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Patel AM, Haleem A, Choudhry HS, Brody RM, Brant JA, Carey RM. Elective Neck Dissection in cT1-4 N0M0 Head and Neck Basaloid Carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 171:457-470. [PMID: 38613196 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the survival benefit of elective neck dissection (END) over neck observation in surgically resected cT1-4 N0M0 head and neck basaloid carcinoma (HNBC). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING The 2006 to 2017 hospital-based National Cancer Database. METHODS Patients with surgically resected cT1-4 N0M0 HNBC were selected. Linear, binary logistic, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox proportional hazards regression models were implemented. RESULTS Of 857 patients satisfying inclusion criteria, the majority were male (77.0%) and white (88.1%) with disease of the oral cavity (21.5%) or oropharynx (42.9%) classified as high grade (76.9%) and cT1-2 (72.9%). 389 (45.4%) patients underwent END. END utilization between 2006 and 2017 increased for cT1-2 disease (33.3% vs 56.9%, R2 = .699) but remained relatively constant for cT3-4 disease (66.7% vs 57.9%, R2 = .062). One-hundred and fifteen (29.6%) ENDs detected occult nodal metastases (ONMs). The 5-year overall survival (OS) of patients undergoing neck observation and END was 65.6% and 66.8%, respectively (P = .652). END was not associated with improved OS in survival analyses stratified by patient demographics, clinicopathologic features, and adjuvant therapy. Compared with surgery alone, adjuvant radiotherapy (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57-0.97, P = .031) was associated with improved OS. END (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.71-1.28, P = .770) and ONM (HR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.78-1.61, P = .551) were not associated with OS. CONCLUSION END is performed in nearly half of patients with HNBC but is not associated with improved OS, even after stratifying survival analyses by patient demographics, clinicopathologic features, and adjuvant therapy. The rate of ONM approaching 30%, however, justifies inclusion of END in the surgical management of HNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman M Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Afash Haleem
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hassaam S Choudhry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert M Brody
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason A Brant
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Khan SJA, Gawande M, Hande A, Patil S, Sonone A, Pakhale A. Case Report: Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue: A Case Report. F1000Res 2023; 12:1008. [PMID: 38515860 PMCID: PMC10955190 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.134826.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The upper aerodigestive tract is where basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC), a rare variation of conventional SCC, is most frequently found. The hypopharynx, tonsil, supraglottic larynx, tongue (base), and head-neck regions are particularly susceptible to BSCC. Clinically, the presentation of BSCC is similar to that of conventional SCC, but it has a poorer prognosis than conventional SCC. BSCC is distinguished histopathologically by a dimorphic pattern, a distinctive basal cell component paired with a squamous component, and a squamous component. However, its similar features to conventional SCC make it difficult to diagnose. Therefore, histopathology and immunohistochemistry play a crucial role in diagnosing such tumors. Here we present the case of a 70-year-old male diagnosed with BSCC involving the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiha Jameel Ahmed Khan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442001, India
| | - Madhuri Gawande
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442001, India
| | - Alka Hande
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442001, India
| | - Swati Patil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442001, India
| | - Archana Sonone
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442001, India
| | - Aayushi Pakhale
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442001, India
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Liu S, Mathis KL, Graham RP, Kelley SR. Perianal Basal Cell Carcinoma: 35-Year Experience. Dis Colon Rectum 2023; 66:217-220. [PMID: 35714341 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000002234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinoma of the perianal region is a rare anorectal disease. This condition is not related to exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Because of the low prevalence and poor detection, there is a paucity of data relating to this condition in the literature. Perianal basal cell carcinoma presents surgical challenges different from other anatomic locations and may not share the same prevalence or natural history. Here, we describe the largest series to date on the surgical management of perianal basal cell carcinoma. OBJECTIVE We aimed to present our 35-year experience in managing perianal basal cell carcinoma in this study. DESIGN This was a retrospective single-center analysis. SETTING The study was conducted at a large tertiary referral academic health care system. PATIENTS All patients undergoing surgical management of pathology confirmed perianal basal cell carcinoma. INTERVENTIONS All patients underwent surgical management of their disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcomes were disease recurrence, mortality, and wound complications. RESULTS A total of 29 patients were identified with an average follow-up of 5.5 years. At index presentation, 27.6% of patients had multiple basal cell carcinoma in other anatomic locations. Ninety-three percent of patients were adequately treated with local excision, but 60% had wound dehiscence at the time of their first follow-up visit. Ultimately, there were no recurrences or disease-related mortality during the follow-up period. LIMITATIONS Limitations to our study include its nonrandomized retrospective nature, single-institution experience, and small patient sample size. CONCLUSIONS Perianal basal cell carcinoma carries a high rate of synchronous presentation in other locations and should prompt a thorough evaluation. Perianal basal cell carcinomas can and should be successfully treated with local excision despite the high rate of wound complications. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B883 .Carcinoma perianal de células basales: 35 años de experienciaANTECEDENTES:El carcinoma de células basales de la región perianal es una enfermedad anorrectal rara. Esta condición no está relacionada con la exposición a la radiación ultravioleta. Debido a la baja prevalencia y detección pobre, hay escasez de datos relacionados con esta condición en la literatura. El carcinoma de células basales perianal presenta diferentes desafíos quirúrgicos en otras ubicaciones anatómicas y puede no compartir la misma prevalencia o historia natural. A continuación, describimos la serie más grande hasta la fecha sobre el tratamiento quirúrgico del carcinoma de células basales perianal.OBJETIVO:Presentar nuestra experiencia de 35 años en el manejo del carcinoma de células basales perianal.DISEÑO:Este fue un análisis retrospectivo de un solo centro.ENTORNO CLINICO:El estudio se llevó a cabo en un gran centro de salud académico de referencia terciaria.PACIENTES:Todos los pacientes sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico con patología confirmatoria de carcinoma basocelular perianal.INTERVENCIONES:Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico de su enfermedad.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Los resultados primarios fueron la recurrencia de la enfermedad, mortalidad, y complicaciones de la herida.RESULTADOS:Se identificaron un total de 29 pacientes con un seguimiento promedio de 5.5 años. El 27,6% de los pacientes tenían carcinoma basocelular múltiple en otras localizaciones anatómicas en la presentación inicial. El 93% de los pacientes fueron tratados adecuadamente con escisión local, pero el 60% tuvo dehiscencia de la herida en el momento de la primera visita de seguimiento. En última instancia, no hubo recurrencias ni mortalidad relacionada con la enfermedad durante el período de seguimiento.LIMITACIONES:Las limitaciones de nuestro estudio incluyen su naturaleza retrospectiva no aleatorizada, la experiencia de una sola institución y el tamaño pequeño de la muestra de pacientes.CONCLUSIONES:El carcinoma de células basales perianal tiene una alta tasa de presentación sincrónica en otras localizaciones y debe dar lugar a una evaluación exhaustiva. Los CBC perianales pueden y deben ser tratados exitosamente con escisión local a pesar de la alta tasa de complicaciones de herida. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B883 . (Tradducción-Dr. Francisco M. Abarca-Rendon ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanglei Liu
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, UC San Diego Healthcare, California
| | - Kellie L Mathis
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rondell P Graham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Scott R Kelley
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Update from the 5th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumors: Hypopharynx, Larynx, Trachea and Parapharyngeal Space. Head Neck Pathol 2022; 16:31-39. [PMID: 35312977 PMCID: PMC9018940 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review the chapter on tumors of the larynx, hypopharynx, trachea and parapharyngeal space in the new edition of the WHO book, focusing on the new developments in comparison to the previous edition. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and its variants are by far the most common malignancies at these locations, with very limited new insights. The most important is the introduction of new targeted treatment-checkpoint inhibitors, with a new task for pathologists, who may help to predict the response to treatment by analyzing the expression of targeted proteins in biopsy samples. Precancerous lesions remain a controversial topic and, similarly to other organs, it is acceptable to use the terms "dysplasia" or "squamous intraepithelial lesion" (SIL), but there is a slight difference between low-grade dysplasia and low-grade SIL: in the former, mild atypia must be present, while the latter also includes hyperplastic epithelium without atypia. Two approaches have been proposed: a two-tiered system with low- and high-grade dysplasia/SIL and a three-tiered system with an additional category, carcinoma in situ. We are still searching for reliable diagnostic markers to surpass the subjectivity in biopsy diagnosis, with a few potential candidate markers on the horizon, e.g., stem cell markers. Other tumors are rare at these locations, e.g., hematolymphoid, neuroendocrine and salivary gland neoplasms, and are no longer included in Chapter 3. They must be diagnosed according to criteria described in specific chapters. The same holds true for soft tissue tumors, with the exception of cartilaginous neoplasms, which are still included in Chapter 3.
