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Fischer AG, Elliott EM, Brittian KR, Garrett L, Sadri G, Aebersold J, Singhal RA, Nong Y, Leask A, Jones SP, Iv JBM. Matricellular Protein CCN1 Promotes Collagen Alignment and Scar Integrity After Myocardial Infarction. Matrix Biol 2024:S0945-053X(24)00097-0. [PMID: 39098433 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the cellular communication network family (CCN) of matricellular proteins, like CCN1, have long been implicated in the regulation of cellular processes underlying wound healing, tissue fibrogenesis, and collagen dynamics. While many studies suggest antifibrotic actions for CCN1 in the adult heart through the promotion of myofibroblast senescence, they largely relied on exogenous supplementation strategies in in vivo models of cardiac injury where its expression is already induced-which may confound interpretation of its function in this process. The objective of this study was to interrogate the role of the endogenous protein on fibroblast function, collagen structural dynamics, and its associated impact on cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS/RESULTS Here, we employed CCN1 loss-of-function methodologies, including both in vitro siRNA-mediated depletion and in vivo fibroblast-specific knockout mice to assess the role of the endogenous protein on cardiac fibroblast fibrotic signaling, and its involvement in acute scar formation after MI. In vitro depletion of CCN1 reduced cardiac fibroblast senescence and proliferation. Although depletion of CCN1 decreased the expression of collagen processing and stabilization enzymes (i.e., P4HA1, PLOD1, and PLOD2), it did not inhibit myofibroblast induction or type I collagen synthesis. Alone, fibroblast-specific removal of CCN1 did not negatively impact ventricular performance or myocardial collagen content but did contribute to disorganization of collagen fibrils and increased matrix compliance. Similarly, Ccn1 ablated animals subjected to MI showed no discernible alterations in cardiac structure or function one week after permanent coronary artery ligation, but exhibited marked increases in incidence of mortality and cardiac rupture. Consistent with our findings that CCN1 depletion does not assuage myofibroblast conversion or type I collagen synthesis in vitro, Ccn1 knockout animals revealed no measurable differences in collagen scar width or mass compared to controls; however, detailed structural analyses via SHG and TEM of scar regions revealed marked alterations in their scar collagen topography-exhibiting changes in numerous macro- and micro-level collagen architectural attributes. Specifically, Ccn1 knockout mice displayed heightened ECM structural complexity in post-MI scar regions, including diminished local alignment and heightened tortuosity of collagen fibers, as well as reduced organizational coherency, packing, and size of collagen fibrils. Associated with these changes in ECM topography with the loss of CCN1 were reductions in fibroblast-matrix interactions, as evidenced by reduced fibroblast nuclear and cellular deformation in vivo and reduced focal-adhesion formation in vitro; findings that ultimately suggest CCN1's ability to influence fibroblast-led collagen alignment may in part be credited to its capacity to augment fibroblast-matrix interactions. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the pivotal role of endogenous CCN1 in the scar formation process occurring after MI, directing the appropriate arrangement of the extracellular matrix's collagenous components in the maturing scar-shaping the mechanical properties that support its structural stability. While this suggests an adaptive role for CCN1 in regulating collagen structural attributes crucial for supporting scar integrity post MI, the long-term protracted expression of CCN1 holds maladaptive implications, potentially diminishing collagen structural complexity and compliance in non-infarct regions. ABSTRACT (SHORT) BACKGROUND The cellular communication network (CCN) family of matricellular proteins, including CCN1, plays a critical role in regulating cellular processes essential for wound healing, tissue fibrogenesis, and collagen dynamics. However, previous studies predominantly relied on exogenous supplementation strategies in in vivo models of cardiac injury, potentially confounding interpretations of CCN1's function in these processes. This study aimed to investigate the endogenous protein's role in fibroblast function, collagen structural dynamics, and its impact on cardiac fibrosis following myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS/RESULTS Employing CCN1 loss-of-function approaches, including in vitro siRNA-mediated depletion and in vivo fibroblast-specific knockout mice, we assessed CCN1's influence on cardiac fibroblast fibrotic signaling and acute scar formation post-MI. In vitro CCN1 depletion reduced cardiac fibroblast senescence and proliferation, as well as decreased the expression of enzymes crucial for collagen processing and stabilization. In vivo fibroblast-specific CCN1 removal did not impair ventricular performance or alter myocardial collagen content but led to collagen fibril disorganization and increased matrix compliance. Ccn1 knockout animals exhibited elevated mortality and cardiac rupture post-MI, with no significant differences in collagen scar width or mass compared to wildtype controls. Yet, detailed structural analyses revealed alterations in scar collagen topography, including increased ECM structural complexity and diminished collagen alignment. These changes correlated with reduced fibroblast-matrix interactions, suggesting CCN1's role in influencing collagen alignment through augmenting these interactions. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous CCN1 plays a pivotal role in scar formation post-MI by orchestrating the arrangement of collagenous components in the maturing scar, thereby shaping its mechanical properties and structural stability. While CCN1's adaptive role in regulating collagen structural attributes crucial for scar integrity is evident, prolonged expression may lead to diminished collagen structural complexity and compliance in non-infarct regions, highlighting potential maladaptive implications in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalara G Fischer
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Erin M Elliott
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kenneth R Brittian
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lauren Garrett
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ghazal Sadri
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Julia Aebersold
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Richa A Singhal
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yibing Nong
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Andrew Leask
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CAN
| | - Steven P Jones
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Joseph B Moore Iv
- Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Leguit RJ, Broekhuizen R, de Witte M, Raymakers RAP, Goldschmeding R. CCN2/CTGF expression does not correlate with fibrosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms, consistent with noncanonical TGF-β signaling driving myelofibrosis. Virchows Arch 2024; 484:837-845. [PMID: 38602559 PMCID: PMC11106196 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-024-03799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The classical BCR::ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) form a group of bone marrow (BM) diseases with the potential to progress to acute myeloid leukemia or develop marrow fibrosis and subsequent BM failure. The mechanism by which BM fibrosis develops and the factors that drive stromal activation and fibrosis are not well understood. Cellular Communication Network 2 (CCN2), also known as CTGF (Connective Tissue Growth Factor), is a profibrotic matricellular protein functioning as an important driver and biomarker of fibrosis in a wide range of diseases outside the marrow. CCN2 can promote fibrosis directly or by acting as a factor downstream of TGF-β, the latter already known to contribute to myelofibrosis in MPN.To study the possible involvement of CCN2 in BM fibrosis in MPN, we assessed CCN2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in 75 BM biopsies (55 × MPN and 20 × normal controls). We found variable expression of CCN2 in megakaryocytes with significant overexpression in a subgroup of 7 (13%) MPN cases; 4 of them (3 × essential thrombocytemia and 1 × prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis) showed no fibrosis (MF-0), 2 (1 × post-polycythemic myelofibrosis and 1 × primary myelofibrosis) showed moderate fibrosis (MF-2), and 1 (primary myelofibrosis) severe fibrosis (MF-3). Remarkably, CCN2 expression did not correlate with fibrosis or other disease parameters such as platelet count or thrombovascular events, neither in this subgroup nor in the whole study group. This suggests that in BM of MPN patients other, CCN2-independent pathways (such as noncanonical TGF-β signaling) may be more important for the development of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos J Leguit
- Dept of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, H04-3123508 GA, POB 85500, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Roel Broekhuizen
- Dept of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, H04-3123508 GA, POB 85500, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek de Witte
- Dept of Hematology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinier A P Raymakers
- Dept of Hematology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Goldschmeding
- Dept of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, H04-3123508 GA, POB 85500, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Yoshida H, Yokota S, Satoh K, Ishisaki A, Chosa N. Connective tissue growth factor enhances TGF-β1-induced osteogenic differentiation via activation of p38 MAPK in mesenchymal stem cells. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:68-75. [PMID: 38266705 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cellular differentiation is based on the effects of various growth factors. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 plays a pivotal role in inducing osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In this study, we investigated the influence of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), known to function synergistically with TGF-β1, on osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. METHODS UE7T-13 cells were treated with TGF-β1 and/or CTGF. Subsequently, protein levels of intracellular signaling pathway molecules were determined through western blot analysis. The mRNA expression levels of osteogenic differentiation markers were investigated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Bone matrix mineralization was evaluated through alizarin red staining. RESULTS Co-treatment with TGF-β1 and CTGF resulted in the suppression of TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, an intracellular signaling pathway molecule in MSCs, while significantly enhancing the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In MSCs, co-treatment with CTGF and TGF-β1 led to increased expression levels of alkaline phosphatase and type I collagen, markers of osteogenic differentiation induced by TGF-β1. Osteopontin expression was observed only after TGF-β1 and CTGF co-treatment. Notably, bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin were significantly upregulated by treatment with CTGF alone. Furthermore, CTGF enhanced the TGF-β1-induced mineralization in MSCs, with complete suppression observed after treatment with a p38 MAPK inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS CTGF enhances TGF-β1-induced osteogenic differentiation and subsequent mineralization in MSCs by predominantly activating the p38 MAPK-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Yoshida
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan; Division of Orthodontics, Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Seiji Yokota
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Kazuro Satoh
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Ishisaki
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Chosa
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan.
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Isshiki T, Naiel S, Vierhout M, Otsubo K, Ali P, Tsubouchi K, Yazdanshenas P, Kumaran V, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Kolb MRJ, Ask K. Therapeutic strategies to target connective tissue growth factor in fibrotic lung diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108578. [PMID: 38103794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of interstitial lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), remains challenging as current available antifibrotic agents are not effective in halting disease progression. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), also known as cellular communication factor 2 (CCN2), is a member of the CCN family of proteins that regulates cell signaling through cell surface receptors such as integrins, the activity of cytokines/growth factors, and the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Accumulating evidence indicates that CTGF plays a crucial role in promoting lung fibrosis through multiple processes, including inducing transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cooperating with other fibrotic mediators such as TGF-β. Increased expression of CTGF has been observed in fibrotic lungs and inhibiting CTGF signaling has been shown to suppress lung fibrosis in several animal models. Thus, the CTGF signaling pathway is emerging as a potential therapeutic target in IPF and other pulmonary fibrotic conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current evidence on the pathogenic role of CTGF in pulmonary fibrosis and discusses the current therapeutic agents targeting CTGF using a systematic review approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Isshiki
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori Nisi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Safaa Naiel
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Megan Vierhout
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Kohei Otsubo
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Pareesa Ali
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Kazuya Tsubouchi
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Parichehr Yazdanshenas
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Vaishnavi Kumaran
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Martin R J Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada.
