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Gimeno-Valiente F, López-Rodas G, Castillo J, Franco L. The Many Roads from Alternative Splicing to Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms Involving Driver Genes. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2123. [PMID: 38893242 PMCID: PMC11171328 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer driver genes are either oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes that are classically activated or inactivated, respectively, by driver mutations. Alternative splicing-which produces various mature mRNAs and, eventually, protein variants from a single gene-may also result in driving neoplastic transformation because of the different and often opposed functions of the variants of driver genes. The present review analyses the different alternative splicing events that result in driving neoplastic transformation, with an emphasis on their molecular mechanisms. To do this, we collected a list of 568 gene drivers of cancer and revised the literature to select those involved in the alternative splicing of other genes as well as those in which its pre-mRNA is subject to alternative splicing, with the result, in both cases, of producing an oncogenic isoform. Thirty-one genes fall into the first category, which includes splicing factors and components of the spliceosome and splicing regulators. In the second category, namely that comprising driver genes in which alternative splicing produces the oncogenic isoform, 168 genes were found. Then, we grouped them according to the molecular mechanisms responsible for alternative splicing yielding oncogenic isoforms, namely, mutations in cis splicing-determining elements, other causes involving non-mutated cis elements, changes in splicing factors, and epigenetic and chromatin-related changes. The data given in the present review substantiate the idea that aberrant splicing may regulate the activation of proto-oncogenes or inactivation of tumour suppressor genes and details on the mechanisms involved are given for more than 40 driver genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gimeno-Valiente
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK;
| | - Gerardo López-Rodas
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (G.L.-R.); (J.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Josefa Castillo
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (G.L.-R.); (J.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Franco
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (G.L.-R.); (J.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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2
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Ceccacci S, Corsi L, Spinelli L, Caroli C, Marani M, Anceschi L, Mozzicafreddo M, Pellati F, Monti MC. A label free chemoproteomic-based platform to disclose cannabidiol molecular mechanism of action on chronic myelogenous leukemia cancer cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24196. [PMID: 38268604 PMCID: PMC10806336 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the interactome of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid from Cannabis sativa L., has been here performed on chronic myelogenous leukemia cancer cells, using an optimized chemo-proteomic stage, which links Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability with Limited Proteolysis Multiple Reaction Monitoring approaches. The obtained results showed the ability of CBD to target simultaneously some potential protein partners, corroborating its well-known poly-pharmacology activity. In human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cancer cells, the most fascinating protein partner was identified as the 116 kDa U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein element called EFTUD2, which fits with the spliceosome complex. The binding mode of this oncogenic protein with CBD was clarified using mass spectrometry-based and in silico analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ceccacci
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Corsi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103/287, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucio Spinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Clarissa Caroli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103/287, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Matilde Marani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103/287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Lisa Anceschi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103/287, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Matteo Mozzicafreddo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103/287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
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Zhu X, Li C, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Wang T, Zhou H, Bu F, Chen J, Mao X, He Y, Wu K, Li N, Luo H. The feedback loop of EFTUD2/c-MYC impedes chemotherapeutic efficacy by enhancing EFTUD2 transcription and stabilizing c-MYC protein in colorectal cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:7. [PMID: 38163859 PMCID: PMC10759692 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoresistance presents a significant obstacle in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), yet the molecular basis underlying CRC chemoresistance remains poorly understood, impeding the development of new therapeutic interventions. Elongation factor Tu GTP binding domain containing 2 (EFTUD2) has emerged as a potential oncogenic factor implicated in various cancer types, where it fosters tumor growth and survival. However, its specific role in modulating the sensitivity of CRC cells to chemotherapy is still unclear. METHODS Public dataset analysis and in-house sample validation were conducted to assess the expression of EFTUD2 in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy-resistant CRC cells and the potential of EFTUD2 as a prognostic indicator for CRC. Experiments both in vitro, including MTT assay, EdU cell proliferation assay, TUNEL assay, and clone formation assay and in vivo, using cell-derived xenograft models, were performed to elucidate the function of EFTUD2 in sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU treatment. The molecular mechanism on the reciprocal regulation between EFTUD2 and the oncogenic transcription factor c-MYC was investigated through molecular docking, ubiquitination assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), dual luciferase reporter assay, and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). RESULTS We found that EFTUD2 expression was positively correlated with 5-FU resistance, higher pathological grade, and poor prognosis in CRC patients. We also demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo that knockdown of EFTUD2 sensitized CRC cells to 5-FU treatment, whereas overexpression of EFTUD2 impaired such sensitivity. Mechanistically, we uncovered that EFTUD2 physically interacted with and stabilized c-MYC protein by preventing its ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. Intriguingly, we found that c-MYC directly bound to the promoter region of EFTUD2 gene, activating its transcription. Leveraging rescue experiments, we further confirmed that the effect of EFTUD2 on 5-FU resistance was dependent on c-MYC stabilization. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed a positive feedback loop involving an EFTUD2/c-MYC axis that hampers the efficacy of 5-FU chemotherapy in CRC cells by increasing EFTUD2 transcription and stabilizing c-MYC oncoprotein. This study highlights the potential of EFTUD2 as a promising therapeutic target to surmount chemotherapy resistance in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Zhu
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Changxue Li