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Val-Bernal JF, Herrera G, Fernández-Flórez A, Martino M. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma with prominent shadow (ghost) cell differentiation. An unreported neoplasm of the parotid gland. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2022; 63:221-228. [PMID: 36074688 PMCID: PMC9593133 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.63.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is an aggressive type of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) predominant in the upper aerodigestive tract. To our knowledge, only one case of that tumor has been previously described in the parotid gland. Shadow (ghost) cell differentiation (SCD) is a specialized form of keratinization characteristic of pilomatricoma, and other skin tumors with follicular differentiation. SCD has also been described infrequently in some visceral carcinomas and rarely in the minor salivary glands. Recently, an SCC with prominent SCD has been reported in the parotid. We report for the first time the case of parotid BSCC with prominent SCD in an 87-year-old man. He was admitted due to the appearance in the last few months of a mass, painful on palpation, in the left parotid region. Imaging studies and tru-cut biopsies indicated the need for surgical removal. A left superficial parotidectomy, including the branch of the cervicofacial nerve, was performed. The BSCC showed predominance (62%) of SCD. Immunohistochemically, the basaloid cells were positive for β-catenin, pan-cytokeratin (pan-CK) AE1∕AE3, CK19, high-molecular-weight CK (HMWCK), p63, p40, and cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10) in a diffuse pattern. No signs of recurrence or metastasis were observed four months after surgery. The main differential diagnoses include nuclear protein in testis (NUT) carcinoma, adamantinoma-like Ewing sarcoma, embryonal carcinoma, and basal cell adenocarcinoma of the solid type. SCD in BSCC of the parotid should be recognized to avoid misdiagnosis, especially in small samples. Although rare, BSCC with SCD should be added to the list of tumors that may originate in the parotid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fernando Val-Bernal
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain;
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Verro B, Saraniti C. Transoral laryngeal microsurgery for early-stage laryngeal basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e245746. [PMID: 34969794 PMCID: PMC8719125 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-245746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 71-year-old man presented to our otolaryngology clinic with dysphagia and dyspnoea. He had a history of smoking for 40 years. Laryngoscopy showed an exophytic, round mass on the left aryepiglottic fold that was entirely excised by transoral laser CO2 microsurgery. Histological assessment revealed a pT1 basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) with free-margin resection. He underwent close follow-up and after 3-year follow-up, the patient was free from disease. Laryngeal BSCC is a rare cancer with poor prognosis due to its late diagnosis and early neck node metastases. We report a rare case of early tumour treated by endoscopic surgery without complications or recurrence of disease. However, knowing this type of cancer and making a correct differential diagnosis are important to guarantee the best therapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Verro
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata (BiND), Sezione di Otorinolaringoiatria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmelo Saraniti
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata (BiND), Sezione di Otorinolaringoiatria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Malignant Sinonasal Tumors: Update on Histological and Clinical Management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:2420-2438. [PMID: 34287240 PMCID: PMC8293118 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumors of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (TuNSs) are rare and heterogeneous malignancies, presenting different histological features and clinical behavior. We reviewed the literature about etiology, biology, and clinical features of TuNSs to define pathologic features and possible treatment strategies. From a diagnostic point of view, it is mandatory to have high expertise and perform an immunohistochemical assessment to distinguish between different histotypes. Due to the extreme rarity of these neoplasms, there are no standard and evidence-based therapeutic strategies, lacking prospective and large clinical trials. In fact, most studies are retrospective analyses. Surgery represents the mainstay of treatment of TuNSs for small and localized tumors allowing complete tumor removal. Locally advanced lesions require more demolitive surgery that should be always followed by adjuvant radio- or chemo-radiotherapy. Recurrent/metastatic disease requires palliative chemo- and/or radiotherapy. Many studies emphasize the role of specific genes mutations in the development of TuNSs like mutations in the exons 4-9 of the TP53 gene, in the exon 9 of the PIK3CA gene and in the promoter of the TERT gene. In the near future, this genetic assessment will have new therapeutic implications. Future improvements in the understanding of the etiology, biology, and clinical features of TuNSs are warranted to improve their management.
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Song H, Tetangco E, Ton L, Barrett A, Yap JEL. Beyond Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus. Cureus 2021; 13:e12619. [PMID: 33585108 PMCID: PMC7872487 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a poorly differentiated variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with distinct morphologic characteristics. Yet, there are no clearly defined guidelines established for management. BSCC in the esophagus is a very rare entity, with the proportion of esophageal BSCC ranging from 0.068% to 11%. This wide range is thought to be secondary to difficulty making the diagnosis on small biopsy specimens and the lack of a universally defined proportion of BSCC components necessary to make the diagnosis. We present the case of a 57-year-old African American female, who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) after an abnormal barium swallow in the setting of two months history of dysphagia and weight loss and was diagnosed with BSCC of the esophagus on histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeyah Song
- Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, USA
| | - Eula Tetangco
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, USA
| | - Loc Ton
- Gastroenterology, The Permante Medical Group, Sacramento, USA
| | - Amanda Barrett
- Pathology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, USA
| | - John Erikson L Yap
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, USA
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Santhosh Manikandan VJ, Krishna PS, Makesh Raj LS, Sekhar P. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 25:533-536. [PMID: 35281164 PMCID: PMC8859593 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_382_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma characterized by a conglomerate of clinically aggressive course and disparate histopathological features. It is frequently seen in upper aerodigestive tract area. Histopathologically, it is biphasic and composed of two types of tumor cells, namely basaloid and squamous cells. Tumor markers, namely, BerEp4, epithelial membrane antigen and p53 are used in this case to differentiate from similar tumors which impersonate BSCC histologically but differ prognostically. We report a case of BSCC in a 48-year-old female patient, involving the lateral border of the tongue with an exhaustive picture of its histological and immunohistochemical appearance.