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Sun YL, Zhao YX, Guan YN, You X, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Wu HY, Zhang WJ, Yao YZ. Study on the Relationship Between Differentially Expressed Proteins in Breast Cancer and Lymph Node Metastasis. Adv Ther 2023; 40:4004-4023. [PMID: 37422893 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-023-02588-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymph node metastasis is a cause of poor prognosis in breast cancer. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics aims to map the protein landscapes of biological samples and profile tumors more comprehensively. Here, proteomics was employed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) that were associated with lymph node metastasis. METHODS Tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomic approaches were applied for extensive profiling of conditioned medium of MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell lines and serums of patients who did or did not have lymph node metastasis, and DEPs were analyzed by bioinformatics. Furthermore, potential secreted or membrane proteins MUC5AC, ITGB4, CTGF, EphA2, S100A4, PRDX2, and PRDX6 were selected for verification in 114 tissue microarray samples of breast cancer using the immunohistochemical method. The relevant data was analyzed and processed by independent sample t test, chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test using SPSS 22.0 software. RESULTS In the conditioned medium of MDA-MB-231 cell lines, 154 proteins were upregulated, while 136 were downregulated compared to those of MCF7. In the serum of patients with breast cancer and lymph node metastasis, 17 proteins were upregulated, and 5 proteins were downregulated compared to those without lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, according to tissue verification, CTGF, EphA2, S100A4, and PRDX2 were associated with breast cancer lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION Our study provides a new perspective for the understanding of the role of DEPs (especially CTGF, EphA2, S100A4, and PRDX2) in the development and metastasis of breast cancer. They could become potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lu Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xin Zhao
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Nan Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin You
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jie Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Zhong Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Birkeness LB, Banerjee S, Quadir M, Banerjee SK. The role of CCNs in controlling cellular communication in the tumor microenvironment. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:35-45. [PMID: 35674933 PMCID: PMC10030743 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cellular communication network (CCN) family of growth regulatory factors comprises six secreted matricellular proteins that promote signal transduction through cell-cell or cell-matrix interaction. The diversity of functionality between each protein is specific to the many aspects of healthy and cancer biology. For example, CCN family proteins modulate cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, invasiveness, apoptosis, and survival. In addition, the expression of each protein regulates many biological and pathobiological processes within its microenvironment to regulate angiogenesis, inflammatory response, chondrogenesis, fibrosis, and mitochondrial integrity. The collective range of CCN operation remains fully comprehended; however, understanding each protein's microenvironment may draw more conclusions about the abundance of interactions and signaling cascades occurring within such issues. This review observes and distinguishes the various roles a CCN protein may execute within distinct tumor microenvironments and the biological associations among them. Finally. We also review how CCN-family proteins can be used in nano-based therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Birkeness
- Cancer Research Unit, Research Division, VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Blvd, Kansas City, MO, 64128, USA
| | - Snigdha Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, Research Division, VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Blvd, Kansas City, MO, 64128, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66106, USA
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Sushanta K Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, Research Division, VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Blvd, Kansas City, MO, 64128, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66106, USA.
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Kubota S, Kawaki H, Perbal B, Takigawa M, Kawata K, Hattori T, Nishida T. Do not overwork: cellular communication network factor 3 for life in cartilage. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00723-4. [PMID: 36745317 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication network factor (CCN) 3, which is one of the founding members of the CCN family, displays diverse functions. However, this protein generally represses the proliferation of a variety of cells. Along with skeletal development, CCN3 is produced in cartilaginous anlagen, growth plate cartilage and epiphysial cartilage. Interestingly, CCN3 is drastically induced in the growth plates of mice lacking CCN2, which promotes endochondral ossification. Notably, chondrocytes in these mutant mice with elevated CCN3 production also suffer from impaired glycolysis and energy metabolism, suggesting a critical role of CCN3 in cartilage metabolism. Recently, CCN3 was found to be strongly induced by impaired glycolysis, and in our study, we located an enhancer that mediated CCN3 regulation via starvation. Subsequent investigations specified regulatory factor binding to the X-box 1 (RFX1) as a transcription factor mediating this CCN3 regulation. Impaired glycolysis is a serious problem, resulting in an energy shortage in cartilage without vasculature. CCN3 produced under such starved conditions restricts energy consumption by repressing cell proliferation, leading chondrocytes to quiescence and survival. This CCN3 regulatory system is indicated to play an important role in articular cartilage maintenance, as well as in skeletal development. Furthermore, CCN3 continues to regulate cartilage metabolism even during the aging process, probably utilizing this regulatory system. Altogether, CCN3 seems to prevent "overwork" by chondrocytes to ensure their sustainable life in cartilage by sensing energy metabolism. Similar roles are suspected to exist in relation to systemic metabolism, since CCN3 is found in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
| | - Harumi Kawaki
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Japan
| | | | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences/Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kawata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takako Hattori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences/Dental School, Okayama, Japan
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Shoji M, Kuzuhara T. Imaging Analysis of Neurotrophic Effects by CCN2 Protein in Neuronal Precursor Cells Derived from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:269-280. [PMID: 36370356 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are useful tools to examine human neuronal maturation processes. In this chapter, we describe the maturation of human neuronal precursor cells derived from hiPSCs by cellular communication network family member 2, also known as connective tissue growth factor. We describe the (1) preparation of feeder cells for undifferentiated culture of hiPSCs, (2) undifferentiated culture of hiPSCs, (3) induction of neuronal precursor cells from hiPSCs, (4) maturation of neuronal precursor cells from hiPSCs, (5) immunofluorescent staining of neuronal cells from hiPSCs, and (6) immunofluorescence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shoji
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Kuzuhara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan.
