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Wang C, Paiva TO, Speziale P, Dufrêne YF. Nanomechanics of CCN1-Mediated Staphylococcus aureus Phagocytosis. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:8567-8574. [PMID: 38959438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential mechanism of the human immune system where pathogens are eliminated by immune cells. The CCN1 protein plays an important role in the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by favoring the bridging of the αVβ3 integrin to the bacterial peptidoglycan (PG), through mechanical forces that remain unknown. Here, we employ single-molecule experiments to unravel the nanomechanics of the PG-CCN1-αVβ3 ternary complex. While CCN1 binds αVβ3 integrins with moderate force (∼60 pN), much higher binding strengths (up to ∼800 pN) are observed between CCN1 and PG. Notably, the strength of both CCN1-αVβ3 and CCN1-PG bonds is dramatically enhanced by tensile loading, favoring a model in which mechanical stress induces the exposure of cryptic integrin binding sites in CCN1 and multivalent binding between CCN1 lectin sites and monosaccharides along the PG glycan chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Telmo O Paiva
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Yves F Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Cuadros M, García DJ, Andrades A, Arenas AM, Coira IF, Baliñas-Gavira C, Peinado P, Rodríguez MI, Álvarez-Pérez JC, Ruiz-Cabello F, Camós M, Jiménez-Velasco A, Medina PP. LncRNA-mRNA Co-Expression Analysis Identifies AL133346.1/CCN2 as Biomarkers in Pediatric B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123803. [PMID: 33348573 PMCID: PMC7765782 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dysregulation of noncoding RNAs has been described in numerous types of cancers and it has been associated with oncogenic or tumor suppressor activities. However, the signature of clinically relevant noncoding RNAs in pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is still poorly understood. In a search for long non-coding RNAs that characterize pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, we found that the long non-coding RNA AL133346.1 and a neighbouring protein-coding mRNA (CCN2) were significantly over-expressed in leukemia samples compared to healthy bone marrow. Survival analysis showed that patients with high CCN2 expression had a significantly better prognosis. These data suggest that AL133346.1/CCN2 could be useful for discriminating subtypes of leukemia and that CCN2 expression could predict the prognosis of pediatric patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Abstract Pediatric acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) constitutes a heterogeneous and aggressive neoplasia in which new targeted therapies are required. Long non-coding RNAs have recently emerged as promising disease-specific biomarkers for the clinic. Here, we identified pediatric B-ALL-specific lncRNAs and associated mRNAs by comparing the transcriptomic signatures of tumoral and non-tumoral samples. We identified 48 lncRNAs that were differentially expressed between pediatric B-ALL and healthy bone marrow samples. The most relevant lncRNA/mRNA pair was AL133346.1/CCN2 (previously known as RP11-69I8.3/CTGF), whose expression was positively correlated and increased in B-ALL samples. Their differential expression pattern and their strong correlation were validated in external B-ALL datasets (Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments, Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia). Survival curve analysis demonstrated that patients with “high” expression levels of CCN2 had higher overall survival than those with “low” levels (p = 0.042), and this gene might be an independent prognostic biomarker in pediatric B-ALL. These findings provide one of the first detailed descriptions of lncRNA expression profiles in pediatric B-ALL and indicate that these potential biomarkers could help in the classification of leukemia subtypes and that CCN2 expression could predict the survival outcome of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cuadros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Av. de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel J García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Av. de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Alvaro Andrades
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Granada, Av. de Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto M Arenas
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Granada, Av. de Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel F Coira
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Granada, Av. de Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Baliñas-Gavira
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Granada, Av. de Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Paola Peinado
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Granada, Av. de Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María I Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Av. de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Álvarez-Pérez
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Granada, Av. de Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Av. de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Immunology, UGC Laboratorio Clínico, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Mireia Camós
- Hematology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Leukemia and Other Pediatric Hemopathies, Developmental Tumors Biology Group, Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Jiménez-Velasco
- Hematology Laboratory, Universitary Regional Hospital, Av. de Carlos Haya, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Pedro P Medina
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Av. de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Granada, Av. de Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Molecular signatures for CCN1, p21 and p27 in progressive mantle cell lymphoma. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 13:421-434. [PMID: 30465121 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0494-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a comparatively rare non-Hodgkin's lymphoma characterised by overexpression of cyclin D1. Many patients present with or progress to advanced stage disease within 3 years. MCL is considered an incurable disease with median survival between 3 and 4 years. We have investigated the role(s) of CCN1 (CYR61) and cell cycle regulators in progressive MCL. We have used the human MCL cell lines REC1 < G519 < JVM2 as a model for disease aggression. The magnitude of CCN1 expression in human MCL cells is REC1 > G519 > JVM2 cells by RQ-PCR, depicting a decrease in CCN1 expression with disease progression. Investigation of CCN1 isoform expression by western blotting showed that whilst expression of full-length CCN1 was barely altered in the cell lines, expression of truncated forms (18-20 and 28-30 kDa) decreased with disease progression. We have then demonstrated that cyclin D1 and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (p21CIP1and p27KIP1) are also involved in disease progression. Cyclin D1 was highly expressed in REC1 cells (OD: 1.0), reduced to one fifth in G519 cells (OD: 0.2) and not detected by western blotting in JVM2 cells. p27KIP1 followed a similar profile of expression as cyclin D1. Conversely, p21CIP1 was absent in the REC1 cells and showed increasing expression in G519 and JVM2 cells. Subcellular localization detected p21CIP1/ p27KIP1 primarily within the cytoplasm and absent from the nucleus, consistent with altered roles in treatment resistance. Dysregulation of the CCN1 truncated forms are associated with MCL progression. In conjunction with reduced expression of cyclin D1 and increased expression of p21, this molecular signature may depict aggressive disease and treatment resistance.