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CYLD mutation characterizes a subset of HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas with distinctive genomics and frequent cylindroma-like histologic features. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:358-370. [PMID: 32892208 PMCID: PMC7817524 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-00672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor suppressor CYLD, known to be causative of cylindromas, were recently described in a subset of high-risk (hr) HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Pathologic and genetic characterization of these CYLD-mutant carcinomas, however, remains limited. Here, we investigated whether CYLD mutations characterize a histopathologically and genomically distinct subset of hrHPV-positive HNSCC. Comprehensive genomic profiling via hybrid capture-based DNA sequencing was performed on 703 consecutive head and neck carcinomas with hrHPV sequences, identifying 148 unique cases (21%) harboring CYLD mutations. Clinical data, pathology reports, and histopathology were reviewed. CYLD mutations included homozygous deletions (n = 61/148; 41%), truncations (n = 52; 35%), missense (n = 26; 18%) and splice-site (n = 9; 6%) mutations, and in-frame deletion (n = 1; 1%). Among hrHPV-positive HNSCC, the CYLD-mutant cohort showed substantially lower tumor mutational burden than CYLD-wildtype cases (n = 555) (median 2.6 vs. 4.4 mut/Mb, p < 0.00001) and less frequent alterations in PIK3CA (11% vs. 34%, p < 0.0001), KMT2D (1% vs. 16%, p < 0.0001), and FBXW7 (3% vs. 11%, p = 0.0018). Male predominance (94% vs. 87%), median age (58 vs. 60 years), and detection of HPV16 (95% vs. 89%) were similar. On available histopathology, 70% of CYLD-mutant HNSCC (98/141 cases) contained hyalinized material, consistent with basement membrane inclusions, within crowded aggregates of tumor cells. Only 7% of CYLD-wildtype cases demonstrated this distinctive pattern (p < 0.0001). Histopathologic patterns of CYLD-mutant HNSCC lacking basement membrane inclusions included nonkeratinizing (n = 22, 16%), predominantly nonkeratinizing (nonkeratinizing SCC with focal maturation; n = 10, 7%), and keratinizing (n = 11, 8%) patterns. The latter two groups showed significantly higher frequency of PTEN alterations compared with other CYLD-mutant cases (38% [8/21] vs. 7% [8/120], p = 0.0004). Within our cohort of hrHPV-positive HNSCCs, CYLD mutations were frequent (21%) and demonstrated distinctive clinical, histopathologic, and genomic features that may inform future study of prognosis and treatment.
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Unusual Faces of Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123706. [PMID: 33321728 PMCID: PMC7763674 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The spectrum of architectural and cytological findings in UC is wide, although transitional cell carcinoma, either papillary or flat, low- or high-grade, constitutes the majority of cases in routine practice. Some of these changes are just mere morphological variations, but others must be recognized since they have importance for the patient. The goal of this review is to compile this histological variability giving to the general pathologist a general idea of this morphological spectrum in a few pages. The review also updates the literature focusing specifically on the morphological and immunohistochemical clues useful for the diagnosis and some selected molecular studies with prognostic and/or diagnostic implications. Abstract The overwhelming majority of bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas. Albeit mostly monotonous, carcinomas in the bladder may occasionally display a broad spectrum of histological features that should be recognized by pathologists because some of them represent a diagnostic problem and/or lead prognostic implications. Sometimes these features are focal in the context of conventional transitional cell carcinomas, but some others are generalized across the tumor making its recognition a challenge. For practical purposes, the review distributes the morphologic spectrum of changes in architecture and cytology. Thus, nested and large nested, micropapillary, myxoid stroma, small tubules and adenoma nephrogenic-like, microcystic, verrucous, and diffuse lymphoepithelioma-like, on one hand, and plasmacytoid, signet ring, basaloid-squamous, yolk-sac, trophoblastic, rhabdoid, lipid/lipoblastic, giant, clear, eosinophilic (oncocytoid), and sarcomatoid, on the other, are revisited. Key histological and immunohistochemical features useful in the differential diagnosis are mentioned. In selected cases, molecular data associated with the diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment are also included.
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Hicks MD, Lin D, Buczek EP. Revisiting a rare disease: Oral cavity basaloid squamous cell carcinoma at a high-volume tertiary center. Am J Otolaryngol 2020; 41:102645. [PMID: 32682190 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rare diseases are often poorly understood, and this study sought to investigate the incidence of a rare disease entity, basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) of the oral cavity (OC) at a tertiary care medical center and to assess its clinical outcomes. METHODS The aim of this study was to collect data in order to better understand how this rare disease progresses. This was a case series of patients with OC BSCC diagnosed between 2001 and 2018. RESULTS 10 patients with primary OC BSCC were identified. Average age at diagnosis was 58 years (33-71). The median follow-up period was 11 months. Primary sites included oral tongue (n = 4), floor of mouth (n = 4), hard palate (n = 1), and retromolar trigone (n = 1). A majority (60%) of patients had pathologic T3/T4 tumors. All patients underwent primary surgical treatment. There was an overall 60% mortality rate: 2 died from metastasis at 1- and 3-months postop, 2 from unknown causes, 1 from sepsis at 1 month postop, and 1 from metastatic colon cancer. Average survival for those patients who died was 20.7 months. 4 patients were disease-free at the time of publication. CONCLUSION There are few studies in the literature that seek to investigate cases of OC BSCC from a single institution. This is the first detailed case series of BSCC from a single American institution. Survival outcomes in our cohort were poor but demonstrate a variable course of disease burden. This study presents unique information regarding specific pathologic characteristics and patient outcomes for this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Hicks
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States of America.
| | - Diana Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States of America.
| | - Erin P Buczek
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States of America.
