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Abraham MK, Chinnu SS, Madanan AS, Varghese S, Shkhair AI, Indongo G, Rajeevan G, Arathy BK, George S. Terbium Phenanthroline Complex as a Luminescent Probe for the Detection of Anthrax Biomarker: Dipicolinic acid. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03747-0. [PMID: 38758342 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03747-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Dipicolinic acid (DPA) is a prominent biomarker for Anthrax disease. Bacillus anthracis bacterial endospores is composed of DPA as the significant component, which on over inhalation can cause severe health issues. Such contagious and life-threatening pathogens can be employed as bioweapons or biothreat agents for spreading bioterrorism which is a major risk for national security and public health concerns. Hence, effective detection or a surveillance system is essential for preventing the growth of bioterrorism events. Herein, we have developed a Terbium - 1,10 Phenanthroline (Tb-Phen) based lanthanide luminescence complex with bright green fluorescence. On addition of DPA, the green fluorescence is turn-off at a linear range from 0.6 to 4.762 mM. In this effect, 5D4- 7F5 transition caused by 1,10-phenanthroline to Tb3+ at 544 nm is restricted due to energy transfer quenching and Inner Filter Effect (IFE). The developed probe shows good sensitivity towards the detection of DPA with other coexisting biomolecules and ions with a low Limit of Detection (LOD) of 5.029 µM. The practical feasibility was evaluated in paper strip assay and extended in real samples such as human serum and tap water with satisfactory recovery percentage. Thereby, probe finds promising application in sensing of anthrax spore biomarker (DPA) and biothreat agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merin K Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
| | - S S Chinnu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
| | - Anju S Madanan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
| | - Susan Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
| | - Ali Ibrahim Shkhair
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
| | - Geneva Indongo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
| | - Greeshma Rajeevan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
| | - B K Arathy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
| | - Sony George
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India.
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Tyśkiewicz R, Fedorowicz M, Nakonieczna A, Zielińska P, Kwiatek M, Mizak L. Electrochemical, optical and mass-based immunosensors: A comprehensive review of Bacillus anthracis detection methods. Anal Biochem 2023; 675:115215. [PMID: 37343693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
A biosensor is an analytical device whose main components include transducer and bioreceptor segments. The combination of biological recognition with the ligand is followed by transformation into physical or chemical signals. Many publications describe biological sensors as user-friendly, easy, portable, and less time-consuming than conventional methods. Among major categories of methods for the detection of Bacillus anthracis, such as culture-based microbiological method, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microarray-based techniques sensors with bioreceptors have been highlighted which particular emphasis is placed on herein. There are several types of biosensors based on various chemical or physical transducers (e.g., electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, thermal or magnetic electrodes) and the type of biological materials used (e.g., enzymes, nucleic acids, antibodies, cells, phages or tissues). In recent decades, antibody-based sensors have increasingly gained popularity due to their reliability, sensitivity and rapidness. The fundamental principle of antibody-based sensors is mainly based on the molecular recognition between antigens and antibodies. Therefore, immunosensors that detect B. anthracis surface antigens can provide a rapid tool for detecting anthrax bacilli and spores, especially in situ. This review provides a comprehensive summary of immunosensor-based methods using electrochemical, optical, and mass-based transducers to detect B. anthracis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Tyśkiewicz
- Analytical Laboratory, Łukasiewicz Research Network - New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Aleja Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 13a, 24-110, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Fedorowicz
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska 4, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Nakonieczna
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska 4, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Paulina Zielińska
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska 4, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kwiatek
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska 4, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Lidia Mizak
- Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska 4, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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Sudheer VR, SarathKumar SR, Sankararaman S. Nanostructured ZnO and ZnO: Pd with MXene overlayer SPR biosensors. OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 2021; 53:340. [PMID: 34188353 PMCID: PMC8224260 DOI: 10.1007/s11082-021-03042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of biosensors based on various novel techniques has become highly significant in the context of the outburst of a pandemic like COVID 19. The present work reports the theoretical modeling of two surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biosensing probe configurations on optical fiber employing Metal/ZnO/MXene and Metal/ZnO: Pd/MXene. Maximum sensitivities of 19,400 nm/RIU and 8350 nm/RIU are calculated with Metal/ZnO/MXene and Metal/ZnO: Pd/MXene, respectively. The sensors are suitable for analytes with refractive index values ranging from 1.354 to 1.422. The refractive index of mucus and serum being in this range, the proposed biosensor, can be a potential tool for COVID-19 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. R. Sudheer
- Department of Optoelectronics, University of Kerala, Karyavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581 India
- Department of Electronics and Communication, College of Engineering, Perumon, Kollam, 691601 India
| | - S. R. SarathKumar
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Kerala, Karyavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581 India
| | - S. Sankararaman
- Department of Optoelectronics, University of Kerala, Karyavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581 India
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Vasudevan Pillai Radha S, Santhakumari
Amma Ravindran Nair SK, Sankaranarayana Iyer S. Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Fiber-Optic Metallic Multilayer Biosensors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:15068-15077. [PMID: 34151087 PMCID: PMC8210446 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and quick sensing of various biomolecules relevant to different health conditions is indispensable in modern diagnosis and treatment procedures. Different multilayer metallic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor configurations comprising Au, Ag, Al, and Cu are analyzed in this work by employing an N-layer matrix formalism as applied to the fixed-angle spectral SPR sensing methodology. Stringent standards for sensitivity, detection accuracy, and figure of merit (FOM) of the sensor configurations are set to analyze the relative merits of one configuration over another. It is observed that three- and four-layer configurations using Al and Cu provide the best FOM among all sensors that passed the set standard criteria. The highest FOM (1433.82/RIU) is observed for the four-layer Al/Cu/Al/Cu sensor for an analyte refractive index of 1.408. The sensors are best suited for detecting analytes with a refractive index range of 1.350-1.414.
