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Zhong Y, Li X, Wang F, Wang S, Wang X, Tian X, Bai S, Miao D, Fan J. Emerging Potential of Exosomes on Adipogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649552. [PMID: 34239869 PMCID: PMC8258133 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesenchymal stem cells have multidirectional differentiation potential and can differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, cartilage tissue, muscle cells and so on. The adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells is of great significance for the construction of tissue-engineered fat and the treatment of soft tissue defects. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles secreted by cells and widely exist in body fluids. They are mainly involved in cell communication processes and transferring cargo contents to recipient cells. In addition, exosomes can also promote tissue and organ regeneration. Recent studies have shown that various exosomes can influence the adipogenic differentiation of stem cells. In this review, the effects of exosomes on stem cell differentiation, especially on adipogenic differentiation, will be discussed, and the mechanisms and conclusions will be drawn. The main purpose of studying the role of these exosomes is to understand more comprehensively the influencing factors existing in the process of stem cell differentiation into adipocytes and provide a new idea in adipose tissue engineering research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhong
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fanglin Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shoushuai Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Tian
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuling Bai
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Di Miao
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College-Combination, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Han J, Jia Y, Wang S, Gan X. The Improvement Effect of Sodium Ferulate on the Formation of Pulmonary Fibrosis in Silicosis Mice Through the Neutrophil Alkaline Phosphatase 3 (NALP3)/Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/α-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA) Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e927978. [PMID: 34127642 PMCID: PMC8214818 DOI: 10.12659/msm.927978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumoconiosis is a chronic progressive fibrotic interstitial pneumonia for which the pathogenesis and treatment remain unclear. Previous studies showed that sodium ferulate (SF) may have a therapeutic effect, and this study explored the mechanism underlying SF-related improvement. Material/Methods In this study, a silicosis mouse model and primary cultured mouse lung fibroblasts were established. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, western blot analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Masson staining were used to observe the lung injury, expression of vimentin, and the degree of pulmonary fibrosis. The extracted lung fibroblasts were identified by immunofluorescence. The expression of fibrosis-related genes encoding transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), neutrophil alkaline phosphatase 3 (NALP3), collagen-1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) and p38 proteins were detected by western blot. The effects of SF and the TGF-β pathway agonist SRI-011381 on cell proliferation and the expression of fibrosis-related protein in mouse lung fibroblasts were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8, immunofluorescence, and western blot as needed. Results SF reduced the lung lesions in silicosis mice and inhibited the expression of vimentin and fibrosis-related genes, while having no effect on body weight. Vimentin expression was positive in the extracted cells. In vitro experiments showed that SF inhibited the proliferation of lung fibroblasts and the expression of fibrosis-related proteins. In addition, SF partly reversed the opposite regulatory effect of SRI-011381 on lung fibroblasts. Conclusions SF inhibited lung injury and fibrosis in silicosis mice through the NALP3/TGF-β1/α-SMA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyin Han
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yangmin Jia
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Shujuan Wang
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoyu Gan
- Department of Occupational Disease, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Dahuang Zhechong Pills Suppress Silicosis Fibrosis Progression via p38 MAPK/TGF- β1/Smad Pathway In Vitro. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6662261. [PMID: 33868442 PMCID: PMC8034999 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6662261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Dahuang Zhechong pills (DHZCP) is a classic Chinese medicinal prescription in “Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases (Shanghan Zabing Lun),” and it has the function of tonifying blood, nourishing Yin, and removing blood stasis. Previous studies have shown that DHZCP could alleviate SiO2 induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. This study aims to further explore the preventive and therapeutic effects of DHZCP against silicosis fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Methods We used the experimental model of SiO2-induced MH-S cells to evaluate the therapeutic potential of DHZCP. MH-S cells induced by SiO2 were intervened with the drug-containing serum of DHZCP, and the effects of drug-containing serum of DHZCP on the MH-S cells were detected by CCK8, ELISA, flow cytometry, western blot, and immunofluorescence. Results DHZCP improved cell viability by reducing apoptosis. It also decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 in the supernatant of MH-S cells induced by SiO2, inhibited the expression of p38 MAPK, blocked the activation of NF-κB, and controlled the upstream inflammatory response by multiple targeting. Concomitantly, we observed upregulation of Smad7 and a marked decline in TGF-β1, α-SMA, Smad2, Smad3 expression in MH-S cells treated with DHZCP. Conclusion To sum up, we conclude that DHZCP protects against SiO2-induced silicosis by reducing the persistent irritation of inflammation, regulating the p38 MAPK/TGF-β1/Smad pathway.