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The importance of adjuvant treatment and primary anatomical site in head and neck basaloid squamous cell carcinoma survival: an analysis of the National Cancer Database. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:2264-2274. [PMID: 32440914 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) of the head and neck is an aggressive and highly malignant variant of squamous cell carcinoma that accounts for 2% of head and neck cancers. Previous studies have not analyzed the significance of adjuvant chemoradiation and anatomical site within BSCC subtype and its impact on survival. METHODS A cohort of 1999 patients with BSCC of the head and neck was formed from the National Cancer Database and analyzed with descriptive studies, median survival and 5- and 10-year survival. A multivariable Cox hazard regression was performed to determine the prognostic significance of anatomical site and adjuvant therapy. RESULTS The most common primary anatomical site was the oropharynx (71.9%) followed by oral cavity (11.5%), larynx (10.1%), hypopharynx (3.5%), esophagus (1.9%), and nasopharynx (1.1%). The presence of metastasis increased the risk of mortality (HR = 2.14; 95% CI 1.40-3.26). Tumors localized to the oropharynx demonstrated better survival compared to all sites except nasopharynx, including the oral cavity (HR = 2.45; 95% CI 1.83-3.29), hypopharynx (HR = 2.58; 95% CI:1.64-4.05), and larynx (HR = 2.89; 95% CI:2.25-3.73). Adjuvant chemoradiation (HR = 0.36; 95% CI 0.23-0.58) and adjuvant radiation (HR = 0.38; 95% CI 0.23-0.64) had better survival outcomes compared to adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with microscopic margins had better survival outcomes when compared to no surgery (HR = 0.38, 98% Cl 0.23-0.64) while there were no better survival outcomes of patients with macroscopic margins compared to no surgery. CONCLUSION This study illustrated that tumors in the oropharynx, lower age, adjuvant chemoradiation and radiation, and microscopic margins were associated with greater survival.
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14
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The evolving landscape of HPV-related neoplasia in the head and neck. Hum Pathol 2019; 94:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Unusual Appearance of Basaloid SCC in Tonsil: A Case Report. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 71:890-892. [PMID: 31742090 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-019-01693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a variant of oral squamous cell carcinoma, is an aggressive, high grade variant and rare subtype of the head and neck SCC that less common in tonsils. Here, we are reporting a case of BSCC involving the tonsil with an extension on the cervical lymph node region.
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16
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Wakely PE. Diagnostic traps awaiting the head/neck pathologist: "Cytoplasm-poor" neoplasms. Ann Diagn Pathol 2019; 42:78-86. [PMID: 31382078 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Beyond squamous carcinoma, a variety of diagnostically challenging neoplasms arise within various head and neck sites. This is particularly the situation with neoplasms where little cellular cytoplasm is present to assist the pathologist in categorizing such lesions. OBJECTIVE To highlight diagnostic pitfalls that accompanying neoplasms composed primarily of 'cytoplasmically-poor' cells. These pitfalls include morphologic and immunohistochemical traps that emerge from this class of neoplasms. DATA SOURCES Selection of pathologic specimens from the author's personal files, and literature review. CONCLUSIONS Interpretative pitfalls regarding the histopathology and immunophenotype of small 'cytoplasmically-poor' neoplasms are a diagnostic hazard in head and neck surgical pathology practice, and require knowledge of histomorphologic plasticity and aberrant immunophenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Wakely
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, 405 Doan Hall, 410 W. 10th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America.
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17
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Sato F, Bhawal UK, Tojyo I, Fujita S, Murata SI, Muragaki Y. Differential expression of claudin‑4, occludin, SOX2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen between basaloid squamous cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1977-1985. [PMID: 31257482 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinomas (BSCCs) in oral lesions are extremely rare, and the histology is not well understood. Histologically, they are often similar to conventional squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The present study was designed with an aim to distinguish BSCC from SCC using claudin‑4, occludin, SRY‑box 2 (SOX2) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivities and staining patterns. Three BSCCs (with abundant, with moderate, and without squamous components) specimens and 20 SCC specimens were selected for comparison of their immunoreactivity. These specimens were stained with claudin‑4, occludin, SOX2 and PCNA. In addition to histological analysis, the expression of claudin‑4, occludin and PCNA was determined in oral cancer HSC2 and HSC3 cells with or without SOX2 overexpression, and cell proliferation was determined by XTT assay. Claudin‑4 had strong and occludin had weak immunoreactivity as detected in the membrane of squamous components of BSCC but not in cancer cells. No obvious detection of squamous components and cancer cells were observed in SCC. SOX2 and PCNA immunoreactivities in SCC had dot‑like staining patterns in the nuclei of partial and marginal cancer cells. In contrast, in BSCCs, SOX2 and PCNA had diffuse staining patterns in almost all cancer cells. SOX2 overexpression had little effect on the expression levels of claudin‑4, occludin and PCNA. It also had little effect on the cell proliferation of HSC2 and HSC3 cells. Differences in immunoreactivity and staining pattern may be valuable to distinguish between BSCC and SCC in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama 641‑8509, Japan
| | - Ujjal K Bhawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271‑8587, Japan
| | - Itaru Tojyo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641‑8509, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Fujita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641‑8509, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Murata
- Department of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641‑8509, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Muragaki
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama 641‑8509, Japan
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18
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Di L, Fu KI, Wu X, Liu X, Xie R, Zhu R, Tuo B. Endoscopic features and associated histology of an basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus at the very early stage. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:513. [PMID: 31142308 PMCID: PMC6542137 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (BSCCE) is generally detected at advanced stage and the prognosis is poorer than advanced conventional esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, early detection is a critical to improve patients’ survival. However, only a few cases of early BSCCE have been reported and the endoscopic features of early BSCCE are not well described. We herein report the endoscopic features and associated histology of an early BSCCE limited within the mucosal lamina propria (m2). To our knowledge, this is the earliest BSCCE reported to date. Case presentation A 62-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital because of epigastric pain for 3 months. White light endoscopy revealed a flat lesion with mild sloping at the periphery. The lesion was covered with leukoplakia, and normal vascular network could not be seen in the lesion. Magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging showed abnormal intra-papillary capillary loop categorized as type B1 according to the classification of the Japan Esophageal Society. Iodine staining revealed a less-stained lesion. The lesion was completely resected through endoscopic submucosal dissection. Histopathologically, tumor cells, which were limited within the mucosal lamina propria, formed solid nests and lobule structures, with ribbon-like arrangement of sparse cytoplasm and round to ovoid hyperchromatic nuclei. A final diagnosis of early BSCCE was established. Conclusions This is the earliest BSCCE reported to date. The prominent lesion with a gentle rising slope and less-staining or abnormal stain might be initial feature of early BSCCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjun Di
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Kuang-I Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China.,Department of Endoscopy, Kanma Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xinglong Wu
- Department of pathology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China.
