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Fekete B, Bársony L, Biró K, Gyergyay F, Géczi L, Patócs A, Budai B. A new method to quantify the effect of co-medication on the efficacy of abiraterone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1220457. [PMID: 37841911 PMCID: PMC10568029 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1220457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treated with abiraterone acetate (AA) have co-morbidities treated with different drugs. The aim was to quantify the potential effect of co-medications on AA treatment duration (TD) and overall survival (OS). Methods: A new parameter, called "individual drug score" (IDS) was calculated by summing the "drug score"-s (DS) of all co-medications for each patient. The DS was determined by quantifying the effect of a given co-drug on enzymes involved in steroidogenesis and metabolism of AA. The correlation between log (IDS) and TD was tested by non-linear curve fit. Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression was used for analysis of TD and OS. Results: The IDS and TD of AA+prednisolone showed a dose-response correlation (n = 166). Patients with high IDS had significantly longer TD and OS (p <0.001). In multivariate analysis IDS proved to be an independent marker of TD and OS. The same analysis was performed in a separate group of 81 patients receiving AA+dexamethasone treatment. The previously observed relationships were observed again between IDS and TD or OS. After combining the AA+prednisolone and AA+dexamethasone groups, analysis of the IDS composition showed that patients in the high IDS group not only used more drugs (p <0.001), but their drugs also had a higher mean DS (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The more co-drugs with high DS, the longer the duration of AA treatment and OS, emphasizing the need for careful co-medication planning in patients with mCRPC treated with AA. It is recommended that, where possible, co-medication should be modified to minimize the number of drugs with negative DS and increase the number of drugs with high DS. Our new model can presumably be adapted to other drugs and other cancer types (or other diseases).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lili Bársony
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Biró
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Clinical Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina Gyergyay
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Clinical Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos Géczi
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Clinical Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- National Tumor Biology Laboratory, Comprehensive Cancer Center, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barna Budai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Mak B, Lin HM, Kwan EM, Fettke H, Tran B, Davis ID, Mahon K, Stockler MR, Briscoe K, Marx G, Zhang A, Crumbaker M, Tan W, Huynh K, Meikle TG, Mellett NA, Hoy AJ, Du P, Yu J, Jia S, Joshua AM, Waugh DJ, Butler LM, Kohli M, Meikle PJ, Azad AA, Horvath LG. Combined impact of lipidomic and genetic aberrations on clinical outcomes in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. BMC Med 2022; 20:112. [PMID: 35331214 PMCID: PMC8953070 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both changes in circulating lipids represented by a validated poor prognostic 3-lipid signature (3LS) and somatic tumour genetic aberrations are individually associated with worse clinical outcomes in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). A key question is how the lipid environment and the cancer genome are interrelated in order to exploit this therapeutically. We assessed the association between the poor prognostic 3-lipid signature (3LS), somatic genetic aberrations and clinical outcomes in mCRPC. METHODS We performed plasma lipidomic analysis and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) sequencing on 106 men with mCRPC commencing docetaxel, cabazitaxel, abiraterone or enzalutamide (discovery cohort) and 94 men with mCRPC commencing docetaxel (validation cohort). Differences in lipid levels between men ± somatic genetic aberrations were assessed with t-tests. Associations between the 3LS and genetic aberrations with overall survival (OS) were examined using Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS The 3LS was associated with shorter OS in the discovery (hazard ratio [HR] 2.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-3.3, p < 0.001) and validation cohorts (HR 2.32, 95% CI 1.59-3.38, p < 0.001). Elevated plasma sphingolipids were associated with AR, TP53, RB1 and PI3K aberrations (p < 0.05). Men with both the 3LS and aberrations in AR, TP53, RB1 or PI3K had shorter OS than men with neither in both cohorts (p ≤ 0.001). The presence of 3LS and/or genetic aberration was independently associated with shorter OS for men with AR, TP53, RB1 and PI3K aberrations (p < 0.02). Furthermore, aggressive-variant prostate cancer (AVPC), defined as 2 or more aberrations in TP53, RB1 and/or PTEN, was associated with elevated sphingolipids. The combination of AVPC and 3LS predicted for a median survival of ~12 months. The relatively small sample size of the cohorts limits clinical applicability and warrants future studies. CONCLUSIONS Elevated circulating sphingolipids were associated with AR, TP53, RB1, PI3K and AVPC aberrations in mCRPC, and the combination of lipid and genetic abnormalities conferred a worse prognosis. These findings suggest that certain genotypes in mCRPC may benefit from metabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blossom Mak
