Management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents

Quantitative Analysis and Visualization of the Interaction Between Intestinal Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes in Children Based on Multi-Databases

Background: As an important autoimmune disease, type 1 diabetes (T1D) is often diagnosed in children, but due to the complexity of the etiology of diabetes and many other factors, the disease pathogenesis of diabetes is still unclear. The intestinal microbiota has been proved to have close relationships with T1D in recent years, which is one of the most important molecular bases of pathogenesis and prognosis factors for T1D. Using the multi-omics and multicenter sample analysis method, a number of intestinal microbiota in T1D have been discovered and explained, which has provided comprehensive and rich information. However, how to find more useful information and get an intuitive understanding that people need conveniently in the huge data sea has become the focus of attention. Therefore, quantitative analysis and visualization of the interaction between intestinal microbiota and T1D in children are urgently needed. Methods: We retrieved the detailed original data from the National Center for Biotechnology Information, GMREPO, and gutMEGA databases and other authoritative multiple projects with related research; the ranking of intestinal microbiota abundance from healthy people, overall T1D patients, and T1D in children (0-18 years old) were detailed analyzed, classified, and visualized. Results: A total of 515 bacterial species and 161 related genera were fully analyzed. Also, Prevotella copri was led by 21.25% average abundance, followed by Clostridium tertium of 10.39% in all-cross T1D patients. For children with T1D, Bacteroides vulgatus has high abundance in all age periods, whereas the abundance of each intestinal microbiota was more uniform in female samples, with the ranking from high to low as Bacteroides dorei 9.56%, P. copri 9.53%, Streptococcus pasteurianus 8.15%, and C. tertium 7.53%, whereas in male samples, P. copri was accounted for the largest by 22.72%. The interaction between intestinal microbiota and comparison between healthy people and children with T1D was also detailed analyzed. Conclusions: This study provides a new method and comprehensive perspectives for the evaluation of the interaction between intestinal microbiota and T1D in children. A set of useful information of intestinal microbiota with its internal interaction and connections has been presented, which could be a compact, immediate, and practical scientific reference for further molecular biological and clinical translational research of T1D in children.

Controlling the blood glucose of type 1 diabetes mice by co-culturing MIN-6 β cells on 3D scaffold

T1D is an autoimmune disease, which may be caused by lack of insulin-secreting β cells due to damage of autoimmune system. Living with T1D is a challenge for the child and the family; cell transplantation is a treatment option for diabetes in children. To establish a microenvironment suitable for cell growth and proliferation as well as for sustained cellular function, we used MIN-6 β cells as seed cells and SF-IV collagen as a 3D composite scaffold to construct artificial pancreas in this experiment. The cell viabilities were determined by MTT assay, and the response of cells to different glucose concentrations was observed by glucose stimulation test. Artificial pancreas was transplanted into the abdominal cavity of T1D mice, and the changes of blood glucose were monitored. After 10 days, insulin expression was detected by immunohistochemical method, and the claybank stained area showed effectiveness of insulin secretion. A series of experiments showed that implantation of 3D cell scaffold into the abdominal cavity can effectively control the blood glucose level of T1D mice. It also had longer-lasting hypoglycemic effects than simple cell transplantation, which was expected to become a new method for the treatment of T1D.

Growth attainments of Indian children with type 1 diabetes: a mixed longitudinal study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate distance and velocity growth of children with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and quantify the magnitude of gender differences in anthropometric parameters.

METHODS

Children with T1D, without any coexisting condition that could affect growth were measured at half yearly intervals for body weight, height, occipito-frontal circumference (OFC), chest circumference (CC), mid upper arm circumference (MUAC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSFT), biceps skinfold thickness (BSFT) and subscapular skinfold thickness (SSSFT) using standardized techniques. Comparison of these growth parameters was made between the 2 genders as well as with the published norms.

RESULTS

Of the 115 children studied, there were no significant gender differences in weight at different age points. Boys measured taller than girls but the gender differences in height were significant only at 7 and 10 y. There was a tendency of higher BMIs in girls. In comparison to WHO standards and normal Indian children, boys had lower weight initially but became heavier later. The girls showed close similarity to their normal Indian counterparts but remained lighter than their WHO counterparts. After the initial lower height, an acceleratory trend was noted in boys but girls remained shorter throughout the study as compared to WHO peers. Boys, in general had higher CC, OFC, MUAC and MUAMC. The skinfold thicknesses recorded inconsistent growth patterns in both sexes. Growth velocities for various body parameters except skinfold thicknesses were similar in boys and girls.

CONCLUSIONS

Initial weight and height loss followed by catch up growth was noted in boys. The values of MUAC, MUAMC and skinfold thicknesses as compared to data from developed countries, were lower in present patients.