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19
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Payabvash S, Chan A, Jabehdar Maralani P, Malhotra A. Quantitative diffusion magnetic resonance imaging for prediction of human papillomavirus status in head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroradiol J 2019; 32:232-240. [PMID: 31084347 DOI: 10.1177/1971400919849808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC) related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection represents a distinct biological and prognostic subtype compared to the HPV-negative form. Prior studies suggest a correlation between the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of primary tumor lesion and HPV status in HNSCC. In this meta-analysis, we compared the average ADC of primary lesion between HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC. METHODS A comprehensive literature search of PubMed and Embase was performed. Studies comparing the average ADC on echo-planar DWI of primary tumor lesions between HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC were included. The standardized mean difference was calculated using fixed- and random-effects models. Tau-squared estimates of total heterogeneity and Higgins inconsistency index (I2 test) were determined. RESULTS A total of five studies, pooling data of 264 patients, were included for meta-analysis. Among these five studies, three had included oral cavity, hypopharyngeal, and/or laryngeal HNSCC in addition to oropharyngeal subsite. Primary lesions were comprised of 185 HPV-negative and 79 HPV-positive HNSCC. The meta-analysis showed lower average ADC values in HPV-positive HNSCC compared to the HPV-negative form, with a standardized mean difference of 0.961 (95% confidence interval 0.644-1.279; p < 0.0001). Since there was no significant heterogeneity in analysis (p = 0.3852), both random- and fixed-effects models resulted in the same estimates of overall effect. CONCLUSIONS HPV-positive HNSCC primary lesions have a lower average ADC compared to the HPV-negative form, highlighting the potential application of quantitative diffusion magnetic resonance imaging as a noninvasive imaging biomarker for prediction of HPV status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aimee Chan
- 2 Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Ajay Malhotra
- 1 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, USA
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20
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Grandhe S, Bajaj T, Duong H, Ratnayake SN. A Rare Case of Stage IV Basaloid Squamous Cell Cancer with Intrapulmonary and Brain Metastases. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2019; 20:664-667. [PMID: 31068568 PMCID: PMC6523992 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.915073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic basaloid squamous cell carcinoma is a fatal, high-grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma that is extremely rare in the oral cavity. We present a rare case of metastatic basaloid squamous cell carcinoma arising from the hypopharynx with pulmonary and brain metastases. Recognizing this diagnostic subtype is of critical importance due to the aggressive nature and high incidence of recurrence, lymph node metastases, and mortality. CASE REPORT A 42-year-old male arrived at the Emergency Department reporting a 1-week headache. Six months prior, he reported throat pain and neck swelling. Triple endoscopy revealed a large ulcerative tumor. A carbon dioxide laser procedure debulked and removed the mass. Incisional biopsy with histopathology was consistent with invasive basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. Computed tomography (CT) of the neck with contrast demonstrated bilateral cervical level II/III necrotic adenopathy, and CT chest with contrast demonstrated bilateral pulmonary nodules. The patient completed chemoradiation therapy with cisplatin; however, repeat CT chest revealed enlarging intrapulmonary metastases. CT brain without contrast demonstrated a central brainstem lesion. The patient started treatment with pembrolizumab. On day 14 of treatment, he presented to the Emergency Department again for headache. MRI of brain with contrast demonstrated a new lesion with vasogenic edema. Intravenous dexamethasone was started and the decision to pursue stereotactic radiosurgery was made. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma in the setting of intrapulmonary and brain metastases is an extremely rare, high-grade bimorphic aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma that needs to be histopathologically differentiated from other tumors. Given its high mortality rate and poor prognosis the decision to pursue further treatment versus aggressive palliative care should be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Grandhe
- Department of Medicine, Kern Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | - Tushar Bajaj
- Department of Medicine, Kern Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | - Hanh Duong
- Department of Medicine, Kern Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Bakersfield, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Ross University School of Medicine, Miramar, FL, USA
| | - Saman N Ratnayake
- Department of Medicine, Kern Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Bakersfield, CA, USA
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21
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Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Tonsil: an Unusual and Aggressive Variant. Indian J Surg Oncol 2019; 10:80-82. [PMID: 30948878 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-018-0816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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22
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Rooper LM, McCuiston AM, Westra WH, Bishop JA. SOX10 Immunoexpression in Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Diagnostic Pitfall for Ruling out Salivary Differentiation. Head Neck Pathol 2018; 13:543-547. [PMID: 30498968 PMCID: PMC6854191 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SOX10 immunoexpression is increasingly recognized in salivary gland tumors, including but not limited to those with myoepithelial, serous acinar, and intercalated duct differentiation. However, SOX10 expression has not been extensively evaluated in other epithelial tumors that can mimic salivary origin. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a unique variant of SCC that shows morphologic overlap with several salivary tumors, including adenoid cystic carcinoma, basal cell adenocarcinoma, and myoepithelial carcinoma. We performed SOX10 immunohistochemistry on 22 basaloid SCCs and 280 non-basaloid SCCs. If tissue was available, we also performed immunohistochemistry for S100 and p16, and in-situ hybridization for high-risk HPV RNA. SOX10 was positive in 13/22 basaloid SCCs (59%), including 5/6 (83%) that were HPV-positive and 6/12 (50%) that were HPV-negative. Only 2/12 basaloid SCC (17%) demonstrated focal S100 expression. All non-basaloid SCCs were SOX10 negative. Frequent positivity for SOX10 in basaloid SCC presents a significant diagnostic pitfall for distinguishing these tumors from various basaloid salivary carcinomas. The preponderance of SOX10 expression in the basaloid variant of HPV-positive SCC also presents a diagnostic challenge in separating it from HPV-related multiphenotypic sinonasal carcinoma. SOX10 may be more broadly considered a marker of basal differentiation and should not be assumed to be specific for salivary origin in epithelial head and neck tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Rooper
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 401 N. Broadway, Weinberg 2242, Baltimore, MD 21231-2410 USA ,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Austin M. McCuiston
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 401 N. Broadway, Weinberg 2242, Baltimore, MD 21231-2410 USA
| | - William H. Westra
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY USA
| | - Justin A. Bishop
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
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23
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Ricci C, Rossi MS, De Stefano R, Fiorentino M, Vasuri F. Unusual metastatic localization to the kidney of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Urologia 2018; 85:182-185. [PMID: 30426881 DOI: 10.1177/0391560317749423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CASE PRESENTATION: A 55-year-old man with a history of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx with laterocervical lymph node metastases 6 years before (and treated with chemoradiation) presented with flank pain and hematuria. Computed tomography scan found a renal lesion, with radiological features more suspicious for primitive renal neoplasia. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination after surgical excision revealed a basaloid squamous cell carcinoma involving renal parenchyma. CONCLUSION: Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma is a rare tumor but with a high percentage of distant metastasis, and it is mandatory, also for a general pathologist, to know this disease. Moreover, in a patient with renal metastases, any type of cancer should be taken into account, and this case is emblematic of why the previous medical history is crucial for differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Ricci
- 1 Pathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina S Rossi
- 2 Urology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta De Stefano
- 2 Urology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- 1 Pathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Vasuri
- 1 Pathology Unit, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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24