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Niu CC, Wan YF, Yang C, Li T, Liao P. Polymorphisms of the CYR61 gene in patients with acute myeloid leukemia in a Han Chinese population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11963. [PMID: 30142822 PMCID: PMC6112968 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It was demonstrated in previous studies that cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61) plays vital roles in hematological disorders, and we have already reported that the Cyr61 protein is a tumor promoter in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we investigated the association between CYR61 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to AML.We genotyped 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2297141 and rs6576776) in the region of the CYR61 gene by improved multiplex ligase detection reaction genotyping assays in a total of 275 samples, including samples from 137 AML patients and 138 healthy controls. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression analysis were performed to compare the different distributions of the genotypes and alleles between patients and healthy controls.The rs2297141 A allele was associated with lower risk of AML compared with the G allele (odds ratio [OR] = 0.704, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.503-0.985, P = .04) in both the dominant (OR = 0.447, 95% CI = 0.22-0.909, P = .025, AA vs GG) and recessive inheritance models (OR = 0.419, 95% CI = 0.23-0.763, P = .004, AA vs GA + GG). Although the distribution of the rs6576776 alleles was not different between patients with AML and normal controls, the CC genotype significantly increased the risk of AML in the dominant inheritance model (OR = 6.064, 95% CI = 1.303-28.216, P = .01, CC vs GG) and the recessive inheritance model (OR = 5.937, 95% CI = 1.291-27.306, P = .01, CC vs GC + GG). Additionally, it was shown that the rs2297141 and rs6576776 genotypes were associated with AML-M5 and AML-M2, respectively.Our findings indicated that genetic polymorphisms in the CYR61 gene may be considered potential AML risk factors in the Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Chun Niu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing General Hospital
| | - Ya-Fang Wan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing General Hospital
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Hematology Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing General Hospital
| | - Pu Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing General Hospital
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5
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Li J, Ye L, Sun PH, Zheng F, Ruge F, Satherley LK, Feng Y, Zhao H, Du G, Wang T, Yang Y, Ma X, Cheng S, Yang X, Yu H, Teng X, Si Y, Zhang Z, Jiang WG. Reduced NOV expression correlates with disease progression in colorectal cancer and is associated with survival, invasion and chemoresistance of cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26231-26244. [PMID: 28412738 PMCID: PMC5432252 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV) has been evident in certain malignancies. In the current study, we aim to investigate the role played by NOV in colorectal cancer (CRC). NOV expression was determined in a cohort of 359 CRC tissues and 174 normal colorectal tissues. Its impact on CRC cells was investigated using in vitro NOV knockdown and overexpression models. NOV transcripts were reduced in the CRC tumours compared with the paired adjacent normal colorectal tissues (p < 0.01) and was associated with distant metastases. NOV knockdown resulted in increased cell proliferation and invasion of RKO cells, whilst an opposite effect was seen in the HT115 NOV over expressing cells. A positive association between Caspase-3/-8 and NOV was seen in NOV knockdown and overexpression cell lines which contributed to the survival of serum deprived CRC cells. Further investigation showed that NOV regulated proliferation, survival and invasion through the JNK pathway. NOV knockdown in RKO cells reduced the responsiveness to 5-Fluorouracil treatment, whilst overexpression in HT115 cells exhibited a contrasting effect. Taken together, NOV is reduced in CRC tumours and this is associated with disease progression. NOV inhibits the proliferation and invasion of CRC cells in vitro. Inhibition of proliferation is mediated by a regulation of Caspase-3/-8, via the JNK pathway, which has potential for predicting and preventing chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.,Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.,Cardiff University, Capital Medical University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research and Cancer Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ping-Hui Sun
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Fei Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.,Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Fiona Ruge
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lucy K Satherley
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Yi Feng
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Huishan Zhao
- Cardiff University, Capital Medical University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research and Cancer Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Guifang Du
- Cardiff University, Capital Medical University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research and Cancer Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yao Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xuemei Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shan Cheng
- Cardiff University, Capital Medical University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research and Cancer Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Cardiff University, Capital Medical University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research and Cancer Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hefen Yu
- Cardiff University, Capital Medical University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research and Cancer Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xu Teng
- Cardiff University, Capital Medical University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research and Cancer Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yang Si
