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Rhode H, Lüse A, Tautkus B, Nabity M, John-Kroegel U, Weigel F, Dost A, Schitke J, Metzing O, Böckhaus J, Rubel D, Kiess W, Gross O. Urinary Protein-Biomarkers Reliably Indicate Very Early Kidney Damage in Children With Alport Syndrome Independently of Albuminuria and Inflammation. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:2778-2793. [PMID: 38106579 PMCID: PMC10719601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alport syndrome (AS) is a hereditary type IV collagen disease. It starts shortly after birth, without clinical symptoms, and progresses to end-stage kidney disease early in life. The earlier therapy starts, the more effectively end-stage kidney disease can be delayed. Clearly then, to ensure preemptive therapy, early diagnosis is an essential prerequisite. Methods To provide early diagnosis, we searched for protein biomarkers (BMs) by mass spectrometry in dogs with AS stage 0. At this very early stage, we identified 74 candidate BMs. Of these, using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), we evaluated 27 in dogs and 28 in children, 50 with AS and 104 healthy controls. Results Most BMs from blood appeared as fractions of multiple variants of the same protein, as shown by their chromatographic distribution before mass spectrometry. Blood samples showed only minor differences because ELISAs rarely detect disease-specific variants. However, in urine , several proteins, individually or in combination, were promising indicators of very early and preclinical kidney injury. The BMs with the highest sensitivity and specificity were collagen type XIII, hyaluronan binding protein 2 (HABP2), and complement C4 binding protein (C4BP). Conclusion We generated very strong candidate BMs by our approach of first examining preclinical AS in dogs and then validating these BMs in children at early stages of disease. These BMs might serve for screening purposes for AS before the onset of kidney damage and therefore allow preemptive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Rhode
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra Lüse
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Bärbel Tautkus
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mary Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Axel Dost
- Department of Pediatrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Schitke
- Department of Pediatrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Metzing
- Department of Pediatrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Böckhaus
- Clinics for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diana Rubel
- Clinics for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Gross
- Clinics for Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Haack AM, Overall CM, Auf dem Keller U. Degradomics technologies in matrisome exploration. Matrix Biol 2022; 114:1-17. [PMID: 36280126 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Consisting of a defined set of extracellular proteins secreted from resident cells and with minor contributions from serum proteins, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential component of all tissues. Maintaining tissue homeostasis, structural support and cellular control through cell-ECM communication, the ECM has come to be viewed as not just a passive structural entity but rather as a dynamic signaling conduit between cells and the extracellular compartment. Proteins and their cleavage products mediate this communication, and aberrant signaling, either directly or indirectly distorting the ECM, results in pathological conditions including cancer, inflammation, fibrosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Characterization of ECM components, the matrisome, the extracellular environment and their changes in disease is therefore of importance to understand and mitigate by developing novel therapeutics. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) proteomics has been integral to protein and proteome research for decades and long superseded the obsolescent gel-based approaches. A continuous effort has ensured progress with increased sensitivity and throughput as more advanced equipment has been developed hand in hand with specialized enrichment, detection, and identification methods. Part of this effort lies in the field of degradomics, a branch of proteomics focused on discovering novel protease substrates by identification of protease-generated neo-N termini, the N-terminome, and characterizing the responsible protease networks. Various methods to do so have been developed, some specialized for specific tissue types, others for particular proteases, throughput, or ease of use. This review aims to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art proteomics techniques that have successfully been recently utilized to characterize proteolytic cleavages in the ECM and thereby guided new research and understanding of the ECM and matrisome biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander M Haack
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 4.401 Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Ulrich Auf dem Keller
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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3