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Shen W, Sakamoto N, Yang L. Cause-specific mortality prediction model for patients with basaloid squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck: a competing risk analysis. J Cancer 2018; 9:4009-4017. [PMID: 30410606 PMCID: PMC6218783 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare, high-grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Most published studies based on population-based datasets focus on prognostic differences between SCC and BSCC. Competing risk analyses for this disease have not been performed. We used Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data to calculate and model the cumulative incidence of death for patients with head and neck BSCC (HNBSCC) with competing risk approaches, and built a model to predict probability of cause-specific death for these patients. Methods: We analyzed data on 1163 patients who were diagnosed with primary lip and oral cavity, oropharynx, or hypopharynx and larynx BSCC and registered in the SEER program between 2004 and 2013. We calculated crude cumulative incidence function (CIF) for mortality after diagnosis of HNBSCC. We built a Fine and Gray's proportional sub-distribution hazard model and nomogram to predict their probability of cause-specific death. We calculated concordance indexes (c-index) and plotted calibration curves to evaluate model performance. Results: Five-year cumulative incidence of cause-specific death after diagnosis of HNBSCC was 26.5% (95% CI: 23.4-29.8%); cumulative incidence of other causes of death was 11.8% (95% CI: 9.4-14.3%). Old age, large tumor size, hypopharynx and larynx sites, lymph node-positive, distant metastasis, and non-radiotherapy were significant factors for high probability of cause-specific death. The model was well calibrated. The bootstrap-corrected c-index for the model was 0.71. Conclusions: We built the first competing risk nomogram for HNBSCC. The model performance was found to be good. This individualized prognostic predictive tool will aid physicians in clinical counseling, and will assist patients in planning for their future lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Shen
- Institute of Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, China. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Naoko Sakamoto
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Toho University, Japan. 4-16-20, Omori-Nishi Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-0015, Japan
| | - Limin Yang
- Division of Allergy, Department of Medical Subspecialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.,Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Japan. 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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25
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Sponge-supported cultures of primary head and neck tumors for an optimized preclinical model. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25034-25047. [PMID: 29861851 PMCID: PMC5982753 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of advanced head and neck cancer is associated with low survival, high toxicity and a widely divergent individual response. The sponge-gel-supported histoculture model was previously developed to serve as a preclinical model for predicting individual treatment responses. We aimed to optimize the sponge-gel-supported histoculture model and provide more insight in cell specific behaviour by evaluating the tumor and its microenvironment using immunohistochemistry. We collected fresh tumor biopsies from 72 untreated patients and cultured them for 7 days. Biopsies from 57 patients (79%) were successfully cultured and 1451 tumor fragments (95.4%) were evaluated. Fragments were scored for percentage of tumor, tumor viability and proliferation, EGF-receptor expression and presence of T-cells and macrophages. Median tumor percentage increased from 53% at day 0 to 80% at day 7. Viability and proliferation decreased after 7 days, from 90% to 30% and from 30% to 10%, respectively. Addition of EGF, folic acid and hydrocortisone can lead to improved viability and proliferation, however this was not systematically observed. No patient subgroup could be identified with higher culture success rates. Immune cells were still present at day 7, illustrating that the tumor microenvironment is sustained. EGF supplementation did not increase viability and proliferation in patients overexpressing EGF-Receptor.
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26
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Gupta B, Bhattacharyya A, Singh A, Sah K, Gupta V. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma - A rare and aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma: A case report and review of literature. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2018; 9:64-68. [PMID: 29937662 PMCID: PMC5996643 DOI: 10.4103/njms.njms_14_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare and aggressive variant of oral squamous cell carcinoma with a predilection for the tongue and in other locations, such as floor of the mouth, palate, retromolar trigone, and gingival mucosa. Here, we present a case of BSCC of oropharynx in a 60-year-old male patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Gupta
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental institute, RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | | | - Anil Singh
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kunal Sah
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Periodontology, Dental institute, RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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27
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Peddapelli K, Rao GV, Sravya T, Ravipati S. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma: Report of two rare cases and review of literature. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2018; 22:285. [PMID: 30158794 PMCID: PMC6097377 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_98_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a histologically distinct variant of SCC in the head-and-neck region it occurs most commonly in older men with a history of heavy smoking and alcohol abuse and usually presents as a high stage disease with widespread metastases and hence poor prognosis. BSCC is believed to arise from a totipotential primitive cell in the basal layer of the surface epithelium or from the salivary duct lining epithelium. BSCC is an uncommon tumor with a predilection for the upper aerodigestive tract, is a distinct variant of squamous carcinoma, due to its unique histological features and ominous clinical behavior. In the oral cavity, BSCC has a predilection for the tongue, followed by the floor of the mouth, palate, buccal mucosa, retromolar trigone and gingiva. In the oral cavity, retromolar trigone/gingiva is very rare sites and only a few cases have been reported in the literature. This paper reports an additional two cases of BSCC, one reported in the retromolar region and other reported on the gingiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalavani Peddapelli
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | | | - Taneeru Sravya
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Sravya Ravipati
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
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28
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Yi CH, Jim Zhai Q, Wang BY. Updates on Immunohistochemical and Molecular Markers in Selected Head and Neck Diagnostic Problems. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 141:1214-1235. [PMID: 28854343 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0245-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT - The head and neck regions have complex anatomic structures. They are not exempted from the rare occurrences of highly unusual, diagnostically challenging malignant neoplasms and mimickers. OBJECTIVE - To review and update the utility of immunohistochemistry and molecular biomarkers and to pursue diagnostic accuracy on selected rare neoplasms, especially some poorly differentiated malignancies. DATA SOURCES - Personal experience and information from the literature. CONCLUSIONS - Head and neck tumors include neoplasms originating from heterogeneous tissue. Using the selected clinical cases, this review illustrates a continuous development of emerging molecular-genetic techniques to assist in the interpretation of uncommon, often poorly differentiated, highly malignant neoplasms. The diagnostic results are appropriately transmitted to the oncologists, radiation oncologists, and surgeons to create a coordinated plan of care for patients with these unusual disorders affecting the head and neck.
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Ricciardiello F, Caraglia M, Iorio B, Abate T, Boccellino M, Colella G, Oliva F, Ferrise P, Zappavigna S, Faenza M, Ferraro GA, Sequino G, Nicoletti GF, Mesolella M. Aggressiveness pattern and second primary tumor risk associated with basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Oncotarget 2017; 8:95791-95798. [PMID: 29221167 PMCID: PMC5707061 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare, aggressive and distinct variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the upper respiratory and digestive tract. We have evaluated disease specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) through Kaplan-Meier method and mortality risk through univariate statistical analysis of Cox in 42 cases of BSCC and other 42 of laryngeal SCC (LSCC) matched for both age and sex. We demonstrated that laryngeal BSCC is a more aggressive tumor than LSCC as is associated to higher nodal recurrence of pathology (5 vs 2 patients, overall risk, OR 2.7), a reduced survival (median survival 34 vs 40 months, OR 3.2 for mortality); in addition, basaloid patients have a higher risk to be affected by second primary tumors (13 vs 3 patients, OR 5.8) and a higher probability to die for this second tumor (Hazard Risk, HR 4.4). The analysis of survival shows an increased mortality risk concurrent with the parameters assessed by univariate analyses that assume a predictive and statistical significance in second tumor and grading in basaloid LSSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Brigida Iorio
- Department of Neurological, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University "Federico II" of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Abate
- Division of Otolaryngology, "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Boccellino
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Colella
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Oliva
- Division of Otolaryngology, "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Zappavigna
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Faenza
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A Ferraro
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Sequino
- Division of Otolaryngology, "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Mesolella
- Department of Neurological, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University "Federico II" of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant epithelial tumor showing evidence of squamous differentiation. It is the most common malignancy of the larynx, with several variants (verrucous, exophytic or papillary, spindle-cell, basaloid, acantholytic, adenosquamous) recognized, with well-established precursor lesions. Dysplasia is now separated into only low-grade and high-grade categories. Each SCC variant has unique cytomorphologic features and histologic differential diagnoses that are important to consider, as management and outcomes are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester D R Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Woodland Hills Medical Center, 5601 De Soto Avenue, Woodland Hills, CA 91367, USA.
