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Luo Z, Wei Z, Zhang G, Chen H, Li L, Kang X. Achilles' Heel-The Significance of Maintaining Microenvironmental Homeostasis in the Nucleus Pulposus for Intervertebral Discs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16592. [PMID: 38068915 PMCID: PMC10706299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of intracellular and extracellular environments as well as the aberrant expression of ion channels on the cell membrane are intricately linked to a diverse array of degenerative disorders, including intervertebral disc degeneration. This condition is a significant contributor to low back pain, which poses a substantial burden on both personal quality of life and societal economics. Changes in the number and function of ion channels can disrupt the water and ion balance both inside and outside cells, thereby impacting the physiological functions of tissues and organs. Therefore, maintaining ion homeostasis and stable expression of ion channels within the cellular microenvironment may prove beneficial in the treatment of disc degeneration. Aquaporin (AQP), calcium ion channels, and acid-sensitive ion channels (ASIC) play crucial roles in regulating water, calcium ions, and hydrogen ions levels. These channels have significant effects on physiological and pathological processes such as cellular aging, inflammatory response, stromal decomposition, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and accumulation of cell metabolites. Additionally, Piezo 1, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4), tension response enhancer binding protein (TonEBP), potassium ions, zinc ions, and tungsten all play a role in the process of intervertebral disc degeneration. This review endeavors to elucidate alterations in the microenvironment of the nucleus pulposus during intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), with a view to offer novel insights and approaches for exploring therapeutic interventions against disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangbin Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.L.); (Z.W.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Ziyan Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.L.); (Z.W.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.L.); (Z.W.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Haiwei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.L.); (Z.W.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.L.); (Z.W.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.L.); (Z.W.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.)
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
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Xu H, Li J, Fei Q, Jiang L. Contribution of immune cells to intervertebral disc degeneration and the potential of immunotherapy. Connect Tissue Res 2023; 64:413-427. [PMID: 37161923 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2023.2212051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence supports that chronic low back pain is associated with intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), which is accompanied by decreased cell activity and matrix degradation. The role of immune cells, especially macrophages, in a variety of diseases has been extensively studied; therefore, their role in IDD has naturally attracted widespread scholarly interest. The IVD is considered to be an immunologically-privileged site given the presence of physical and biological barriers that include an avascular microenvironment, a high proteoglycan concentration, high physical pressure, the presence of apoptosis inducers such as Fas ligand, and the presence of notochordal cells. However, during IDD, immune cells with distinct characteristics appear in the IVD. Some of these immune cells release factors that promote the inflammatory response and angiogenesis in the disc and are, therefore, important drivers of IDD. Although some studies have elucidated the role of immune cells, no specific strategies related to systemic immunotherapy have been proposed. Herein, we summarize current knowledge of the presence and role of immune cells in IDD and consider that immunotherapy targeting immune cells may be a novel strategy for alleviating IDD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinming Fei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
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KRAUS P, SAMANTA A, LUFKIN S, LUFKIN T. Stem cells in intervertebral disc regeneration-more talk than action? BIOCELL 2021; 46:893-898. [PMID: 34966192 PMCID: PMC8713956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pain and lifestyle changes are common consequences of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and affect a large part of the aging population. The stemness of cells is exploited in the field of regenerative medicine as key to treat degenerative diseases. Transplanted cells however often face delivery and survival challenges, especially in tissues with a naturally harsh microniche environment such as the intervertebral disc. Recent interest in the secretome of stem cells, especially cargo protected from microniche-related decay as frequently present in degenerating tissues, provides new means of rejuvenating ailing cells and tissues. Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles with purposeful cargo gained particular interest in conveying stem cell related attributes of rejuvenation, which will be discussed here in the context of IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra KRAUS
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA, Address correspondence to: Petra Kraus,
| | - Ankita SAMANTA
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Sina LUFKIN
- The Clarkson School, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Thomas LUFKIN
