Febrile neutropenia: outline of management

Isolation of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Surveillance Stool Culture at Diagnosis Fails to Predict Mortality or Subsequent Sepsis due to Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Children with Acute Leukemia: A Single-Center, Prospective, Observational Study

The utility of surveillance stool culture (SSC) to guide antibiotics for febrile neutropenia (FN) is unresolved in non-transplant settings. The prospective study explored the prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) in SSCs, its correlation with mortality, and the concordance of SSCs with cultures obtained during subsequent episodes of FN amongst children with acute leukemia. SSCs were obtained at presentation and 2 mo into chemotherapy. Seventy-nine patients (mean age: 5.9±3.2 y) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (80%), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (16%), or biphenotypic leukemia (4%) were enrolled. MDROs were isolated from 14 (17.5%) patients in the first SSCs, including E.coli (80%), K. pneumoniae (10%), and E. faecium (10%). Three (3.8%) patients developed MDRO sepsis; none concorded with the SSCs. Eleven (14%) patients died; 4/14 (28.5%) with MDRO-colonization vis-à-vis 7/66 (10.6%) without MDRO-colonization (OR: 3.37, 95% CI: 0.8-13.6; p = 0.095). MDRO-colonization failed to predict MDRO-sepsis, bloodstream infection, or mortality. SSC failed to guide the choice of antibiotics for FN in children with acute leukemia.

Association of febrile neutropenia episodes and blood product transfusions in children with acute leukemia

OBJECTIVE

Transfusion is vital supportive therapy in leukemias, but has significant potential febrile complications. In this study, we aimed to reveal the possible effects of blood product transfusions on febrile neutropenia episodes (FNEs) in children with acute leukemia.

METHODS

We obtained the relevant clinical and laboratory data from the medical records.Transfusions of red blood cell (RBC), platelet (PLT), and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) administered during FNE were recorded in detail.

RESULTS

A total of 80 children with acute leukemia were included. A total of 235 FNE were investigated and the median age at first FNE was 4.72 years. At least one blood product transfusion was administered in 80.9 % (n = 190) of the patients with FN. The need for RBC, PLT, and total transfusions was higher in patients with AML and who were > 4 years-old. Bacteremia, gram-negative bacteria, and polymicrobial infections were more frequent in patients who received PLT transfusions. Complications were increased in patients who had ≥ 3 transfusions and had received multiple FFP and pooled PLT transfusions. Patients who received pooled PLT during previous FNE had an increased risk of death.

CONCLUSIONS

Complications were more frequent, neutrophil count was lower, durations of neutropenia and medical treatment were longer in patients who had ≥ 3 transfusions.Bacteremia, gram-negative bacteria, and polymicrobial infections were more common in children who received PLT transfusions. Therefore, patients who need multiple transfusions, especially PLT and FFP transfusions, should be closely followed up during their FNE in terms consequences of transfusion as well as severity of underlying infection.

Safety of Procalcitonin Guided Early Discontinuation of Antibiotic Therapy among Children Receiving Cancer Chemotherapy and Having Low-Risk Febrile Neutropenia: A Randomized Feasibility Trial (ProFenC Study)

In low-risk febrile neutropenia (LR-FN), the safety of early discontinuation of empiric antibiotics without marrow recovery is not well established. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of procalcitonin (PCT) guided early discontinuation of antibiotics in LR-FN. In this trial, children with LR-FN with an afebrile period of at least 24 h, sterile blood culture, and negative/normalized PCT were randomized at 72 h of starting antibiotics into two groups: intervention arm and standard arm. The antibiotics were stopped in the intervention arm regardless of absolute neutrophil count (ANC), while in the standard arm, antibiotics were continued for at least 7 days or until recovery of ANC (>500/mm3). The primary objective was to determine the treatment failure rates, and the secondary objective was to compare the duration of antibiotics and all-cause mortality between the two arms. A total of 46 children with LR-FN were randomized to either the intervention arm (n = 23) or the standard arm (n = 23). Treatment failure was observed in 2/23 (8.7%) of patients in the intervention arm compared to 1/23 (4.3%) in the standard arm [RR: 2 (95% CI: 0.19-20.6); p = 0.55]. The median duration of antibiotics in the intervention arm and standard arm were 3 days vs 7 days (P= <0.001). There was no mortality in this study. PCT-guided early discontinuation of empirical antibiotics in LR-FN is feasible. There was no significant difference observed in treatment failure between the early discontinuation of antibiotics vs standard therapy. The total duration of antibiotic exposure was significantly lesser in the discontinuation arm. Further, larger multicenter studies are needed to confirm the finding of this study.

Management of Febrile Neutropenia: A Description of Clinical and Microbiological Findings by Focusing on Risk Factors and Pitfalls

Objective

Febrile neutropenia (FN) is one of the most serious clinical problems in patients with hematologic malignancies and patients receiving chemotherapy. The present study was implemented to determine precisely how FN is managed in most referral hospitals in Isfahan (Iran) and what are the characteristics of FN patients as well as risk factors associated with FN development.

Methods

This study was a cross-sectional study performed over a period of 6 months on patients hospitalized in the Hematology-Oncology Center of Omid Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. The information was collected by filling the designed data abstraction form.

