(1)H, (15)N, and (13)C chemical shift assignments of the calflagin Tb24 flagellar calcium binding protein of Trypanosoma brucei

Calcium-dependent membrane association of a flagellar calcium sensor does not require calcium binding

Flagellar calcium-binding protein (FCaBP) is a dually acylated Ca(2+) sensor in the Trypanosoma cruzi flagellar membrane that undergoes a massive conformational change upon Ca(2+) binding. It is similar to neuronal Ca(2+) sensors, like recoverin, which regulate their binding partners through a calcium acyl switch mechanism. FCaBP is washed out of permeabilized cells with buffers containing EDTA, indicating Ca(2+)-dependent flagellar membrane association. We hypothesized that, like recoverin, FCaBP projects its acyl groups in the presence of Ca(2+), permitting flagellar membrane and binding partner association and that it sequesters the acyl groups in low Ca(2+), disassociating from the membrane and releasing its binding partner to perform a presumed enzymatic function. The X-ray crystal structure of FCaBP suggests that the acyl groups are always exposed, so we set out to test our hypothesis directly. We generated T. cruzi transfectants expressing FCaBP or Ca(2+)-binding mutant FCaBP(E151Q/E188Q) and recombinant wildtype and mutant proteins as well. Both FCaBP and FCaBP(E151Q/E188Q) were found to associate with lipid rafts, indicating the Ca(2+)-independence of this association. To our initial surprise, FCaBP(E151Q/E188Q), like wildtype FCaBP, exhibited Ca(2+)-dependent flagellar membrane association, even though this protein does not bind Ca(2+) itself [16]. One possible explanation for this is that FCaBP(E151Q/E188Q), like some other Ca(2+) sensors, may form dimers and that dimerization of FCaBP(E151Q/E188Q) with endogenous wildtype FCaBP might explain its Ca(2+)-dependent localization. Indeed both proteins are able to form dimers in the presence and absence of Ca(2+). These results suggest that FCaBP possesses two distinct Ca(2+)-dependent interactions-one involving a Ca(2+)-induced change in conformation and another perhaps involving binding partner association.

Exploiting image registration for automated resonance assignment in NMR

Analysis of protein NMR data involves the assignment of resonance peaks in a number of multidimensional data sets. To establish resonance assignment a three-dimensional search is used to match a pair of common variables, such as chemical shifts of the same spin system, in different NMR spectra. We show that by displaying the variables to be compared in two-dimensional plots the process can be simplified. Moreover, by utilizing a fast Fourier transform cross-correlation algorithm, more common to the field of image registration or pattern matching, we can automate this process. Here, we use sequential NMR backbone assignment as an example to show that the combination of correlation plots and segmented pattern matching establishes fast backbone assignment in fifteen proteins of varying sizes. For example, the 265-residue RalBP1 protein was 95.4% correctly assigned in 10 s. The same concept can be applied to any multidimensional NMR data set where analysis comprises the comparison of two variables. This modular and robust approach offers high efficiency with excellent computational scalability and could be easily incorporated into existing assignment software.

NMR structure of the calflagin Tb24 flagellar calcium binding protein of Trypanosoma brucei

Flagellar calcium binding proteins are expressed in a variety of trypanosomes and are potential drug targets for Chagas disease and African sleeping sickness. The flagellar calcium binding protein calflagin of Trypanosoma brucei (called Tb24) is a myristoylated and palmitoylated EF-hand protein that is targeted to the inner leaflet of the flagellar membrane. The Tb24 protein may also interact with proteins on the membrane surface that may be different from those bound to flagellar calcium binding proteins (FCaBPs) in T. cruzi. We report here the NMR structure of Tb24 that contains four EF-hand motifs bundled in a compact arrangement, similar to the overall fold of T. cruzi FCaBP (RMSD = 1.0 Å). A cluster of basic residues (K22, K25, K31, R36, and R38) located on a surface near the N-terminal myristoyl group may be important for membrane binding. Non-conserved residues on the surface of a hydrophobic groove formed by EF2 (P91, Q95, D103, and V108) and EF4 (C194, T198, K199, Q202, and V203) may serve as a target protein binding site and could have implications for membrane target recognition.