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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Ashraf S, Chatoor K, Chong J, Pilliar R, Santerre P, Kandel R. Transforming Growth Factor β Enhances Tissue Formation by Passaged Nucleus Pulposus Cells In Vitro. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:438-449. [PMID: 31529713 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus pulposus (NP) is composed of NP and notochord cell. It is a paucicellular tissue and if it is to be used as a source of cells for tissue engineering the cell number will have to be expanded by cell passaging. The hypothesis of this study is that passaged NP and notochordal cells grown in three-dimensional (3D) culture in the presence of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) will show enhanced NP tissue formation compared with cells grown in the absence of this growth factor. Bovine NP cells isolated by sequential enzymatic digestion from caudal intervertebral discs were either placed directly in 3D culture (P0) or serially passaged up to passage 3 (P3) prior to placement in 3D culture. Serial cell passage in monolayer culture led to de-differentiation, increased senescence and oxidative stress and decreases in the gene expression of NP and notochordal associated markers and increases in de-differentiation markers. The NP tissue regeneration capacity of cells in 3D culture decreases with passaging as indicated by diminished tissue thickness and total collagen content when compared with tissues formed by P0 cells. Immunohistochemical studies showed that type II collagen accumulation appeared to decrease. TGFβ1 or TGFβ3 treatment enhanced the ability of cells at each passage to form tissue, in part by decreasing cell death. However, neither TGFβ1 nor TGFβ3 were able to restore the notochordal phenotype. Although TGFβ1/3 recovered NP tissue formation by passaged cells, to generate NP in vitro that resembles the native tissue will require identification of conditions facilitating retention of notochordal cell differentiation. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:438-449, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ashraf
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenny Chatoor
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jasmine Chong
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Pilliar
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rita Kandel
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Diaz-Hernandez ME, Khan NM, Trochez CM, Yoon T, Maye P, Presciutti SM, Gibson G, Drissi H. Derivation of notochordal cells from human embryonic stem cells reveals unique regulatory networks by single cell-transcriptomics. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:5241-5255. [PMID: 31840817 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a public health dilemma as it is associated with low back and neck pain, a frequent reason for patients to visit the physician. During IDD, nucleus pulposus (NP), the central compartment of intervertebral disc (IVD) undergo degeneration. Stem cells have been adopted as a promising biological source to regenerate the IVD and restore its function. Here, we describe a simple, two-step differentiation strategy using a cocktail of four factors (LDN, AGN, FGF, and CHIR) for efficient derivation of notochordal cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We employed a CRISPR/Cas9 based genome-editing approach to knock-in the mCherry reporter vector upstream of the 3' untranslated region of the Noto gene in H9-hESCs and monitored notochordal cell differentiation. Our data show that treatment of H9-hESCs with the above-mentioned four factors for 6 days successfully resulted in notochordal cells. These cells were characterized by morphology, immunostaining, and gene and protein expression analyses for established notochordal cell markers including FoxA2, SHH, and Brachyury. Additionally, pan-genomic high-throughput single cell RNA-sequencing revealed an efficient and robust notochordal differentiation. We further identified a key regulatory network consisting of eight candidate genes encoding transcription factors including PAX6, GDF3, FOXD3, TDGF1, and SOX5, which are considered as potential drivers of notochordal differentiation. This is the first single cell transcriptomic analysis of notochordal cells derived from hESCs. The ability to efficiently obtain notochordal cells from pluripotent stem cells provides an additional tool to develop new cell-based therapies for the treatment of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E Diaz-Hernandez
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Nazir M Khan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | | | - Tim Yoon
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter Maye
- UConn Health Center, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Steven M Presciutti
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Greg Gibson
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
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Quantitative Single-Cell Transcript Assessment of Biomarkers Supports Cellular Heterogeneity in the Bovine IVD. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6020042. [PMID: 31083612 PMCID: PMC6631975 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe and chronic low back pain is often associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. While imposing a considerable socio-economic burden worldwide, IVD degeneration is also severely impacting on the quality of life of affected individuals. Cell-based regenerative medicine approaches have moved into clinical trials, yet IVD cell identities in the mature disc remain to be fully elucidated and tissue heterogeneity exists, requiring a better characterization of IVD cells. The bovine coccygeal IVD is an accepted research model to study IVD mechano-biology and disc homeostasis. Recently, we identified novel IVD biomarkers in the outer annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) of the mature bovine coccygeal IVD through RNA in situ hybridization (AP-RISH) and z-proportion test. Here we follow up on Lam1, Thy1, Gli1, Gli3, Noto, Ptprc, Scx, Sox2 and Zscan10 with fluorescent RNA in situ hybridization (FL-RISH) and confocal microscopy. This permits sub-cellular transcript localization and the addition of quantitative single-cell derived values of mRNA expression levels to our previous analysis. Lastly, we used a Gaussian mixture modeling approach for the exploratory analysis of IVD cells. This work complements our earlier cell population proportion-based study, confirms the previously proposed biomarkers and indicates even further heterogeneity of cells in the outer AF and NP of a mature IVD.