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Nulali J, Zhan M, Zhang K, Tu P, Liu Y, Song H. Osteoglycin: An ECM Factor Regulating Fibrosis and Tumorigenesis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1674. [PMID: 36421687 PMCID: PMC9687868 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is made up of noncellular components that have special properties for influencing cell behavior and tissue structure. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are nonfibrillar ECM components that serve as structural scaffolds and signaling molecules. osteoglycin (OGN), a class III SLRP, is a ubiquitous ECM component that not only helps to organize the extracellular matrix but also regulates a number of important biological processes. As a glycosylated protein in the ECM, OGN was originally considered to be involved in fiber assembly and was reported to have a connection with fibrosis. In addition to these functions, OGN is found in a variety of cancer tissues and is implicated in cellular processes linked to tumorigenesis, including cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this review, we summarize the structure and functions of OGN as well as its biological and clinical importance in the context of fibrotic illness and tumorigenesis. This review aims to improve our understanding of OGN and provide some new strategies for the treatment of fibrosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayida Nulali
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Ming Zhan
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Pinghui Tu
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Respiration, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Huaidong Song
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
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4
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Garantziotis S, Savani RC. Proteoglycans in Toll-like receptor responses and innate immunity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C202-C214. [PMID: 35675639 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00088.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an active and dynamic feature of tissues that not only provides gross structure but also plays key roles in cellular responses. The ever-changing microenvironment responds dynamically to cellular and external signals, and in turn influences cell fate, tissue development, and response to environmental injury or microbial invasion. It is therefore paramount to understand how the ECM components interact with each other, the environment and cells, and how they mediate their effects. Among the ECM components that have recently garnered increased attention, proteoglycans (PGs) deserve special note. Recent evidence strongly suggests that they play a crucial role both in health maintenance and disease development. In particular, proteoglycans dictate whether homeostasis or cell death will result from a given injury, by triggering and modulating activation of the innate immune system, via a conserved array of receptors that recognize exogenous (infectious) or endogenous (tissue damage) molecular patterns. Innate immune activation by proteoglycans has important implications for the understanding of cell-matrix interactions in health and disease. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge of innate immune signaling by proteoglycans, discuss the implications, and explore future directions to define progress in this area of extracellular matrix biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Garantziotis
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Rashmin C Savani
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Center for Pulmonary & Vascular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Nakamura T, Bonnard B, Palacios-Ramirez R, Fernández-Celis A, Jaisser F, López-Andrés N. Biglycan Is a Novel Mineralocorticoid Receptor Target Involved in Aldosterone/Salt-Induced Glomerular Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126680. [PMID: 35743123 PMCID: PMC9224513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists (MRAs) for various kidney diseases are established. However, the underlying mechanisms of kidney injury induced by MR activation remain to be elucidated. We recently reported aldosterone-induced enhancement of proteoglycan expression in mitral valve interstitial cells and its association with fibromyxomatous valvular disorder. As the expression of certain proteoglycans is elevated in several kidney diseases, we hypothesized that proteoglycans mediate kidney injury in the context of aldosterone/MR pathway activation. We evaluated the proteoglycan expression and tissue injury in the kidney and isolated glomeruli of uninephrectomy/aldosterone/salt (NAS) mice. The MRA eplerenone was administered to assess the role of the MR pathway. We investigated the direct effects of biglycan, one of the proteoglycans, on macrophages using isolated macrophages. The kidney samples from NAS-treated mice showed enhanced fibrosis and increased expression of biglycan accompanying glomerular macrophage infiltration and enhanced expression of TNF-α, iNOS, Nox2, CCL3 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 3), and phosphorylated NF-κB. Eplerenone blunted these changes. Purified biglycan stimulated macrophages to express TNF-α, iNOS, Nox2, and CCL3. This was prevented by a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or NF-κB inhibitor, indicating that biglycan stimulation is dependent on the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. We identified the proteoglycan biglycan as a novel target of MR involved in MR-induced glomerular injury and macrophage infiltration via a biglycan/TLR4/NF-κB/CCL3 cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Nakamura
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (T.N.); (B.B.); (R.P.-R.)
| | - Benjamin Bonnard
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (T.N.); (B.B.); (R.P.-R.)
| | - Roberto Palacios-Ramirez
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (T.N.); (B.B.); (R.P.-R.)
| | - Amaya Fernández-Celis
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Frédéric Jaisser
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (T.N.); (B.B.); (R.P.-R.)
- INSERM, Clinical Investigation Centre 1433, French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (F-CRIN) INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), 54500 Nancy, France
- Correspondence: (F.J.); (N.L.-A.); Tel.: +33-144276485 (F.J.); +34-848428539 (N.L.-A.)
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (F.J.); (N.L.-A.); Tel.: +33-144276485 (F.J.); +34-848428539 (N.L.-A.)