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31
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Kumari K, Haragannavar VC, Kumar KV, Prasad K, Nambiar S. Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Tongue: A Report with Emphasis on Immunohistochemistry. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZD16-ZD18. [PMID: 28511524 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/24308.9539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare entity with its histopathological distinction from conventional squamous cell carcinoma. It is frequently considered a high-grade carcinoma with poor prognosis because of higher rate of distant metastases. Here by, we are reporting a case of 39-year-old male with an ulcer on the left lateral border of the tongue since a month. Histopathological examination of incisional biopsy revealed basaloid tumour cell islands accompanied by component of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. To reconfirm this incidental finding immunohistochemistry was carried out for Proliferative Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and pancytokeratin (AE1/AE3) which was positive to conclude diagnosis of BSCC. Further p16 staining was done to rule out Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Kumari
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vanishree C Haragannavar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Vineeth Kumar
- Associate Professor, Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha Prasad
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shwetha Nambiar
- Tutor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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32
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Wenig BM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: dysplasia and select variants. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:S112-S118. [PMID: 28060368 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) mucosal premalignant lesions include non-keratinizing and keratinizing intraepithelial dysplasia. The keratinizing type of intraepithelial dysplasia represents the majority of UADT dysplasias. Historically, grading of UADT dysplasias has followed a three tier system to include mild, moderate and severe dysplasia. Recent recommendations have introduced a two tier grading scheme to including low-grade (ie, mild dysplasia) and high-grade (moderate and severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ) providing for better consensus among pathologists in the interpretation of such dysplastic lesions. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm of the UADT. Several variants of squamous cell carcinoma are recognized among which the more common types include papillary squamous cell carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma (sarcomatoid carcinoma) and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. Each of these variants of squamous cell carcinoma poses diagnostic challenges and each correlates to specific therapy and prognosis. This review details the proposed update in the grading of UADT dysplasia to a two-tiered system as well as providing the key diagnostic features for select variants of squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Wenig
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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33
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Toe BP, Ramli N, Lam SY, Wong KT, Prepageran N. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the sinonasal tract with metastasis to the liver: a case report and literature review. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2016; 94:E27-32. [PMID: 25651356 DOI: 10.1177/014556131509400216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare subtype of squamous cell carcinoma. To date, only 95 cases of sinonasal BSCC have been reported in the English-language literature, and they account for 5% of all cases of head and neck BSCC. We describe what we believe is only the second reported case of a sinonasal tract BSCC that metastasized to the liver. The patient was a 36-year-old woman who presented with right-sided nasal obstruction and a foul-smelling discharge. Clinical examination and imaging identified a large, lobulated, enhancing mass in the right nasal cavity. Following excision of the mass, the patient was scheduled for radiotherapy. However, before it could be administered, follow-up imaging detected a metastasis to the liver and lung, and the patient was switched to chemotherapy. Initially, she responded well clinically, but at 5 months postoperatively, a follow-up CT showed an increasing metastatic presence in the liver and bone. The patient died of her disease 1 year after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Ping Toe
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, 05460 Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia.
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Primary Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Parotid Gland: A Case Report and a Comprehensive Review of a Rare Entity. Case Rep Otolaryngol 2016; 2016:6971491. [PMID: 27610258 PMCID: PMC5004027 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6971491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) comprise a heterogeneous group of malignancies from cells derived from the neural crest with neuroendocrine differentiation. Despite the differences in the site of origin, nomenclature, biological behavior, and functional status, NETs share certain ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features. NETs are relative rare tumors with an annual incidence of 5.76 new cases per 100.000 inhabitants and they usually appear in the gastrointestinal tract or in the pulmonary system. Head and neck NETs are uncommon with limited information regarding frequency, most of them showing small cell carcinoma features. NETs that arise from the salivary glands are exceedingly rare. Regardless of their low frequency, it is imperative to accurately differentiate these tumors from the much more common squamous cell carcinomas and from metastasis from another primary tumor due to the completely different therapeutic approaches and prognosis. The diagnosis is based on the recognition of the typical neuroendocrine architecture and immunohistochemical staining and on an exhaustive work-up. Hereby, we report a case of a moderately differentiated NET of the parotid gland that was treated with a complete parotidectomy. We summarize the clues that led to the final diagnosis and major strategies that were employed to manage the patient. We also perform a comprehensive review of the scarce available literature on this topic.