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Liu Z, Zheng Z, Qi J, Wang J, Zhou Q, Hu F, Liang J, Li C, Zhang W, Zhang X. CD24 identifies nucleus pulposus progenitors/notochordal cells for disc regeneration. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:35. [PMID: 30598696 PMCID: PMC6303933 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-based therapy by transplantation of nucleus pulposus (NP) progenitor/notochordal cells has been proposed as a promising way to halt and reverse the progression of disc degeneration. Although some studies have provided a broad panel of potential markers associated with the phenotype of notochordal cells, suitability of these markers for isolation of notochordal cells for the treatment of disc degeneration is unclear. Results Here, we found that the number of CD24-positive NP cells significantly decreased with increasing severity of disc degeneration. In addition, CD24-positive NP cells were shown to maintain their multipotent differentiation and self-renewal potential in vitro and to abundantly express brachyury, SHH, and GLUT-1, suggesting that CD24-positive NP cells are the progenitor/notochordal cells in the NP. Moreover, our in vivo experiments revealed that transplantation of CD24-positive NP cells enables the recovery of degenerate discs, as evidenced by increased disc height, restored magnetic resonance imaging T2-weighted signal intensity, and NP structure. In terms of the mechanism, HIF-1α-Notch1 pathway activation was essential for the maintenance of CD24-positive NP cells. Conclusion Our studies identify that CD24-positive NP cells are the resident progenitor/notochordal cells in disc regeneration and elucidate a crucial role of HIF-1α-Notch1 pathway in the phenotypic maintenance of CD24-positive NP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuochao Liu
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Zheng
- 3Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jin Qi
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangqiong Hu
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liang
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changwei Li
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibin Zhang
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingkai Zhang
- 1Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China.,2Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wang Z, Wang G, Zhu X, Geng D, Yang H. Interleukin-2 is upregulated in patients with a prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc and modulates cell proliferation, apoptosis and extracellular matrix metabolism of human nucleus pulposus cells. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:2437-2443. [PMID: 26668654 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression levels of cytokines are increased in degenerated intervertebral disc tissues, and several cytokines are associated with the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration. However, the role of interleukin (IL)-2 in the cellular functions of intervertebral disc tissues remains unreported. The present study aimed to determine the expression levels of IL-2 in the nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues of patients with a prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc; and to observe the changes in cell proliferation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in human NP cells (HNPCs) following treatment with IL-2. The present study demonstrated that IL-2 expression levels were upregulated in the NP tissues of patients with a prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc; and a subsequent MTT assay demonstrated that IL-2 inhibits the proliferation of HNPCs in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, as demonstrated by the increased protein expression levels of Fas cell surface death receptor and the induction of caspase-8 and caspase-3 activity, the death receptor pathway was activated by IL-2 in the HNPCs in order to promote cell apoptosis. In addition, IL-2 promoted ECM degradation in the HNPCs, as demonstrated by an increase in the expression levels of type I collagen, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs and matrix metalloproteinases, and decreased aggrecan and type II collagen expression levels. Furthermore, phosphorylated-p38 was significantly increased in the HNPCs following IL-2 treatment. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that IL-2 inhibits cell proliferation, and induces cell apoptosis and ECM degradation, accompanied by the activation of p38 MAPK signaling in HNPCs. Therefore, IL-2 may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of degenerative disc disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China ; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Genlin Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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Restović I, Vukojević K, Paladin A, Saraga-Babić M, Bočina I. Immunohistochemical Studies of Cytoskeletal and Extracellular Matrix Components in Dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula L. Notochordal Cells. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1700-9. [PMID: 26147227 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical techniques were used to define the distribution of cytoskeletal (cytokeratin 8, vimentin) and extracellular matrix components (collagen type I, collagen type II, hyaluronic acid, and aggrecan) and bone morphogenetic proteins 4 and 7 (BMP4 and BMP7) in the notochord of the lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula L. Immunolocalization of hyaluronic acid was observed in the notochord, vertebral centrum, and neural and hemal arches, while positive labeling to aggrecan was observed in the ossified centrum, notochord, and the perichondrium of the hyaline cartilage. Type I collagen was observed in the mineralized cartilage of the vertebral bodies, the notochord, the fibrocartilage of intervertebral disc, and the perichondrium. A positive labeling to type II collagen was observed in the inner part of the cartilaginous vertebral centrum and the notochord, as well as in the neural arch and muscle tissue, but there was no appreciable labeling of the hyaline cartilage. The presence of both BMP4 and BMP7 was seen in the mineralized vertebral centrum, notochordal cells, and neural arch. The notochordal cells expressed both cytokeratin 8 and vimentin, but predominantly vimentin. Hyaluronic acid, collagen type I, and collagen type II expression confirmed the presence of a mixture of notochordal and fibrocartilaginous tissue in the intervertebral disc, while BMPs confirmed the presence of an ossification in the cartilaginous skeleton of the spotted dogfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Restović
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Katarina Vukojević
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Antonela Paladin
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mirna Saraga-Babić
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Bočina
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21 000 Split, Croatia
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Abstract
Low back pain is the most common musculoskeletal problem and the single most common cause of disability, often attributed to degeneration of the intervertebral disc. Lack of effective treatment is directly related to our limited understanding of the pathways responsible for maintaining disc health. While transcriptional analysis has permitted initial insights into the biology of the intervertebral disc, complete proteomic characterization is required. We therefore employed liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) protein/peptide separation and mass spectrometric analyses to characterize the protein content of intervertebral discs from skeletally mature wild-type mice. A total of 1360 proteins were identified and categorized using PANTHER. Identified proteins were primarily intracellular/plasma membrane (35%), organelle (30%), macromolecular complex (10%), extracellular region (9%). Molecular function categorization resulted in three distinct categories: catalytic activity (33%), binding (molecule interactions) (29%), and structural activity (13%). To validate our list, we confirmed the presence of 14 of 20 previously identified IVD-associated markers, including matrix proteins, transcriptional regulators, and secreted proteins. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed distinct localization patterns of select protein with the intervertebral disc. Characterization of the protein composition of healthy intervertebral disc tissue is an important first step in identifying cellular processes and pathways disrupted during aging or disease progression.
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11
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Omlor GW, Nerlich AG, Tirlapur UK, Urban JP, Guehring T. Loss of notochordal cell phenotype in 3D-cell cultures: implications for disc physiology and disc repair. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2014; 134:1673-81. [PMID: 25348151 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-014-2097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Embryonic notochordal disc nucleus cells (NC) have been identified to protect disc tissue against disc degeneration but in human beings NC phenotype gets lost with aging and the pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood. NC may stimulate other cells via soluble factors, and NC-conditioned medium can be used to stimulate matrix production of other disc cells and mesenchymal stem cells and thus may be of special interest for biological disc repair. As this stimulatory effect is associated with the NC phenotype, we investigated how cell morphology and gene-expression of the NC phenotype changes with time in 3D-cell culture. MATERIALS AND METHODS NC and inner annulus chondrocyte-like cells (CLC) from immature pigtails (freshly isolated cells/tissue, 3D-alginate beads, 3D-clusters) were cultured for up to 16 days under normoxia and hypoxia. Protein-expression was analysed by immunohistology and gene-expression analysis was carried out on freshly isolated cells and cultured cells. Cell morphology and proliferation were analysed by two-photon-laser-microscopy. RESULTS Two-photon-laser-microscopy showed a homogenous and small CLC population in the inner annulus, which differed from the large vacuole-containing NC in the nucleus. Immunohistology found 93 % KRT8 positive cells in the nucleus and intracellular and pericellular Col2, IL6, and