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Farokhi E, Alaofi AL, Prasasty VD, Stephanie F, Laksitorini MD, Kuczera K, Siahaan TJ. Mechanism of the blood-brain barrier modulation by cadherin peptides. EXPLORATION OF DRUG SCIENCE 2024; 2:322-338. [PMID: 39118806 PMCID: PMC11309765 DOI: 10.37349/eds.2024.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Aim This study was aimed at finding the binding site on the human E-cadherin for Ala-Asp-Thr Cyclic 5 (ADTC5), ADTC7, and ADTC9 peptides as blood-brain barrier modulator (BBBM) for determining their mechanism of action in modulating the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Methods ADTC7 and ADTC9 were derivatives of ADTC5 where the Val6 residue in ADTC5 was replaced by Glu6 and Tyr6 residues, respectively. The binding properties of ADTC5, ADTC7, and ADTC9 to the extracellular-1 (EC1) domain of E-cadherin were evaluated using chemical shift perturbation (CSP) method in the two dimensional (2D) 1H-15N-heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Molecular docking experiments were used to determine the binding sites of these peptides to the EC1 domain of E-cadherin. Results This study indicates that ADTC5 has the highest binding affinity to the EC1 domain of E-cadherin compared to ADTC7 and ADTC9, suggesting the importance of the Val6 residue as shown in our previous in vitro study. All three peptides have a similar binding site at the hydrophobic binding pocket where the domain swapping occurs. ADTC5 has a higher overlapping binding site with ADTC7 than that of ADTC9. Binding of ADTC5 on the EC1 domain influences the conformation of the EC1 C-terminal tail. Conclusions These peptides bind the domain swapping region of the EC1 domain to inhibit the trans-cadherin interaction that creates intercellular junction modulation to increase the BBB paracellular porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinaz Farokhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Current address: Analytical Department, Johnson & Johnson, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Ahmed L. Alaofi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Current address: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vivitri D. Prasasty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Current address: Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Filia Stephanie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Marlyn D. Laksitorini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Current address: School of Pharmacy, University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Krzysztof Kuczera
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Teruna J. Siahaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Alaofi A, Farokhi E, Prasasty VD, Anbanandam A, Kuczera K, Siahaan TJ. Probing the interaction between cHAVc3 peptide and the EC1 domain of E-cadherin using NMR and molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:92-104. [PMID: 26728967 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1133321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work is to probe the interaction between cyclic cHAVc3 peptide and the EC1 domain of human E-cadherin protein. Cyclic cHAVc3 peptide (cyclo(1,6)Ac-CSHAVC-NH2) binds to the EC1 domain as shown by chemical shift perturbations in the 2D 1H,-15N-HSQC NMR spectrum. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the EC1 domain showed folding of the C-terminal tail region into the main head region of the EC1 domain. For cHAVc3 peptide, replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations generated five structural clusters of cHAVc3 peptide. Representative structures of cHAVc3 and the EC1 structure from MD simulations were used in molecular docking experiments with NMR constraints to determine the binding site of the peptide on EC1. The results suggest that cHAVc3 binds to EC1 around residues Y36, S37, I38, I53, F77, S78, H79, and I94. The dissociation constants (Kd values) of cHAVc3 peptide to EC1 were estimated using the NMR chemical shifts data and the estimated Kds are in the range of .5 × 10-5-7.0 × 10-5 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alaofi
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , The University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence , KS 66047 , USA
| | - Elinaz Farokhi
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , The University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence , KS 66047 , USA
| | - Vivitri D Prasasty
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , The University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence , KS 66047 , USA.,d Faculty of Biotechnology , Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia , Jakarta 12930 , Indonesia
| | - Asokan Anbanandam
- b Biomolecular NMR Laboratory , The University of Kansas , Shankel Structural Biology Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence , KS 66045 , USA
| | - Krzysztof Kuczera
- c Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS 66047 , USA
| | - Teruna J Siahaan
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , The University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence , KS 66047 , USA
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Laksitorini MD, Kiptoo PK, On NH, Thliveris JA, Miller DW, Siahaan TJ. Modulation of intercellular junctions by cyclic-ADT peptides as a method to reversibly increase blood-brain barrier permeability. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1065-75. [PMID: 25640479 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is challenging to deliver molecules to the brain for diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. This is primarily because of the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts the entry of many molecules into the brain. In this study, cyclic-ADT peptides (ADTC1, ADTC5, and ADTC6) have been shown to modify the BBB to enhance the delivery of marker molecules [e.g., (14) C-mannitol, gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentacetate (Gd-DTPA)] to the brain via the paracellular pathways of the BBB. The hypothesis is that these peptides modulate cadherin interactions in the adherens junctions of the vascular endothelial cells forming the BBB to increase paracellular drug permeation. In vitro studies indicated that ADTC5 had the best profile to inhibit adherens junction resealing in Madin-Darby canine kidney cell monolayers in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.3 mM) with a maximal response at 0.4 mM. Under the current experimental conditions, ADTC5 improved the delivery of (14) C-mannitol to the brain about twofold compared with the negative control in the in situ rat brain perfusion model. Furthermore, ADTC5 peptide increased in vivo delivery of Gd-DTPA to the brain of Balb/c mice when administered intravenously. In conclusion, ADTC5 has the potential to improve delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlyn D Laksitorini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047
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