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Babaie P, Saadati A, Hasanzadeh M. Recent progress and challenges on the bioassay of pathogenic bacteria. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:548-571. [PMID: 32924292 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present review (containing 242 references) illustrates the importance and application of optical and electrochemical methods as well as their performance improvement using various methods for the detection of pathogenic bacteria. The application of advanced nanomaterials including hyper branched nanopolymers, carbon-based materials and silver, gold and so on. nanoparticles for biosensing of pathogenic bacteria was also investigated. In addition, a summary of the applications of nanoparticle-based electrochemical biosensors for the identification of pathogenic bacteria has been provided and their advantages, detriments and future development capabilities was argued. Therefore, the main focus in the present review is to investigate the role of nanomaterials in the development of biosensors for the detection of pathogenic bacteria. In addition, type of nanoparticles, analytes, methods of detection and injection, sensitivity, matrix and method of tagging are also argued in detail. As a result, we have collected electrochemical and optical biosensors designed to detect pathogenic bacteria, and argued outstanding features, research opportunities, potential and prospects for their development, according to recently published research articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Babaie
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Food and Drug safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Saadati
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Walper SA, Lasarte Aragonés G, Sapsford KE, Brown CW, Rowland CE, Breger JC, Medintz IL. Detecting Biothreat Agents: From Current Diagnostics to Developing Sensor Technologies. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1894-2024. [PMID: 30080029 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although a fundamental understanding of the pathogenicity of most biothreat agents has been elucidated and available treatments have increased substantially over the past decades, they still represent a significant public health threat in this age of (bio)terrorism, indiscriminate warfare, pollution, climate change, unchecked population growth, and globalization. The key step to almost all prevention, protection, prophylaxis, post-exposure treatment, and mitigation of any bioagent is early detection. Here, we review available methods for detecting bioagents including pathogenic bacteria and viruses along with their toxins. An introduction placing this subject in the historical context of previous naturally occurring outbreaks and efforts to weaponize selected agents is first provided along with definitions and relevant considerations. An overview of the detection technologies that find use in this endeavor along with how they provide data or transduce signal within a sensing configuration follows. Current "gold" standards for biothreat detection/diagnostics along with a listing of relevant FDA approved in vitro diagnostic devices is then discussed to provide an overview of the current state of the art. Given the 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus in Western Africa and the recent 2016 spread of Zika virus in the Americas, discussion of what constitutes a public health emergency and how new in vitro diagnostic devices are authorized for emergency use in the U.S. are also included. The majority of the Review is then subdivided around the sensing of bacterial, viral, and toxin biothreats with each including an overview of the major agents in that class, a detailed cross-section of different sensing methods in development based on assay format or analytical technique, and some discussion of related microfluidic lab-on-a-chip/point-of-care devices. Finally, an outlook is given on how this field will develop from the perspective of the biosensing technology itself and the new emerging threats they may face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Guillermo Lasarte Aragonés
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Kim E. Sapsford
- OMPT/CDRH/OIR/DMD Bacterial Respiratory and Medical Countermeasures Branch, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Carl W. Brown
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Clare E. Rowland
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 20036, United States
| | - Joyce C. Breger
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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Puranik N, Tripathi NK, Pal V, Goel AK. Enhanced production and purification of recombinant surface array protein (Sap) for use in detection of Bacillus anthracis. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:254. [PMID: 29765812 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface array protein (Sap) can be an important biomarker for specific detection of Bacillus anthracis, which is released by the bacterium during its growth in culture broth. In the present work, we have cloned and expressed Sap in Escherichia coli. The culture conditions and cultivation media were optimized and used in batch fermentation process for scale up of Sap in soluble form. The recombinant Sap was purified employing affinity chromatography followed by diafiltration. The final yield of purified protein was 20 and 46 mg/l of culture during shake flasks and batch fermentation, respectively. The protein purity and its reactivity were confirmed employing SDS-PAGE and Western blot, respectively. The antibodies raised against purified Sap were evaluated by Western blotting for detection of Sap released by B. anthracis. Our results showed that the Sap could be a novel marker for detection and confirmation of B. anthracis.