IL12 staining while CLC were KRT8 negative. Freshly isolated NC showed significantly higher KRT8 and CAIII but lower Col2 gene-expression than CLC. NC in 3D-cultures demonstrated significant size reduction and loss of vacuoles with culture time, all indicating a loss of the characteristic NC morphology. Hypoxia reduced the rate of decrease in NC size and vacuoles. Gene-expression of KRT8 and CAIII in NC fell significantly early in culture while Col2 did not decrease significantly within the culture period. In CLC, KRT8 and CAIII gene-expression was low and did not change noticeably in culture, whereas Col2 expression fell with time in culture. CONCLUSIONS 3D-culture caused a rapid loss of NC phenotype towards a CLC phenotype with disappearance of vacuoles, reduced cell size, increased proliferation, and gene-expression changes. These findings may be related to NC nutritional demands and support the latest hypothesis of NC maturation into CLC opposing the idea that NC get lost in human discs by cell death or apoptosis to be replaced by CLC from the inner annulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Omlor
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
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Modulating notochordal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells using natural nucleus pulposus tissue matrix. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100885. [PMID: 25054208 PMCID: PMC4108471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can differentiate into notochordal cell (NC)-like cells when cultured in the presence of natural porcine nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue matrix. The method promises massive production of high-quality, functional cells to treat degenerative intervertebral discs (IVDs). Based on our previous work, we further examined the effect of cell-NP matrix contact and culture medium on the differentiation, and further assessed the functional differentiation ability of the generated NC-like. The study showed that direct contact between hiPSCs and NP matrix can promote the differentiation yield, whilst both the contact and non-contact cultures can generate functional NC-like cells. The generated NC-like cells are highly homogenous regarding the expression of notochordal marker genes. A culture medium containing a cocktail of growth factors (FGF, EGF, VEGF and IGF-1) also supported the notochordal differentiation in the presence of NP matrix. The NC-like cells showed excellent functional differentiation ability to generate NP-like tissue which was rich in aggrecan and collagen type II; and particularly, the proteoglycan to collagen content ratio was as high as 12.5–17.5 which represents a phenotype close to NP rather than hyaline cartilage. Collectively, the present study confirmed the effectiveness and flexibility of using natural NP tissue matrix to direct notochordal differentiation of hiPSCs, and the potential of using the generated NC-like cells for treating IVD degeneration.
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Liu Y, Fu S, Rahaman MN, Mao JJ, Bal BS. Native nucleus pulposus tissue matrix promotes notochordal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells with potential for treating intervertebral disc degeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1053-9. [PMID: 24889905 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Native porcine nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue harbors a number of notochordal cells (NCs). Whether the native NP matrix supports the homeostasis of notochordal cells is poorly understood. We hypothesized the NP matrix alone may contain sufficient regulatory factors and can serve as stimuli to generate notochordal cells (NCs) from human pluripotent stem cells. NCs are a promising cell sources for cell-based therapy to treat some types of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. One major limitation of this emerging technique is the lack of available NCs as a potential therapeutic cell source. Human pluripotent stem cells derived from reprogramming or somatic cell nuclear transfer technique may yield stable and unlimited source for therapeutic use. We devised a new method to use porcine NP matrix to direct notochordal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). The results showed that hiPSCs successfully differentiated into NC-like cells under the influence of devitalized porcine NP matrix. The NC-like cells expressed typical notochordal marker genes including brachyury (T), cytokeratin-8 (CK-8) and cytokeratin-18 (CK-18), and they displayed the ability to generate NP-like tissue in vitro, which was rich in aggrecan and collagen type II. These findings demonstrated the proof of concept for using native NP matrix to direct notochordal differentiation of hiPSCs. It provides a foundation for further understanding the biology of NCs, and eventually towards regenerative therapies for disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Liu
- Center for Bone and Tissue Repair and Regeneration, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, 65409; Innovative Elements LLC, New York, New York, 10032