- Cardiff University, Capital Medical University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research and Cancer Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhongtao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.,Cardiff University, Capital Medical University Joint Centre for Biomedical Research and Cancer Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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Chahal MS, Ku HT, Zhang Z, Legaspi CM, Luo A, Hopkins MM, Meier KE. Differential Expression of Ccn4 and Other Genes Between Metastatic and Non-metastatic EL4 Mouse Lymphoma Cells. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2016; 13:437-442. [PMID: 27807066 PMCID: PMC5219917 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work characterized variants of the EL4 murine lymphoma cell line. Some are non-metastatic, and others metastatic, in syngenic mice. In addition, metastatic EL4 cells were stably transfected with phospholipase D2 (PLD2), which further enhanced metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microarray analyses of mRNA expression was performed for non-metastatic, metastatic, and PLD2-expressing metastatic EL4 cells. RESULTS Many differences were observed between non-metastatic and metastatic cell lines. One of the most striking new findings was up-regulation of mRNA for the matricellular protein WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (CCN4) in metastatic cells; increased protein expression was verified by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. Other differentially expressed genes included those for reproductive homeobox 5 (Rhox5; increased in metastatic) and cystatin 7 (Cst7; decreased in metastatic). Differences between PLD2-expressing and parental cell lines were limited but included the signaling proteins Ras guanyl releasing protein 1 (RGS18; increased with PLD2) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2; decreased with PLD2). CONCLUSION The results provide insights into signaling pathways potentially involved in conferring metastatic ability on lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet S Chahal
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, U.S.A
| | - H Teresa Ku
- Division of Development & Translational Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, U.S.A
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, U.S.A
| | - Christian M Legaspi
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, U.S.A
| | - Angela Luo
- Division of Development & Translational Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, U.S.A
| | - Mandi M Hopkins
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, U.S.A
| | - Kathryn E Meier
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, U.S.A.
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CCN family of proteins: critical modulators of the tumor cell microenvironment. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 10:229-240. [PMID: 27517291 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The CCN family of proteins consisting of CCN1 (Cyr61), CCN2 (CTGF), CCN3 (NOV), CCN4 (WISP-1), CCN5 (WISP-2) and CCN6 (WISP-3) are considered matricellular proteins operating essentially in the extracellular microenvironment between cells. Evidence has also been gradually building since their first discovery of additional intracellular roles although the major activity is triggered at the cell membrane. The proteins consist of 4 motifs, a signal peptide (for secretion} followed consecutively by the IGFBP, VWC, TSP1 and CT (C-terminal cysteine knot domain) motifs, which signify their potential binding partners and functional connections to a variety of key regulators of physiological processes. With respect to cancer it is now clear that, whereas certain members can facilitate tumor behavior and progression, others can competitively counter the process. It is therefore clear that the net outcome of biological interactions in the matrix and what gets signaled or inhibited can be a function of the interplay of these CCN 1-6 proteins. Because the CCN proteins further interact with other key proteins, like growth factors in the matrix, the balance is not only important but can vary dynamically with the physiological states of tumor cells and the surrounding normal cells. The tumor niche with its many cell players has surfaced as a critical determinant of tumor behavior, invasiveness, and metastasis. It is in this context that CCN proteins should be investigated with the potential of being recognized and validated for future therapeutic approaches.
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8
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Cell surface receptors for CCN proteins. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 10:121-7. [PMID: 27098435 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The CCN family (CYR61; CTGF; NOV; CCN1-6; WISP1-3) of matricellular proteins in mammals is comprised of six homologous members that play important roles in development, inflammation, tissue repair, and a broad range of pathological processes including fibrosis and cancer. Despite considerable effort to search for a high affinity CCN-specific receptor akin to growth factor receptors, no such receptor has been found. Rather, CCNs bind several groups of multi-ligand receptors as characteristic of other matricellular proteins. The most extensively documented among CCN-binding receptors are integrins, including αvβ3, αvβ5, α5β1, α6β1, αIIbβ3, αMβ2, and αDβ2, which mediate diverse CCN functions in various cell types. CCNs also bind cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), low density liproprotein receptor-related proteins (LRPs), and the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) receptor, which are endocytic receptors that may also serve as co-receptors in cooperation with other cell surface receptors. CCNs have also been reported to bind FGFR-2, Notch, RANK, and TrkA, potentially altering the affinities of these receptors for their ligands. The ability of CCNs to bind a multitude of receptors in various cell types may account for the remarkable versatility of their functions, and underscore the diverse signaling pathways that mediate their activities.
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