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Shimo T, Takebe H, Fujii S, Hosoya A. Immunohistochemical Analysis of CCN2 in Experimental Fracture Healing Models. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:335-342. [PMID: 36370361 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal fractures are most common large-organ traumatic injuries that impact the functions and esthetic outcomes and quality of life. Unfortunately, infection during the fracture healing process and inadequate blood supply to the bone impede reduced ability to produce cartilage and effective bone callus formation, leading to nonunion or delayed union fracture. Therefore, studying the mechanism of fracture healing is an important task in solving the problem of fracture healing failure. Animal models of bone fracture healing are important tools to investigate the pathogenesis and develop treatment strategies. This protocol introduces researchers to a bone repair model utilizing the ribs of rats and the immunohistological expression of cellular communication network factor/connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) during the fracture healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shimo
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Takebe
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Saki Fujii
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hosoya
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
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Takigawa M. CCN Proteins (Cellular Communication Network Factors): Expanding Their Repertoire Toward a New Concept. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:1-10. [PMID: 36370338 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
I herein report the general structures and functions of CCN proteins and possible molecular mechanisms involved in the unique biological actions of this family of intercellular signaling regulators, which are considered matricellular proteins and were once referred to as "signal conductors" but have recently been renamed "Cellular Communication Network Factors." Their repertoire of functions beyond their role as matricellular proteins is also described to aid in future studies. Advanced research concerning their relevance to pathology is briefly introduced as well. The information provided in this chapter is expected to be useful for readers of subsequent chapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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11
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Aoyama E, Takigawa M. Evaluation of the Molecular Interaction Between CCN Protein and Its Binding Partners: A Solid-Phase Binding Assay and Surface Plasmon Resonance. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:77-86. [PMID: 36370345 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CCN proteins are known to bind to various growth factors, cytokines, and membrane proteins. Since these bindings are closely involved in the function of CCN proteins, the analysis of the binding partners is the first step toward understanding the mechanisms of actions of CCN proteins. This chapter describes two approaches used for such analyses: a solid-phase binding assay, which is suitable for confirming the binding easily because of its simplicity and cost advantage, and a surface plasmon resonance assay, which can determine the binding affinities between CCN proteins and their partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Aoyama
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
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12
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Kamatsuki Y, Aoyama E, Furumatsu T, Ozaki T, Takigawa M. The Evaluation of Meniscus Regenerative Effects of LIPUS-Induced CCN Proteins: Induction by LIPUS of CCN2 and Meniscus-Related Genes in Cultured Meniscus Cells and Meniscus Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:223-235. [PMID: 36370353 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Menisci are a pair of crescent-shaped fibrocartilages and composed primarily of type I collagen. Inner region of the meniscus has similar characteristics to articular cartilage. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been reported to have chondroprotective effects on chondrocytes by inducing the expression of chondrocyte differentiation markers and CCN2/CTGF production. Here, we describe an experimental approach that investigates the distinct cellular behavior of human inner and outer meniscus cells in response to LIPUS stimulation. Our experimental model can analyze the relationships between LIPUS-induced CCN2 and its repairing role in the meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kamatsuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitaku, Okayama, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences (ARCOCS), Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitaku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eriko Aoyama
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences (ARCOCS), Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitaku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Furumatsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitaku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitaku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences (ARCOCS), Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitaku, Okayama, Japan.
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13
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Rayego-Mateos S, Morgado-Pascual JL, Lavoz C, Rodrigues-Díez RR, Márquez-Expósito L, Tejera-Muñoz A, Tejedor-Santamaría L, Rubio-Soto I, Marchant V, Ruiz-Ortega M. CCN2 Binds to Tubular Epithelial Cells in the Kidney. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020252. [PMID: 35204752 PMCID: PMC8869303 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication network-2 (CCN2), also called connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), is considered a fibrotic biomarker and has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for kidney pathologies. CCN2 is a matricellular protein with four distinct structural modules that can exert a dual function as a matricellular protein and as a growth factor. Previous experiments using surface plasmon resonance and cultured renal cells have demonstrated that the C-terminal module of CCN2 (CCN2(IV)) interacts with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Moreover, CCN2(IV) activates proinflammatory and profibrotic responses in the mouse kidney. The aim of this paper was to locate the in vivo cellular CCN2/EGFR binding sites in the kidney. To this aim, the C-terminal module CCN2(IV) was labeled with a fluorophore (Cy5), and two different administration routes were employed. Both intraperitoneal and direct intra-renal injection of Cy5-CCN2(IV) in mice demonstrated that CCN2(IV) preferentially binds to the tubular epithelial cells, while no signal was detected in glomeruli. Moreover, co-localization of Cy5-CCN2(IV) binding and activated EGFR was found in tubules. In cultured tubular epithelial cells, live-cell confocal microscopy experiments showed that EGFR gene silencing blocked Cy5-CCN2(IV) binding to tubuloepithelial cells. These data clearly show the existence of CCN2/EGFR binding sites in the kidney, mainly in tubular epithelial cells. In conclusion, these studies show that circulating CCN2(IV) can directly bind and activate tubular cells, supporting the role of CCN2 as a growth factor involved in kidney damage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (L.M.-E.); (A.T.-M.); (L.T.-S.); (I.R.-S.); (V.M.)
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José Luis Morgado-Pascual
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain;
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carolina Lavoz
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Raúl R. Rodrigues-Díez
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Márquez-Expósito
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (L.M.-E.); (A.T.-M.); (L.T.-S.); (I.R.-S.); (V.M.)
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Antonio Tejera-Muñoz
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (L.M.-E.); (A.T.-M.); (L.T.-S.); (I.R.-S.); (V.M.)
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Lucía Tejedor-Santamaría
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (L.M.-E.); (A.T.-M.); (L.T.-S.); (I.R.-S.); (V.M.)
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Irene Rubio-Soto
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (L.M.-E.); (A.T.-M.); (L.T.-S.); (I.R.-S.); (V.M.)
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Vanessa Marchant
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (L.M.-E.); (A.T.-M.); (L.T.-S.); (I.R.-S.); (V.M.)
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (L.M.-E.); (A.T.-M.); (L.T.-S.); (I.R.-S.); (V.M.)