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Bach FC, Willems N, Penning LC, Ito K, Meij BP, Tryfonidou MA. Potential regenerative treatment strategies for intervertebral disc degeneration in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:3. [PMID: 24387033 PMCID: PMC3914844 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain due to spontaneous intervertebral disc (IVD) disease is common in dogs. In chondrodystrophic (CD) dogs, IVD disease typically develops in the cervical or thoracolumbar spine at about 3–7 years of age, whereas in non-chondrodystrophic (NCD) dogs, it usually develops in the caudal cervical or lumbosacral spine at about 6–8 years of age. IVD degeneration is characterized by changes in the biochemical composition and mechanical integrity of the IVD. In the degenerated IVD, the content of glycosaminoglycan (GAG, a proteoglycan side chain) decreases and that of denatured collagen increases. Dehydration leads to tearing of the annulus fibrosus (AF) and/or disc herniation, which is clinically characterized by pain and/or neurological signs. Current treatments (physiotherapy, anti-inflammatory/analgesic medication, surgery) for IVD disease may resolve neurological deficits and reduce pain (although in many cases insufficient), but do not lead to repair of the degenerated disc. For this reason, there is interest in new regenerative therapies that can repair the degenerated disc matrix, resulting in restoration of the biomechanical function of the IVD. CD dogs are considered a suitable animal model for human IVD degeneration because of their spontaneous IVD degeneration, and therefore studies investigating cell-, growth factor-, and/or gene therapy-based regenerative therapies with this model provide information relevant to both human and canine patients. The aim of this article is to review potential regenerative treatment strategies for canine IVD degeneration, with specific emphasis on cell-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C Bach
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Mizrahi O, Sheyn D, Tawackoli W, Ben-David S, Su S, Li N, Oh A, Bae H, Gazit D, Gazit Z. Nucleus pulposus degeneration alters properties of resident progenitor cells. Spine J 2013; 13:803-14. [PMID: 23578990 PMCID: PMC3759825 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT The intervertebral disc (IVD) possesses a minimal capability for self-repair and regeneration. Changes in the differentiation of resident progenitor cells can represent diminished tissue regeneration and a loss of homeostasis. We previously showed that progenitor cells reside in the nucleus pulposus (NP). The effect of the degenerative process on these cells remains unclear. PURPOSE We sought to explore the effect of IVD degeneration on the abundance of resident progenitor cells in the NP, their differentiation potential, and their ability to give rise to NP-like cells. We hypothesize that disc degeneration affects those properties. STUDY DESIGN Nucleus pulposus cells derived from healthy and degenerated discs were methodically compared for proliferation, differentiation potential, and ability to generate NP-like cells. METHODS Intervertebral disc degeneration was induced in 10 skeletally, mature mini pigs using annular injury approach. Degeneration was induced in three target discs, whereas intact adjacent discs served as controls. The disc degeneration was monitored using magnetic resonance imaging for 6 to 8 weeks. After there was a clear evidence of degeneration, we isolated and compared cells from degenerated discs (D-NP cells [NP-derived cells from porcine degenerated discs]) with cells isolated from healthy discs (H-NP cells) obtained from the same animal. RESULTS The comparison showed that D-NP cells had a significantly higher colony-forming unit rate and a higher proliferation rate in vitro. Our data also indicate that although both cell types are able to differentiate into mesenchymal lineages, H-NP cells exhibit significantly greater differentiation toward the chondrogenic lineage and NP-like cells than D-NP cells, displaying greater production of glycosaminoglycans and higher gene expression of aggrecan and collagen IIa. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, we conclude that IVD degeneration has a meaningful effect on the cells in the NP. D-NP cells clearly go through the regenerative process; however, this process is not powerful enough to facilitate full regeneration of the disc and reverse the degenerative course. These findings facilitate deeper understanding of the IVD degeneration process and trigger further studies that will contribute to development of novel therapies for IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mizrahi
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dmitriy Sheyn
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Wafa Tawackoli
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Shiran Ben-David
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Susan Su
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute. Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Anthony Oh
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Hyun Bae
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Spine Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dan Gazit
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Zulma Gazit
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
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