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Levato R, Jungst T, Scheuring RG, Blunk T, Groll J, Malda J. From Shape to Function: The Next Step in Bioprinting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906423. [PMID: 32045053 PMCID: PMC7116209 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In 2013, the "biofabrication window" was introduced to reflect the processing challenge for the fields of biofabrication and bioprinting. At that time, the lack of printable materials that could serve as cell-laden bioinks, as well as the limitations of printing and assembly methods, presented a major constraint. However, recent developments have now resulted in the availability of a plethora of bioinks, new printing approaches, and the technological advancement of established techniques. Nevertheless, it remains largely unknown which materials and technical parameters are essential for the fabrication of intrinsically hierarchical cell-material constructs that truly mimic biologically functional tissue. In order to achieve this, it is urged that the field now shift its focus from materials and technologies toward the biological development of the resulting constructs. Therefore, herein, the recent material and technological advances since the introduction of the biofabrication window are briefly summarized, i.e., approaches how to generate shape, to then focus the discussion on how to acquire the biological function within this context. In particular, a vision of how biological function can evolve from the possibility to determine shape is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Levato
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Jungst
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ruben G Scheuring
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Blunk
- Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Endoglin haploinsufficiency is associated with differential regulation of extracellular matrix production during skin fibrosis and cartilage repair in mice. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:379-388. [PMID: 29488175 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional growth factor with potent pro-fibrotic effects. Endoglin is a TGF-β co-receptor that strongly regulates TGF-β signaling in a variety of cell types. Although aberrant regulation of TGF-β signaling is known to play a key role in fibrotic diseases such as scleroderma and impaired cartilage repair, the significance of endoglin function in regulating these processes is poorly understood. Here we examined whether endoglin haploinsufficiency regulates extracellular (ECM) protein expression and fibrotic responses during bleomycin induced skin fibrosis and surgically induced osteoarthritis, using endoglin-heterozygous (Eng+/-) mice and wild-type (Eng+/+) littermates. Skin fibrosis was induced by injecting mice intradermally with bleomycin or vehicle. Osteoarthritis was induced surgically by destabilization of medial meniscus. Dermal thickness, cartilage integrity and ECM protein expression were then determined. Eng+/- mice subjected to bleomycin challenge show a marked decrease in dermal thickness (P < 0.005) and reduced collagen content and decreased collagen I, fibronectin, alpha-smooth muscle actin levels as compared to Eng+/+ mice, both under basal and bleomycin treated conditions. Eng+/- mice undergoing surgically induced osteoarthritis show no differences in the degree of cartilage degradation, as compared to Eng+/+ mice, although chondrocytes isolated from Eng+/- display markedly enhanced collagen II levels. Our findings suggest that endoglin haploinsufficiency in mice ameliorates bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis suggesting that endoglin represents a pro-fibrotic factor in the mouse skin. However, endoglin haploinsufficiency does not protect these mice from surgically indiced cartilage degradation, demonstrating differential regulation of endoglin action during skin and cartilage repair.