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Mollet I, Martins C, Ângelo-Dias M, Carvalho AS, Aloria K, Matthiesen R, Baptista MV, Borrego LM, Vieira HL. Pilot study in human healthy volunteers on the mechanisms underlying remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) – Targeting circulating immune cells and immune-related proteins. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 367:577847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Deng X, Li Y, Guo C, Zhao Z, Yuan G. Novel roles of Tsukushi in signaling pathways and multiple disease processes. Biofactors 2021; 47:512-521. [PMID: 33759220 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tsukushi (TSK), a newly identified hepatokine, is a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) family. TSK was originally isolated and identified in the lens of the chicken. Preliminary research on TSK has focused on its role in various physiological processes such as growth and development, wound healing, and cartilage formation. In recent years, the role of TSK in regulating cell signaling pathways, cell proliferation, and differentiation has been studied. In addition, the research has gradually expanded to the fields of glycolipid metabolism and energy balance. This article briefly reviews the role of TSK in the physiological and pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Guo W, Feng W, Fan X, Huang J, Ou C, Chen M. Osteomodulin is a Potential Genetic Target for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Biochem Genet 2021; 59:1185-1202. [PMID: 33715137 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is one of the most common genetic heart diseases. Its features include abnormal cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, microvascular dysfunction, and increased accumulation of intercellular matrix. We aim to unravel genes associated with the pathogenesis of HCM and provide a potential target for diagnosis and treatment. Key modules were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). A miRNA-mRNA network was constructed with the predicted miRNA and the most likely hub gene was screened out for gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The diagnostic capacity of hub gene was verified by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Single-cell sequencing (sc-RNA seq) data of normal adult hearts were used to further predict the specific cell types expressing the hub gene. WGCNA assigned genes into different modules and found that the genes contained in the red module had the strongest positive correlation with HCM disease. 2.5% of the genes were common between DEG and hub genes. With the miRNA-mRNA network, osteomodulin (OMD) was identified as the most potential hub gene. GSEA showed that OMD was mainly involved in the synthesis of extracellular matrix and had a certain inhibitory effect on the immune system. The expression of OMD in HCM was validated and ROC curve analysis showed that OMD could distinguish HCM from controls with the area under the curve (AUC) > 0.7. The sc-RNA seq revealed that OMD was mainly expressed in the later stages of cardiac fibroblasts, suggesting that OMD may have an effect on fibroblasts, participating in the pathogenesis of HCM. OMD may serve as a biomarker and therapeutic target for HCM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Guo
- Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253 Industrial Boulevard Central, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, No. 253 Industrial Boulevard Central, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Weijing Feng
- Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253 Industrial Boulevard Central, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, No. 253 Industrial Boulevard Central, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianglin Fan
- Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253 Industrial Boulevard Central, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, No. 253 Industrial Boulevard Central, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253 Industrial Boulevard Central, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, No. 253 Industrial Boulevard Central, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Caiwen Ou
- Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253 Industrial Boulevard Central, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, No. 253 Industrial Boulevard Central, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Minsheng Chen
- Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253 Industrial Boulevard Central, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, No. 253 Industrial Boulevard Central, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.
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9
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Osteomodulin positively regulates osteogenesis through interaction with BMP2. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:147. [PMID: 33542209 PMCID: PMC7862363 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteomodulin (OMD), a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family, distributes in mineralized tissues and is positively regulated by bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). However, the exact function of OMD during mineralization and its association with BMP2 remain poorly understood. Herein, the expression pattern of OMD during osteogenesis was investigated in human dental pulp stem cells. Silencing OMD gene significantly suppressed the alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralized nodule formation and osteogenesis-associated gene transcription. Besides, OMD could enhance BMP2-induced expression of SP7 and RUNX2 with concentration dependence in vitro. Rat mandibular bone defect model revealed that scaffolds injected with the combination of OMD and suboptimal BMP2 exhibited more mature and abundant mineralized bone than that treated with OMD or suboptimal BMP2 alone. Mechanistically, OMD could bind to BMP2 via its terminal leucine-rich repeats and formed complexes with BMP2 and its membrane receptors, thus promoting BMP/SMAD signal transduction. In addition, OMD was a putative target gene of SMAD4, which plays a pivotal role in this pathway. Collectively, these data elucidate that OMD may act as a positive coordinator in osteogenesis through BMP2/SMADs signaling.
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Wyczanska M, Lange-Sperandio B. DAMPs in Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581300. [PMID: 33117389 PMCID: PMC7575708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are released from tubular and interstitial cells in the kidney after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). DAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which mediate the initiation of an immune response and the release of inflammatory cytokines. The animal model of UUO is used for various purposes. UUO in adult mice serves as a model for accelerated renal fibrosis, which is a hallmark of progressive renal disease. UUO in adult mice enables to study cell death, inflammation, and extracellular matrix deposition in the kidney. Neonatal UUO is a model for congenital obstructive nephropathies. It studies inflammation, apoptosis, and interstitial fibrosis in the neonatal kidney, when nephrogenesis is still ongoing. Following UUO, several DAMPs as well as DAMP receptors are upregulated. In adult UUO, soluble uric acid is upregulated and activates the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which promotes fibrosis, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) injury. Further DAMPs associated with UUO are uromodulin, members of the IL-1 family, and necrotic cell DNA, all of which promote sterile inflammation. In neonatal UUO, the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is highly upregulated. RAGE is a ligand for several DAMPs, including high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and S100 proteins, which play an important role in renal fibrosis. Additionally, necroptosis is an important mechanism of cell death, besides apoptosis, in neonatal UUO. It is highly inflammatory due to release of cytokines and specific DAMPs. The release and recognition of DAMPs initiate sterile inflammation, which makes them good candidates to develop and improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in renal fibrosis and congenital obstructive nephropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Wyczanska
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Bärbel Lange-Sperandio
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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