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Yang Z, Li W, Song C, Leng H. CTGF as a multifunctional molecule for cartilage and a potential drug for osteoarthritis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1040526. [PMID: 36325449 PMCID: PMC9618584 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CTGF is a multifunctional protein and plays different roles in different cells and under different conditions. Pamrevlumab, a monoclonal antibody against CTGF, is an FDA approved drug for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Recent studies have shown that CTGF antibodies may potentially serve as a new drug for osteoarthritis (OA). Expression of CTGF is significantly higher in OA joints than in healthy counterparts. Increasing attention has been attracted due to its interesting roles in joint homeostasis. Joint homeostasis relies on normal cellular functions and cell-cell interactions. CTGF is essential for physiological activities of chondrocytes. Abnormal CTGF expression may cause cartilage degeneration. In this review, the physiological functions of CTGF in chondrocytes and related mechanisms are summarized. Changes in the related signaling pathways due to abnormal CTGF are discussed, which are contributing factors to inflammation, cartilage degeneration and synovial fibrosis in OA. The possibility of CTGF as a potential therapeutic target for OA treatment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihuan Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weishi Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Huijie Leng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Huijie Leng,
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Kubota S, Kawaki H, Perbal B, Kawata K, Hattori T, Nishida T. Cellular communication network factor 3 in cartilage development and maintenance. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:533-543. [PMID: 34125392 PMCID: PMC8642582 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication network factor (CCN) 3 is one of the classical members of the CCN family, which are characterized by common molecular structures and multiple functionalities. Although this protein was discovered as a gene product overexpressed in a truncated form in nephroblastoma, recent studies have revealed its physiological roles in the development and homeostasis of mammalian species, in addition to its pathological association with a number of diseases. Cartilage is a tissue that creates most of the bony parts and cartilaginous tissues that constitute the human skeleton, in which CCN3 is also differentially produced to exert its molecular missions therein. In this review article, after the summary of the molecular structure and function of CCN3, recent findings on the regulation of ccn3 expression and the roles of CCN3 in endochondral ossification, cartilage development, maintenance and disorders are introduced with an emphasis on the metabolic regulation and function of this matricellular multifunctional molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
| | - Harumi Kawaki
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Japan
| | | | - Kazumi Kawata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takako Hattori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
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16
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Interplay between extracellular matrix components and cellular and molecular mechanisms in kidney fibrosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1999-2029. [PMID: 34427291 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in renal structures. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is observed in glomerular diseases as well as in the regeneration failure of acute kidney injury (AKI). Therefore, finding antifibrotic therapies comprises an intensive research field in Nephrology. Nowadays, ECM is not only considered as a cellular scaffold, but also exerts important cellular functions. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in kidney fibrosis, paying particular attention to ECM components, profibrotic factors and cell-matrix interactions. In response to kidney damage, activation of glomerular and/or tubular cells may induce aberrant phenotypes characterized by overproduction of proinflammatory and profibrotic factors, and thus contribute to CKD progression. Among ECM components, matricellular proteins can regulate cell-ECM interactions, as well as cellular phenotype changes. Regarding kidney fibrosis, one of the most studied matricellular proteins is cellular communication network-2 (CCN2), also called connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), currently considered as a fibrotic marker and a potential therapeutic target. Integrins connect the ECM proteins to the actin cytoskeleton and several downstream signaling pathways that enable cells to respond to external stimuli in a coordinated manner and maintain optimal tissue stiffness. In kidney fibrosis, there is an increase in ECM deposition, lower ECM degradation and ECM proteins cross-linking, leading to an alteration in the tissue mechanical properties and their responses to injurious stimuli. A better understanding of these complex cellular and molecular events could help us to improve the antifibrotic therapies for CKD.
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17
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Zhang SM, Wei CY, Wang Q, Wang L, Lu L, Qi FZ. M2-polarized macrophages mediate wound healing by regulating connective tissue growth factor via AKT, ERK1/2, and STAT3 signaling pathways. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6443-6456. [PMID: 34398425 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06646-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timely and sufficient M1 recruitment and M2 polarization are necessary for fibrosis during wound healing. The mechanism of how M2 mediates wound healing is worth exploring. Abnormally up-regulated connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) influences multiple organ fibrosis, including cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, and cutaneous fibrosis. Previous studies reported that M2 contributed to hepatic and renal fibrosis by secreting CTGF. It is worth discussing if M2 regulates fibrosis through secreting CTGF in wound healing. METHODS AND RESULTS We established the murine wound model and inhibited macrophages during proliferation phase with clodronate liposomes in vivo. Macrophages depletion led to down-regulation of wound healing rates, collagen deposition, as well as expression of collagen 1/3 and Ki67. M2 was induced by interleukin-4 (IL-4) and measured by flow cytometry in vitro. Secreted pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic factors were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). M2 was polarized, which producing more CTGF, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), and IL-6, as well as less tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-10. M2 CTGF gene was blocked using siCTGF. Effects of M2 on fibroblasts activities were detected by cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) and cellular wound healing assay. Expressions of related signaling pathway were assessed by western blotting. Blockade of CTGF in M2 deactivated fibroblasts proliferation and migration by regulating AKT, ERK1/2, and STAT3 pathway. Recombinant CTGF restored these effects. CONCLUSIONS Our research, for the first time, indicated that M2 promoted wound healing by secreting CTGF, which further mediating proliferation and migration of fibroblasts via AKT, ERK1/2, and STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Yuan Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fa-Zhi Qi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Tam AYY, Horwell AL, Trinder SL, Khan K, Xu S, Ong V, Denton CP, Norman JT, Holmes AM, Bou-Gharios G, Abraham DJ. Selective deletion of connective tissue growth factor attenuates experimentally-induced pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 134:105961. [PMID: 33662577 PMCID: PMC8111417 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) is a matricellular protein which plays key roles in normal mammalian development and in tissue homeostasis and repair. In pathological conditions, dysregulated CCN2 has been associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, and tissue fibrosis. In this study, genetic manipulation of the CCN2 gene was employed to investigate the role of CCN2 expression in vitro and in experimentally-induced models of pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Knocking down CCN2 using siRNA reduced expression of pro-fibrotic markers (fibronectin p < 0.01, collagen type I p < 0.05, α-SMA p < 0.0001, TIMP-1 p < 0.05 and IL-6 p < 0.05) in TGF-β-treated lung fibroblasts derived from systemic sclerosis patients. In vivo studies were performed in mice using a conditional gene deletion strategy targeting CCN2 in a fibroblast-specific and time-dependent manner in two models of lung disease. CCN2 deletion significantly reduced pulmonary interstitial scarring and fibrosis following bleomycin-instillation, as assessed by fibrotic scores (wildtype bleomycin 3.733 ± 0.2667 vs CCN2 knockout (KO) bleomycin 4.917 ± 0.3436, p < 0.05) and micro-CT. In the well-established chronic hypoxia/Sugen model of pulmonary hypertension, CCN2 gene deletion resulted in a significant decrease in pulmonary vessel remodelling, less right ventricular hypertrophy and a reduction in the haemodynamic measurements characteristic of PAH (RVSP and RV/LV + S were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in CCN2 KO compared to WT mice in hypoxic/SU5416 conditions). These results support a prominent role for CCN2 in pulmonary fibrosis and in vessel remodelling associated with PAH. Therefore, therapeutics aimed at blocking CCN2 function are likely to benefit several forms of severe lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Y Y Tam