Findings

A total of 115 oncology patients were admitted with or encountered to FN. This equates to a cumulative incidence of 1.26% of FN cases per 1000 oncology admissions. The average age was 49.5 ± 18.02 years (range 18-85 years), with 42.6% of patients being female. The most frequently prescribed antibiotic agents were meropenem (91.3%) and vancomycin (47.82%) alone or in combination. Empiric antifungal agents initiated in 20.86% of cases, and we could not find any patients who needed to receive antiviral treatment. From all positive cultures, Gram-positive microorganisms were the most found pathogen. Among them, female sex (42.6%) and lymphopenia (26.5%) were the most noted predictors. Neutropenia (81.7%) was the most reported risk factors for serious complications.

Conclusion

Although our center is university-affiliated, there are still several points, and pitfalls must be considered and revised in the management of FN patients. Obtaining and assessing the samples microbiologically and antibiotic therapy accordingly were the most troublesome complications.

Validation of risk stratification for children with febrile neutropenia in a pediatric oncology unit in India

PURPOSE

The study aims to validate a score predicting risk of complications in pediatric patients with chemotherapy-related febrile neutropenia (FN) and evaluate the performance of previously published models for risk stratification.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Children diagnosed with cancer and presenting with FN were evaluated in a prospective single-center study. A score predicting the risk of complications, previously derived in the unit, was validated on a prospective cohort. Performance of six predictive models published from geographically distinct settings was assessed on the same cohort.

RESULTS

Complications were observed in 109 (26.3%) of 414 episodes of FN over 15 months. A risk score based on undernutrition (two points), time from last chemotherapy (<7 days = two points), presence of a nonupper respiratory focus of infection (two points), C-reactive protein (>60 mg/l = five points), and absolute neutrophil count (<100 per μl = two points) was used to stratify patients into "low risk" (score <7, n = 208) and assessed using the following parameters: overall performance (Nagelkerke R² = 34.4%), calibration (calibration slope = 0.39; P = 0.25 in Hosmer-Lemeshow test), discrimination (c-statistic = 0.81), overall sensitivity (86%), negative predictive value (93%), and clinical net benefit (0.43). Six previously published rules demonstrated inferior performance in this cohort.

CONCLUSION

An indigenous decision rule using five simple predefined variables was successful in identifying children at risk for complications. Prediction models derived in developed nations may not be appropriate for low-middle-income settings and need to be validated before use.

Effectiveness of prophylactic intravenous immunoglobulins in preventing infection in pediatric oncology patients: a systematic review protocol

REVIEW QUESTION/OBJECTIVE

The objective of this review is to identify the effectiveness of prophylactic intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) for the prevention of infection in pediatric oncology patients, and to identify which types of patients would benefit from the intervention, such as patients with specific diagnoses or those with previous infections. A further objective of this review is to identify the effectiveness of prophylactic IVIGs on the prevention of diffuse interstitial pneumonitis and mortality in pediatric oncology patients.The review questions are.

Granulocyte transfusion experience in pediatric neutropenic fever: Splitted product can be an alternative?

The granulocyte transfusion (GTX) has been used for a long time due to uncontrolled neutropenic fever with antimicrobial agents. In some cases, the product needs to be splitted for using in the next 12 hours. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of splitted product and clinical response to GTX. In this study, 15 patients with malignancy with 19 neutropenic fever, who had received 56 GTX, were included. Seventeen of 56 GTX were splitted and used in maximum 12 hours during infections which did not respond to antibacterial and antifungal therapy in 7 days. The patients were divided in to response groups as a complete, partial and progressive. The predictive factors for response group were evaluated. GTX were well tolerated in all patients. The median granulocyte dose was 1.26 (0.38-5.22) × 10(9)/kg. Total response rate was 89.5%. The infection-related mortality rate was 10.5%. Although the granulocyte doses are the same in both of the product groups, an hour later ANC increment of primer product was higher than that of splitted product (p = 0.001). Among the products, 48.7% of primer product and 17.6% of splitted product had induced ≥ 1000/mm(3) ANC increment after an hour (p = 0.039). Granulocyte transfusion is safe and effective in controlling the febrile neutropenia attack. GTX should be applied in a short time to provide effective ANC increment. For now, main granulocyte product instead of splitted product should be preferred in case of uncontrolled neutropenic fever with antibacterial/antifungal agents.

Common hematological disorders in children

It is common for primary care physicians to be faced with children with hematological disorders in everyday practice. The article seeks to provide realistic information for the first-contact physician in handling common hematological diseases in children. Practical step-wise approach to understanding and investigating anemia and bleeding disorders is illustrated. Requirement of iron in normal children and management of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and thalassemia is explained. The gold standard for IDA continues to be ferrous sulphate which has good bioavailability and is inexpensive. There is emerging concept of delayed clamping of umbilical cord at birth, particularly in regions with widespread IDA, to augment iron stores in infancy. Typical case scenarios of children with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and hemophilia are provided to facilitate the understanding of management in day to day practice. The vital role of the medical practitioner in shared care of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and febrile neutropenia is emphasized. A risk based treatment algorithm for febrile neutropenia is provided.