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Bian H, Nie X, Bu X, Tian F, Yao L, Chen J, Su J. The pronounced high expression of discoidin domain receptor 2 in human interstitial lung diseases. ERJ Open Res 2018; 4:00138-2016. [PMID: 29367920 PMCID: PMC5774384 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00138-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The most typical structural feature of human interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) is the accumulation of vast amounts of collagens within the lung interstitium. The membrane receptors that are responsible for recognising collagens and then transducing signals into the cells include four members of the integrin family (α1β1, α2β1, α10β1 and α11β1) and two members of the discoidin domain receptor family (DDR1 and DDR2). However, it remains unknown whether these six collagen receptors similarly contribute to the pathogenesis of fibrotic lung diseases. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was utilised to assess the mRNA expression of the genes studied. Immunoblot experiments were performed to analyse the protein abundance and kinase activity of the gene products. The tissue location was determined by immunohistochemical staining. qPCR data showed that DDR2 mRNA displays the most dramatic difference between idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients and healthy groups. The outstanding increases in DDR2 proteins were also observed in some other types of ILD besides IPF. DDR2-expressing cells in ILD tissue sections were found to exhibit spindle or fibroblastic shapes. Our investigation suggests that DDR2 might represent a major cell surface protein that mediates collagen-induced cellular effects in human ILD and, hence, is suitable for their diagnosis and therapy. DDR2 is a major collagen-recognising receptor in human interstitial lung diseasehttp://ow.ly/Lhgh30gN603
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Xiaowei Nie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, PR China.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Xin Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Feng Tian
- Dept of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Libo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Jin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Nie Y, Sun L, Wu Y, Yang Y, Wang J, He H, Hu Y, Chang Y, Liang Q, Zhu J, Ye RD, Christman JW, Qian F. AKT2 Regulates Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis via Modulating Macrophage Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4470-4480. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Rosenbloom J, Macarak E, Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Human Fibrotic Diseases: Current Challenges in Fibrosis Research. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1627:1-23. [PMID: 28836191 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7113-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human fibrotic diseases constitute a major health problem worldwide owing to the large number of affected individuals, the incomplete knowledge of the fibrotic process pathogenesis, the marked heterogeneity in their etiology and clinical manifestations, the absence of appropriate and fully validated biomarkers, and, most importantly, the current void of effective disease-modifying therapeutic agents. The fibrotic disorders encompass a wide spectrum of clinical entities including systemic fibrotic diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc), sclerodermatous graft vs. host disease, and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, as well as numerous organ-specific disorders including radiation-induced fibrosis and cardiac, pulmonary, liver, and kidney fibrosis. Although their causative mechanisms are quite diverse and in several instances have remained elusive, these diseases share the common feature of an uncontrolled and progressive accumulation of fibrotic tissue in affected organs causing their dysfunction and ultimate failure. Despite the remarkable heterogeneity in the etiologic mechanisms responsible for the development of fibrotic diseases and in their clinical manifestations, numerous studies have identified activated myofibroblasts as the common cellular element ultimately responsible for the replacement of normal tissues with nonfunctional fibrotic tissue. Critical signaling cascades, initiated primarily by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), but also involving numerous cytokines and signaling molecules which stimulate profibrotic reactions in myofibroblasts, offer potential therapeutic targets. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of tissue fibrosis and point out some of the most important challenges to research in the fibrotic diseases and to the development of effective therapeutic approaches for this often fatal group of disorders. Efforts to further clarify the complex pathogenetic mechanisms of the fibrotic process should be encouraged to attain the elusive goal of developing effective therapies for these serious, untreatable, and often fatal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rosenbloom
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward Macarak
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Rittié L. Cellular mechanisms of skin repair in humans and other mammals. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 10:103-20. [PMID: 27170326 PMCID: PMC4882309 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased incidence of non-healing skin wounds in developed societies has prompted tremendous research efforts on the complex process known as "wound healing". Unfortunately, the weak relevance of modern wound healing research to human health continues to be a matter of concern. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the cellular mechanisms that mediate wound closure in the skin of humans and laboratory animals. The author highlights the anatomical singularities of human skin vs. the skin of other mammals commonly used for wound healing research (i.e. as mice, rats, rabbits, and pigs), and discusses the roles of stem cells, myofibroblasts, and the matrix environment in the repair process. The majority of this review focuses on reepithelialization and wound closure. Other aspects of wound healing (e.g. inflammation, fibrous healing) are referred to when relevant to the main topic. This review aims at providing the reader with a clear understanding of the similarities and differences that have been reported over the past 100 years between the healing of human wounds and that of other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Rittié
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, 6447 Medical Building I, 1301 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Perbal B. Erratum to: Pick of the Year 2014. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:299. [PMID: 26358046 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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