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Amy L Horwell
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Sarah L Trinder
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Korsa Khan
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Shiwen Xu
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Voon Ong
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Christopher P Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Jill T Norman
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Alan M Holmes
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - David J Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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19
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Leguit RJ, Raymakers RAP, Hebeda KM, Goldschmeding R. CCN2 (Cellular Communication Network factor 2) in the bone marrow microenvironment, normal and malignant hematopoiesis. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:25-56. [PMID: 33428075 PMCID: PMC7798015 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CCN2, formerly termed Connective Tissue Growth Factor, is a protein belonging to the Cellular Communication Network (CCN)-family of secreted extracellular matrix-associated proteins. As a matricellular protein it is mainly considered to be active as a modifier of signaling activity of several different signaling pathways and as an orchestrator of their cross-talk. Furthermore, CCN2 and its fragments have been implicated in the regulation of a multitude of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, cell survival, apoptosis and the production of extracellular matrix products, as well as in more complex processes such as embryonic development, angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, fibrosis, mechanotransduction and inflammation. Its function is complex and context dependent, depending on cell type, state of differentiation and microenvironmental context. CCN2 plays a role in many diseases, especially those associated with fibrosis, but has also been implicated in many different forms of cancer. In the bone marrow (BM), CCN2 is highly expressed in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). CCN2 is important for MSC function, supporting its proliferation, migration and differentiation. In addition, stromal CCN2 supports the maintenance and longtime survival of hematopoietic stem cells, and in the presence of interleukin 7, stimulates the differentiation of pro-B lymphocytes into pre-B lymphocytes. Overexpression of CCN2 is seen in the majority of B-acute lymphoblastic leukemias, especially in certain cytogenetic subgroups associated with poor outcome. In acute myeloid leukemia, CCN2 expression is increased in MSCs, which has been associated with leukemic engraftment in vivo. In this review, the complex function of CCN2 in the BM microenvironment and in normal as well as malignant hematopoiesis is discussed. In addition, an overview is given of data on the remaining CCN family members regarding normal and malignant hematopoiesis, having many similarities and some differences in their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos J. Leguit
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, H04-312, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinier A. P. Raymakers
- Department of Hematology, UMCU Cancer Center, Heidelberglaan 100 B02.226, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Konnie M. Hebeda
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Goldschmeding
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Digestive System Cancers: A Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:8489093. [PMID: 33426067 PMCID: PMC7781715 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8489093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the impact of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) on outcomes in patients with digestive system cancers. Methods A systemic literature survey was performed by searching the Cochrane Library and PubMed databases for articles that evaluated the impact of CTGF on outcomes in patients with digestive system cancers. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for prognostic factors, overall and recurrence-free survival using RevMan 5.3 software. Results This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate a total of 11 studies that included 1730 patients. The results showed that elevated CTGF expression was significantly correlated with advanced age, larger tumor size, multiple tumors, and vascular invasion. Subgroup analysis by cancer type revealed increased risk for lymph node metastasis and advanced tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage in gastric cancer, compared with colorectal cancer. An unfavorable effect of elevated CTGF levels on overall survival was found in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and patients with gastric cancer, while survival was improved in colorectal cancer patients with high CTGF expression, compared to those with normal levels of CTGF. Conclusions Elevated CTGF expression may be a novel biomarker for disease status and predicted survival outcomes in patients with specific digestive system cancers.
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21
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Yu HN, Li XM, Kong LL, Ren J, Wu H, Bu LG, Ding NZ, Ni H. Connective tissue growth factor gene expression in goat endometrium during estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Theriogenology 2020; 153:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Leask A. Conjunction junction, what's the function? CCN proteins as targets in fibrosis and cancers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C1046-C1054. [PMID: 32130070 PMCID: PMC7311738 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular communication network (CCN) proteins are matricellular proteins that coordinate signaling among extracellular matrix, secreted proteins, and cell surface receptors. Their specific in vivo function is context-dependent, but they play profound roles in pathological conditions, such as fibrosis and cancers. Anti-CCN therapies are in clinical consideration. Only recently, however, has the function of these complex molecules begun to emerge. This review summarizes and interprets our current knowledge regarding these fascinating molecules and provides experimental evidence for their utility as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- School of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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23
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Scimeca M, Trivigno D, Bonfiglio R, Ciuffa S, Urbano N, Schillaci O, Bonanno E. Breast cancer metastasis to bone: From epithelial to mesenchymal transition to breast osteoblast-like cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 72:155-164. [PMID: 32045651 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we highlighted the newest aspects concerning the physiopathology of breast cancer metastatization into the bone including: a) in situ biomarkers of breast cancer metastatic diseases, b) biological processes related to the origin of metastatic cells (epithelial to mesenchymal transition), c) the nature and the possible role of Breast Osteoblast-Like Cells in the formation of bone lesions and d) the prognostic value of breast microcalcifications for the bone metastatic disease. In addition, the more recent data about the biology of breast cancer metastatic process and the origin and function of Breast Osteoblast-Like Cells have been analyzed to propose the use of molecular imaging investigations able to identify early neoplastic lesions with high propensity to form bone metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Scimeca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy; San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Umberto Veronesi (FUV), Piazza Velasca 5, 20122, Milano, Mi, Italy; Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant'Alessandro, 8, 00131 Rome, Italy.