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Digestive Diseases Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yunfei Gao
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhang
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Digestive Diseases Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Huaixiang Zhou
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Fanqin Bu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Digestive Diseases Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xinjun Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, China
| | - Yulong He
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- Digestive Diseases Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Kaiming Wu
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- Digestive Diseases Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Ningning Li
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- China-UK Institute for Frontier Science, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Hongliang Luo
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Hashemi M, Sabouni E, Rahmanian P, Entezari M, Mojtabavi M, Raei B, Zandieh MA, Behroozaghdam M, Mirzaei S, Hushmandi K, Nabavi N, Salimimoghadam S, Ren J, Rashidi M, Raesi R, Taheriazam A, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Tan SC. Deciphering STAT3 signaling potential in hepatocellular carcinoma: tumorigenesis, treatment resistance, and pharmacological significance. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:33. [PMID: 37085753 PMCID: PMC10122325 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered one of the greatest challenges to human life and is the most common form of liver cancer. Treatment of HCC depends on chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy, all of which have their own drawbacks, and patients may develop resistance to these therapies due to the aggressive behavior of HCC cells. New and effective therapies for HCC can be developed by targeting molecular signaling pathways. The expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in human cancer cells changes, and during cancer progression, the expression tends to increase. After induction of STAT3 signaling by growth factors and cytokines, STAT3 is phosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus to regulate cancer progression. The concept of the current review revolves around the expression and phosphorylation status of STAT3 in HCC, and studies show that the expression of STAT3 is high during the progression of HCC. This review addresses the function of STAT3 as an oncogenic factor in HCC, as STAT3 is able to prevent apoptosis and thus promote the progression of HCC. Moreover, STAT3 regulates both survival- and death-inducing autophagy in HCC and promotes cancer metastasis by inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, upregulation of STAT3 is associated with the occurrence of chemoresistance and radioresistance in HCC. Specifically, non-protein-coding transcripts regulate STAT3 signaling in HCC, and their inhibition by antitumor agents may affect tumor progression. In this review, all these topics are discussed in detail to provide further insight into the role of STAT3 in tumorigenesis, treatment resistance, and pharmacological regulation of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eisa Sabouni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parham Rahmanian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Behnaz Raei
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Behroozaghdam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Raesi
- Department of Health Services Management, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
- AFNP Med Austria, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Shing Cheng Tan
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Beyer S, Müller L, Mitter S, Keilmann L, Meister S, Buschmann C, Kraus F, Topalov NE, Czogalla B, Trillsch F, Burges A, Mahner S, Schmoeckel E, Löb S, Corradini S, Kessler M, Jeschke U, Kolben T. High RIG-I and EFTUD2 expression predicts poor survival in endometrial cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04271-z. [PMID: 36068443 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy. The helicase RIG-I, a part of the innate immune system, and EFTUD2, a splicing factor which can upregulate RIG-I expression, are shown to influence tumor growth and disease progression in several malignancies. For endometrial cancer, an immunogenic cancer, data about RIG-I and EFTUD2 are still missing. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of RIG-I and EFTUD2 in endometrial cancer. METHODS 225 specimen of endometrial cancer were immunohistochemically stained for RIG-I and EFTUD2. The results were correlated to clinicopathological data, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS High RIG-I expression correlated with advanced tumor stages (FIGO: p = 0.027; pT: p = 0.010) and worse survival rates (OS: p = 0.009; PFS: p = 0.022). High EFTUD2 expression correlated to worse survival rates (OS: p = 0.026; PFS: p < 0.001) and was determined to be an independent marker for progression-free survival. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the expression of RIG-I and EFTUD2 correlates with survival data, which makes both a possible therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Beyer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Müller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Mitter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucia Keilmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Meister
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Buschmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Kraus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole E Topalov
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Czogalla
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Trillsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Burges
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sanja Löb
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Corradini
- Department of Radiation‑Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kolben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Chen M, Zhu R, Zhang F, Zhu L. Screening and Identification of Survival-Associated Splicing Factors in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 12:803606. [PMID: 35126467 PMCID: PMC8811261 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.803606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality. Many studies have shown that aberrant alternative splicing (AS) can lead to tumorigenesis, and splicing factors (SFs) serve as an important function during AS. In this research, we propose an analysis method based on synergy to screen key factors that regulate the initiation and progression of LUSC. We first screened alternative splicing events (ASEs) associated with survival in LUSC patients by bivariate Cox regression analysis. Then an association network consisting of OS-ASEs, SFs, and their targeting relationship was constructed to identify key SFs. Finally, 10 key SFs were selected in terms of degree centrality. The validation on TCGA and cross-platform GEO datasets showed that some SFs were significantly differentially expressed in cancer and paracancer tissues, and some of them were associated with prognosis, indicating that our method is valid and accurate. It is expected that our method would be applied to a wide range of research fields and provide new insights in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangzhou Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Technology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Fangzhou Zhang , ; Liucun Zhu ,
| | - Liucun Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Fangzhou Zhang , ; Liucun Zhu ,
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