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui-Ming Lin
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Heidi Fettke
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Tran
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian D Davis
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Eastern Health, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Mahon
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin R Stockler
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen Briscoe
- Mid North Coast Cancer Institute, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gavin Marx
- Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alison Zhang
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Megan Crumbaker
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Kevin Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas G Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew J Hoy
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pan Du
- Predicine, Inc., Hayward, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Anthony M Joshua
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J Waugh
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Manish Kohli
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arun A Azad
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa G Horvath
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia. .,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. .,University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. .,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
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Lin HM, Mak B, Yeung N, Huynh K, Meikle TG, Mellett NA, Kwan EM, Fettke H, Tran B, Davis ID, Mahon KL, Zhang A, Stockler MR, Briscoe K, Marx G, Crumbaker M, Stricker PD, Du P, Yu J, Jia S, Scheinberg T, Fitzpatrick M, Bonnitcha P, Sullivan DR, Joshua AM, Azad AA, Butler LM, Meikle PJ, Horvath LG. Overcoming enzalutamide resistance in metastatic prostate cancer by targeting sphingosine kinase. EBioMedicine 2021; 72:103625. [PMID: 34656931 PMCID: PMC8526762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intrinsic resistance to androgen receptor signalling inhibitors (ARSI) occurs in 20–30% of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Ceramide metabolism may have a role in ARSI resistance. Our study's aim is to investigate the association of the ceramide-sphingosine-1-phosphate (ceramide-S1P) signalling axis with ARSI resistance in mCRPC. Methods Lipidomic analysis (∼700 lipids) was performed on plasma collected from 132 men with mCRPC, before commencing enzalutamide or abiraterone. AR gene aberrations in 77 of these men were identified by deep sequencing of circulating tumour DNA. Associations between circulating lipids, radiological progression-free survival (rPFS) and overall survival (OS) were examined by Cox regression. Inhibition of ceramide-S1P signalling with sphingosine kinase (SPHK) inhibitors (PF-543 and ABC294640) on enzalutamide efficacy was investigated with in vitro assays, and transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses of prostate cancer (PC) cell lines (LNCaP, C42B, 22Rv1). Findings Men with elevated circulating ceramide levels had shorter rPFS (HR=2·3, 95% CI=1·5–3·6, p = 0·0004) and shorter OS (HR=2·3, 95% CI=1·4–36, p = 0·0005). The combined presence of an AR aberration with elevated ceramide levels conferred a worse prognosis than the presence of only one or none of these characteristics (median rPFS time = 3·9 vs 8·3 vs 17·7 months; median OS time = 8·9 vs 19·8 vs 34·4 months). SPHK inhibitors enhanced enzalutamide efficacy in PC cell lines. Transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses indicated that enzalutamide combined with SPHK inhibition enhanced PC cell death by SREBP-induced lipotoxicity. Interpretation Ceramide-S1P signalling promotes ARSI resistance, which can be reversed with SPHK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Lin
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Blossom Mak
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Chris O' Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Yeung
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas G Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Edmond M Kwan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi Fettke
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Tran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian D Davis
- Cancer Services, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia; Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate L Mahon
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; Chris O' Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alison Zhang
- Chris O' Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin R Stockler
- Chris O' Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen Briscoe
- Mid North Coast Cancer Institute, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gavin Marx
- Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan Crumbaker
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phillip D Stricker
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pan Du
- Predicine, Inc., Hayward, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Tahlia Scheinberg
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Chris O' Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Paul Bonnitcha
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; NSW Health Pathology, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David R Sullivan