| | - Donata Trivigno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Rita Bonfiglio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Sara Ciuffa
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Orazio Schillaci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Elena Bonanno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy; "Diagnostica Medica" and "Villa dei Platani", Avellino, Italy
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24
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Ahmad SAI, Anam MB, Istiaq A, Ito N, Ohta K. Tsukushi is essential for proper maintenance and terminal differentiation of mouse hippocampal neural stem cells. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:108-117. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shah Adil Ishtiyaq Ahmad
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology Graduate School of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- Stem Cell‐Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Tangail Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Badrul Anam
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology Graduate School of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- Stem Cell‐Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- HIGO Program Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Arif Istiaq
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology Graduate School of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- Stem Cell‐Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- HIGO Program Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Naofumi Ito
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology Graduate School of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- Stem Cell‐Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kunimasa Ohta
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology Graduate School of Life Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- Stem Cell‐Based Tissue Regeneration Research and Education Unit Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- HIGO Program Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
- AMED Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED‐CREST) Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) Tokyo Japan
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25
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Kim B, Kim H, Jung S, Moon A, Noh DY, Lee ZH, Kim HJ, Kim HH. A CTGF-RUNX2-RANKL Axis in Breast and Prostate Cancer Cells Promotes Tumor Progression in Bone. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:155-166. [PMID: 31505052 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis to bone is a frequent occurrence in patients with breast and prostate cancers and inevitably threatens the patient's quality of life and survival. Identification of cancer-derived mediators of bone metastasis and osteolysis may lead to novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we established highly bone-metastatic PC3 prostate and MDA-MB-231 (MDA) breast cancer cell sublines by in vivo selection in mice. In bone-metastatic cancer cells, the expression and secretion of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were highly upregulated. CTGF knockdown in bone-metastatic cells decreased invasion activity and MMP expression. RUNX2 overexpression in the CTGF knockdown cells restored the invasion activity and MMP expression. In addition, CTGF increased RUNX2 protein stability by inducing its acetylation via p300 acetyl transferase. The integrin αvβ3 receptor mediated these effects of CTGF. Furthermore, CTGF promoted RUNX2 recruitment to the RANKL promoter, resulting in increased RANKL production from the tumor cells and subsequent stimulation of osteoclastogenesis from precursor cells. In addition, animal model with injection of CTGF knocked-down prostate cancer cells into 6-week old BALB/c male mice showed reduced osteolytic lesions. More importantly, the expression levels of CTGF and RANKL showed a strong positive correlation in human primary breast tumor tissues and were higher in bone metastases than in other site metastases. These findings indicate that CTGF plays crucial roles for osteolytic bone metastasis both by enhancing invasiveness of tumor cells and by producing RANKL for osteoclastogenesis. Targeting CTGF may lead to the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for osteolytic metastasis. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongjun Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and DRI, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Haemin Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and DRI, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.,Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suhan Jung
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and DRI, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aree Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Young Noh
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Zang Hee Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and DRI, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, and Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and DRI, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
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26
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Leask A. Breathe, breathe in the air: the anti-CCN2 antibody pamrevlumab (FG-3019) completes a successful phase II clinical trial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Cell Commun Signal 2019; 13:441-442. [PMID: 31811619 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-019-00542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pirfenidone and nintedanib have been approved for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) due to their ability to statistically slow, over a year, the rate of decline in lung forced vital capacity (FVC), neither drug has been reported to have o positive effects on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest, symptoms, or quality of life. Moreover, pirfenidone and nintedanib have substantial gastrointestinal tolerability issues. Overall, these data highly suggest that novel therapeutic approached are needed. CCN2 has been shown to be a mediator of fibrosis in many preclinical models. Anti-CCN2 strategies are in clinical development for IPF, A recent study by Richeldi and colleagues described the recent Phase II clinical trial for FG-3019 in IPF, and the results were highly encouraging. This commentary contextualizes and summarizes these exciting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E4, Canada.