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Neethirajan S, Ragavan K, Weng X. Agro-defense: Biosensors for food from healthy crops and animals. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Advances in Anthrax Detection: Overview of Bioprobes and Biosensors. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:957-77. [PMID: 25987133 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. Although anthrax commonly affects domestic and wild animals, it causes a rare but lethal infection in humans. A variety of techniques have been introduced and evaluated to detect anthrax using cultures, polymerase chain reaction, and immunoassays to address the potential threat of anthrax being used as a bioweapon. The high-potential harm of anthrax in bioterrorism requires sensitive and specific detection systems that are rapid, field-ready, and real-time monitoring. Here, we provide a systematic overview of anthrax detection probes with their potential applications in various ultra-sensitive diagnostic systems.
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Dash SK, Sharma M, Khare S, Kumar A. Carbon-Mercaptooctadecane/Carboxylated Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Composite Based Genosensor for Detection of Bacterial Meningitis. Indian J Microbiol 2013; 54:170-7. [PMID: 25320418 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-013-0435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening disease mainly caused by Neisseria meningitidis, lead to several complications including damage of brain or even death. The present available methods for diagnosis of meningitis have one or more limitations. A rmpM gene based genosensor was fabricated by immobilizing 5'-amino modified 19-mer single stranded DNA probe onto carbon-mercaptooctadecane/carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite electrode and hybridized with 2.5-40 ng/6 μL of single stranded genomic DNA (ssG-DNA) of N. meningitidis from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the suspected meningitis patients. The electrochemical response was measured by using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using 1 mM methylene blue as redox indicator in 30 min (including a response time of 1 min) at 25 °C. The sensitivity of the genosensor was 3.762 (μA/cm(2))/ng and limit of detection was 2 ng of ssG-DNA of N. meningitidis with DPV. The genosensor has specificity only to N. meningitidis and does not hybridize with the genomic DNA of any other possible pathogen in human CSF. The immobilization of the probe and hybridization of the ssG-DNA were characterized by using electrochemical impedance in presence of 5 mM potassium ferricyanide and scanning electron microscopy. The genosensor loses only 12 % of its original DPV current on storage at 4 °C for 6 months. Carbon composite based electrochemical array can be constructed to detect multiple bacterial meningitis suspected patient CSF samples during an outbreak of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip K Dash
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Minakshi Sharma
- Department of Zoology, M. D. University, Rohtak, 124001 Haryana India
| | - Shashi Khare
- National Centre for Disease Control, Sham Nath Marg, Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
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Ghosh N, Gupta N, Gupta G, Boopathi M, Pal V, Goel AK. Detection of protective antigen, an anthrax specific toxin in human serum by using surface plasmon resonance. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 77:14-9. [PMID: 23773677 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology was used for the sensitive detection of protective antigen (PA), an anthrax specific toxin in spiked human serum samples. A monoclonal antibody raised against Bacillus anthracis PA was immobilized on carboxymethyldextran-modified gold chip, and its interaction with PA was characterized in situ by SPR. By using kinetic evaluation software, KD (equilibrium constant) and Bmax (maximum binding capacity of analyte) were found to be 20 fM and 18.74 m°, respectively. The change in Gibb's free energy (∆G= -78.04 kJ/mol) confirmed the spontaneous interaction between antigen and antibody. The assay could detect 1 pg/mL purified PA. In PA-spiked human serum samples, 10 pg/mL of PA could be detected. Presence of PA in blood samples serves as an important early diagnostic marker for B. anthracis infections. Thus, SPR test can be a sensitive assay for detection of anthrax at early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Ghosh
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior-474 002, India
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Quick diagnosis of human brain meningitis using omp85 gene amplicon as a genetic marker. Indian J Microbiol 2013; 53:238-40. [PMID: 24426115 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-013-0371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The usual diagnosis of life-threatening human brain bacterial meningitis are expensive, time consuming or non-confirmatory. A quick PCR based diagnosis of meningitis in cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) using specific primers of virulent Omp85 gene of Neisseria meningitidis can detect as low as 1.0 ng of genomic DNA (G-DNA) in 80 min for confirmation of bacterial meningitis caused by N. meningitidis infection. The 257 bp amplicon of Omp85 gene does not show homology with other suspected pathogens in CSF and can be used as a specific genetic marker for diagnosis of the disease.
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