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; NSW Health Pathology, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony M Joshua
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arun A Azad
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemason's Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa G Horvath
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; Chris O' Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
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Li Q, Wang M, Hu Y, Zhao E, Li J, Ren L, Wang M, Xu Y, Liang Q, Zhang D, Lai Y, Liu S, Peng X, Zhu C, Ye L. MYBL2 disrupts the Hippo-YAP pathway and confers castration resistance and metastatic potential in prostate cancer. Theranostics 2021; 11:5794-5812. [PMID: 33897882 PMCID: PMC8058714 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Resistance to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) associated with metastatic progression remains a challenging clinical task in prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. Current targeted therapies for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are not durable. The exact molecular mechanisms mediating resistance to castration therapy that lead to CRPC progression remain obscure. Methods: The expression of MYB proto-oncogene like 2 (MYBL2) was evaluated in PCa samples. The effect of MYBL2 on the response to ADT was determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The survival of patients with PCa was analyzed using clinical specimens (n = 132) and data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (n = 450). The mechanistic model of MYBL2 in regulating gene expression was further detected by subcellular fractionation, western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assays. Results: MYBL2 expression was significantly upregulated in CRPC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of MYBL2 could facilitate castration-resistant growth and metastatic capacity in androgen-dependent PCa cells by promoting YAP1 transcriptional activity via modulating the activity of the Rho GTPases RhoA and LATS1 kinase. Importantly, targeting MYBL2, or treatment with either the YAP/TAZ inhibitor Verteporfin or the RhoA inhibitor Simvastatin, reversed the resistance to ADT and blocked bone metastasis in CRPC cells. Finally, high MYBL2 levels were positively associated with TNM stage, total PSA level, and Gleason score and predicted a higher risk of metastatic relapse and poor prognosis in patients with PCa. Conclusions: Our results reveal a novel molecular mechanism conferring resistance to ADT and provide a strong rationale for potential therapeutic strategies against CRPC.
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Shi Y, Wahle E, Du Q, Krajewski L, Liang X, Zhou S, Zhang C, Baine M, Zheng D. Associations between Statin/Omega3 Usage and MRI-Based Radiomics Signatures in Prostate Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11010085. [PMID: 33430275 PMCID: PMC7825695 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths among American men. Statins and omega-3 are two medications recently found to correlate with prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness, but the observed associations are complex and controversial. We therefore explore the novel application of radiomics in studying statin and omega-3 usage in prostate cancer patients. On MRIs of 91 prostate cancer patients, two regions of interest (ROIs), the whole prostate and the peripheral region of the prostate, were manually segmented. From each ROI, 944 radiomic features were extracted after field bias correction and normalization. Heatmaps were generated to study the radiomic feature patterns against statin or omega-3 usage. Radiomics models were trained on selected features and evaluated with 500-round threefold cross-validation for each drug/ROI combination. On the 1500 validation datasets, the radiomics model achieved average AUCs of 0.70, 0.74, 0.78, and 0.72 for omega-3/prostate, omega-3/peripheral, statin/prostate, and statin/peripheral, respectively. As the first study to analyze radiomics in relation to statin and omega-3 uses in prostate cancer patients, our study preliminarily established the existence of imaging-identifiable tissue-level changes in the prostate and illustrated the potential usefulness of radiomics for further exploring these medications’ effects and mechanisms in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Department of Biological Science, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (Y.S.); (Q.D.)
| | - Ethan Wahle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68189, USA; (E.W.); (L.K.); (S.Z.)
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Biological Science, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (Y.S.); (Q.D.)
| | - Luke Krajewski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68189, USA; (E.W.); (L.K.); (S.Z.)
| | - Xiaoying Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Proton Institute, Jacksonville, FL 32206, USA;
| | - Sumin Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68189, USA; (E.W.); (L.K.); (S.Z.)
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Biological Science, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (Y.S.); (Q.D.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Michael Baine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68189, USA; (E.W.); (L.K.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dandan Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68189, USA; (E.W.); (L.K.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
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