyWallingford, CT
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13th Asia-Pacific Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Consensus Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of liver failure. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2013; 12:346-54. [PMID: 23924491 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(13)60055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
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- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Brennan DC, Aguado JM, Potena L, Jardine AG, Legendre C, Säemann MD, Mueller NJ, Merville P, Emery V, Nashan B. Effect of maintenance immunosuppressive drugs on virus pathobiology: evidence and potential mechanisms. Rev Med Virol 2012; 23:97-125. [PMID: 23165654 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggesting a potential anti-CMV effect of mTORis is of great interest to the transplant community. However, the concept of an immunosuppressant with antiviral properties is not new, with many accounts of the antiviral properties of several agents over the years. Despite these reports, to date, there has been little effort to collate the evidence into a fuller picture. This manuscript was developed to gather the evidence of antiviral activity of the agents that comprise a typical immunosuppressive regimen against viruses that commonly reactivate following transplant (HHV1 and 2, VZV, EBV, CMV and HHV6, 7, and 8, HCV, HBV, BKV, HIV, HPV, and parvovirus). Appropriate immunosuppressive regimens posttransplant that avoid acute rejection while reducing risk of viral reactivation are also reviewed. The existing literature was disparate in nature, although indicating a possible stimulatory effect of tacrolimus on BKV, potentiation of viral reactivation by steroids, and a potential advantage of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition in several viral infections, including BKV, HPV, and several herpesviruses.
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