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27
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Quesnel K, Shi-Wen X, Hutchenreuther J, Xiao Y, Liu S, Peidl A, Naskar D, Siqueira WL, O'Gorman DB, Hinz B, Stratton RJ, Leask A. CCN1 expression by fibroblasts is required for bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. Matrix Biol Plus 2019; 3:100009. [PMID: 33543008 PMCID: PMC7852207 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2019.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment contributes to the excessive connective tissue deposition that characterizes fibrosis. Members of the CCN family of matricellular proteins are secreted by fibroblasts into the fibrotic microenvironment; however, the role of endogenous CCN1 in skin fibrosis is unknown. Mice harboring a fibroblast-specific deletion for CCN1 were used to assess if CCN1 contributes to dermal homeostasis, wound healing, and skin fibrosis. Mice with a fibroblast-specific CCN1 deletion showed progressive skin thinning and reduced accumulation of type I collagen; however, the overall mechanical property of skin (Young's modulus) was not significantly reduced. Real time-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that CCN1-deficient skin displayed reduced expression of mRNAs encoding enzymes that promote collagen stability (including prolyl-4-hydroxylase and PLOD2), although expression of COL1A1 mRNA was unaltered. CCN1-deficent skin showed reduced hydroxyproline levels. Electron microscopy revealed that collagen fibers were disorganized in CCN1-deficient skin. CCN1-deficient mice were resistant to bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis, as visualized by reduced collagen accumulation and skin thickness suggesting that deposition/accumulation of collagen is impaired in the absence of CCN1. Conversely, CCN1-deficient mice showed unaltered wound closure kinetics, suggesting de novo collagen production in response to injury did not require CCN1. In response to either wounding or bleomycin, induction of α-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts was unaffected by loss of CCN1. CCN1 protein was overexpressed by dermal fibroblasts isolated from lesional (i.e., fibrotic) areas of patients with early onset diffuse scleroderma. Thus, CCN1 expression by fibroblasts, being essential for skin fibrosis, is a viable anti-fibrotic target. The role of endogenous CCN1 in skin biology is largely unknown Fibroblast-specific deletion CCN1 causes thinner skin and misaligned collagen CCN1-deficient mice were resistant to bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis Wound healing closure kinetics was unaffected by loss of CCN1 CCN1 may be as a target for anti-fibrotic therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Quesnel
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Xu Shi-Wen
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - James Hutchenreuther
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Alexander Peidl
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Deboki Naskar
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - David B O'Gorman
- Roth McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, Lawson Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada.,Departments of Biochemistry and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C1, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Richard J Stratton
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Andrew Leask
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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28
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Khattab HM, Kubota S, Takigawa M, Kuboki T, Sebald W. The BMP-2 mutant L51P: a BMP receptor IA binding-deficient inhibitor of noggin. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:199-205. [PMID: 29667005 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-018-0925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The antagonist-specific regulation in tissue engineering constitutes important attempts to achieve an improved and rapid bone regeneration by controlling the natural biological response of the natural body growth factors. L51P is molecularly engineered bone morphogentic protein-2 (BMP-2) variant with a substitution of the 51st leucine with a proline residue. L51P is deficient in BMP receptor binding, but maintains its structure and affinity for inhibitory proteins such as noggin, chordin, and gremlin. These modifications convert the BMP-2 variant L51P into a receptor-inactive inhibitor of BMP antagonists. This current approach may prevent the uncontrolled bone overgrowth using high concentration of BMPs and thus regulates the possible growth factor's high-dose side effects. Exploring of L51P biological functions is required to broad our understanding of BMP mutant biological functions and their potential clinical applications. The progress of L51P researches would hopefully lead to the development of multiple applications for using the L51P in bone and fracture healing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Mohamed Khattab
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuo Kuboki
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Walter Sebald
- Physiological Chemistry II, Theodor-Boveri-Institute for Biocenter of Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
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29
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Kamatsuki Y, Aoyama E, Furumatsu T, Miyazawa S, Maehara A, Yamanaka N, Nishida T, Kubota S, Ozaki T, Takigawa M. Possible reparative effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on injured meniscus. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 13:193-207. [PMID: 30460593 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Menisci are a pair of crescent-shaped fibrocartilages, particularly of which their inner region of meniscus is an avascular tissue. It has characteristics similar to those of articular cartilage, and hence is inferior in healing. We previously reported that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) treatment stimulates the production of CCN2/CTGF, a protein involved in repairing articular cartilage, and the gene expression of major cartilage matrices such as type II collagen and aggrecan in cultured chondrocytes. Therefore, in this present study, we investigated whether LIPUS has also favorable effect on meniscus cells and tissues. LIPUS applied with a 60 mW/cm2 intensity for 20 min stimulated the gene expression and protein production of CCN2 via ERK and p38 signaling pathways, as well as gene expression of SOX9, aggrecan, and collagen type II in human inner meniscus cells in culture, and slightly stimulated the gene expression of CCN2 and promoted the migration in human outer meniscus cells in culture. LIPUS also induced the expression of Ccn2, Sox9, Col2a1, and Vegf in rat intact meniscus. Furthermore, histological evaluations showed that LIPUS treatment for 1 to 4 weeks promoted healing of rat injured lateral meniscus, as evidenced by better and earlier angiogenesis and extracellular matrix synthesis. The data presented indicate that LIPUS treatment might prevent meniscus from degenerative change and exert a reparative effect on injured meniscus via up-regulation of repairing factors such as CCN2 and that it might thus be useful for treatment of an injured meniscus as a non-invasive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kamatsuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.,Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences (ARCOCS), Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Eriko Aoyama
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences (ARCOCS), Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takayuki Furumatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyazawa
- Department of Intelligent Orthopedic System, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ami Maehara
- Department of Intelligent Orthopedic System, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences (ARCOCS), Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences (ARCOCS), Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
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30
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Ohta K, Aoyama E, Ahmad SAI, Ito N, Anam MB, Kubota S, Takigawa M. CCN2/CTGF binds the small leucine rich proteoglycan protein Tsukushi. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 13:113-118. [PMID: 30232710 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular molecules coordinate the multiple signaling pathways spatiotemporally to exchange information between cells during development. Understanding the regulation of these signal molecule-dependent pathways elucidates the mechanism of intercellular crosstalks. CCN2/CTGF is one of the CCN family members that binds BMP2, fibronectin, aggrecan, FGFR2 - regulating cartilage and bone formation, angiogenesis, wound repair etc. Tsukushi (TSK), which belongs to the Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycan (SLRP) family, binds nodal/Vg1/TGF-β1, BMP4/chordin, Delta, FGF8, Frizzled4, and is involved in the early body formation, bone growth, wound healing, retinal stem cell regulation etc. These two secreted molecules are expressed in similar tissues and involved in several biological events by functioning as extracellular signaling modulators. Here, we examine the molecular interaction between CCN2 and TSK biochemically. Co-precipitation assay and Surface Plasmon Resonance measurement showed their direct binding with the Kd value 15.3 nM. Further, the Solid-phase Binding Assay indicated that TSK binds to IGFBP and CT domains of CCN2. Our data suggest that CCN2 and TSK exert their function together in the body formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunimasa Ohta
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO Program", Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0881, Japan. .,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Eriko Aoyama
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Shah Adil Ishtiyaq Ahmad
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Naofumi Ito
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO Program", Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Mohammad Badrul Anam
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO Program", Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
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