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Heera R, Ayswarya T, Padmakumar SK, Ismayil P. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity: Report of two cases. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2016; 20:545. [PMID: 27721627 PMCID: PMC5051310 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.190964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is an aggressive, high-grade, variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which is uncommon in the oral cavity but slightly more common in the oropharynx. We present two cases of BSCC, one arising in the floor of the mouth and the other arising on the lateral border of the tongue. The diagnosis of this subtype of SCC is important owing to its particular behavior, with an aggressive course, a high incidence of local recurrence, regional lymph node metastases and mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Heera
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - T Ayswarya
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - S K Padmakumar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - P Ismayil
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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36
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Al Feghali KA, Traboulsi H, Youssef B. Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Ethmoid Sinus with Invasion into the Skull Base Treated with Craniofacial Resection and Adjuvant Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy: A Case Report. Cureus 2015; 7:e421. [PMID: 26835192 PMCID: PMC4726268 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which is highly aggressive, with a tendency for multifocality, local invasion, and with a high metastatic potential. Less than forty cases of BSCC of the sinonasal tract have been reported in the literature, and no reports were found on sinonasal BSCC arising from the ethmoid sinus. We report the case of a 78-year-old man who presented with BSCC arising from the ethmoid sinus with extensive bone destruction and intracranial extension. He was treated with craniofacial resection followed by adjuvant intensity-modulated radiation therapy to the tumor bed (60 Gy in 30 fractions), and the upper neck lymph nodes (50 Gy in 25 fractions). At the patient’s last follow-up, four months after diagnosis, there was no evidence of disease. Aggressive management using craniofacial resection followed by adjuvant radiation therapy with or without radiosensitizing chemotherapy seems to be a reasonable approach to this challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bassem Youssef
- Radiation Oncology Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center
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37
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Martínez-Girón R, Martínez-Torre S, Mosquera-Martínez AJ. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: Cytological and histological features. Diagn Cytopathol 2015; 43:993-5. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Pathak J, Patel S, Iyer JS, Mohanty N. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the maxilla. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2014-209038. [PMID: 26055591 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-209038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a distinctive aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma. We present a case of a 60-year-old man with tender swelling in the right cheek region for 6 months and continuous unilateral nasal discharge for 2 months. Extraoral examination revealed an ovoid, well-defined swelling from the right infraorbital rim to the angle of the mouth superoinferiorly and the right lateral wall of the nose to preauricular region anteroposteriorly. Intraorally, an ulceroproliferative growth from right upper gingivobuccal sulcus to mid palatine raphe with bicortical expansion was evident. CT revealed a hypodense mass obliterating the right maxillary sinus. Histopathology showed closely packed basaloid cells, with hyperchromatic palisading nuclei, arranged in a solid pattern with a lobular configuration. Prominent areas of comedo necrosis and keratin pearl formation were seen. These features suggested BSCC. The patient underwent surgical excision with adjuvant radiation but was lost to follow-up after 6 months of radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna Pathak
- Department of Oral Pathology, MGM Dental College & Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shilpa Patel
- Department of Oral Pathology, MGM Dental College & Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Janaki Subramanian Iyer
- Department of Oral Pathology, MGM Dental College & Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neeta Mohanty
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Tan SH, Hindi KW, Chandran PA, Chong AW. Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Unusual Ball-Valve Laryngeal Obstruction. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY 2015; 27:243-6. [PMID: 26082908 PMCID: PMC4461850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A rare case of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) of the larynx, which has not been previously reported, is described. CASE REPORT A 60-year-old man was presented to the Otolaryngology Department with progressive dyspnoea and dysphagia to solids for over a period of 1 week. Direct laryngoscopy revealed a tumour at the laryngeal aspect of the epiglottis, which prolapsed into the laryngeal inlet each time the patient inspired. This resulted in an inspiratory stridor despite adequate glottic opening and normal mobility of the vocal cords. CONCLUSION Therefore, in cases where a ball-valve lesion causes intermittent life-threatening airway obstruction, BSCC of the larynx, though rare, must be considered as a differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sien Hui Tan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Corresponding Author: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel: +60379492062, Fax: +60379556963, E-mail:
| | - Khalid W Hindi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Patricia Ann Chandran
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Aun Wee Chong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Basaloid Laringyeal Carcinoma on o Patient with Pneumonectomy Due to Advanced Tuberculosis. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2015; 41:401-405. [PMID: 30538850 PMCID: PMC6243507 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.41.04.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The basaloid carcinoma is a rare and distinct type of squamous carcinoma. Of all the squamous carcinomas, the basaloid tumor is noted for its high aggressivity and fast replication rate. It is usually discovered within the upper levels of the larynx (supraglottis), the tongue base or the piriform sinuses in male patients ranging from sixty to eighty years old. The aggressivity of the tumor also means its discovery is usually a late event thus associating a relatively low survival rate within the first 5 years. The current paper presents the case of a patient diagnosed with a malign tumor of the larynx which is then identified as being a squamous basaloid carcinoma. The medical review of the patient reveals a long history of smoking and also pulmonary tuberculosis, for which the patient underwent left pneumonectomy.
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Shivakumar B, Dash B, Sahu A, Nayak B. Basaloid squamous cell carcimoma: A rare case report with review of literature. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2014; 18:291-4. [PMID: 25328315 PMCID: PMC4196303 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.140797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a distinct variant of conventional squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), predominantly localized in the upper aerodigestive tract. In the head and neck region, the tumor has a strong predilection for extra-laryngeal sites, such as the base of the tongue, tonsil, hypopharynx and supraglottic larynx. BSCC has well-defined histological features, characterized by nesting, lobular and trabecular arrangement of basaloid cells. Central comedonecrosis within the cell nests, cells with nuclear palisading and high-grade dysplasia in overlying mucosa are the main characteristics. The tumor is considered to be highly aggressive and often presents itself as an advanced stage lesion, thus demanding early diagnosis and prompt treatment. We here report a case of 72-year-old male diagnosed with BSCC involving the right tonsillar region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bn Shivakumar
- Department of Oral And Maxillofacial Pathology, Maitri College of Dentistry and Research Centre, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Bishwajeet Dash
- Department of Oral And Maxillofacial Pathology, Maitri College of Dentistry and Research Centre, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Anshuta Sahu
- Department of Oral And Maxillofacial Pathology, Maitri College of Dentistry and Research Centre, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Barakha Nayak
- Department of Oral And Maxillofacial Pathology, Maitri College of Dentistry and Research Centre, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
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43
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Mai KT, Hakim SW, Ball CG, Flood TA, Belanger EC. Nested and microcystic variants of urothelial carcinoma displaying immunohistochemical features of basal-like urothelial cells: An immunohistochemical and histopathogenetic study. Pathol Int 2014; 64:375-81. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kien T. Mai
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Shaheed W. Hakim
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Christopher G. Ball
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Trevor A. Flood
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Eric C. Belanger
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario Canada
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Hanemann JAC, Oliveira DT, Nonogaki S, Nishimoto IN, de Carli ML, Landman G, Kowalski LP. Expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in basaloid and conventional squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: are potential prognostic markers? BMC Cancer 2014; 14:395. [PMID: 24893577 PMCID: PMC4049437 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma presents with a preference for the head and neck region, and shows a distinct aggressive behavior, with frequent local recurrences, regional and distant metastasis. The alterations in the cadherin-catenin complex are fundamental requirements for the metastasis process, and this is the first study to evaluate the immunostaining of E-cadherin and β-catenin in oral basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. Methods Seventeen cases of this tumor located exclusively in the mouth were compared to 26 cases of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and 28 cases of well to moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma matched by stage and tumor site. The immunostaining of E-cadherin and β-catenin were evaluated in the three groups and compared to their clinicopathological features and prognosis. Results For groups poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma, reduction or absence of E-cadherin staining was observed in more than 80.0% of carcinomas, and it was statistically significant compared to well to moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (p = .019). A strong expression of β-catenin was observed in 26.9% and 20.8% of well to moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, respectively, and in 41.2% of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. The 5-year and 10-year overall and disease-free survival rates demonstrated no significant differences among all three groups. Conclusions The clinical and biological behavior of three groups of the oral cavity tumors evaluated are similar. E-cadherin and β-catenin immunostaining showed no prognostic value for basaloid and conventional squamous cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Adolfo Costa Hanemann
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Alfenas Federal University, 700, CEP 37130-000 Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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Jayasooriya PR, Tilakaratne WM, Mendis BRRN, Lombardi T. A literature review on oral basaloid squamous cell carcinomas, with special emphasis on etiology. Ann Diagn Pathol 2013; 17:547-51. [PMID: 24157420 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, basaloid squamous cell carcinomas (BSCCs) have gained attention because of (1) observation of a relative increase in the number of tumors arising particularly in head and neck sites, (2) identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) in BSCCs arising predominantly in the oropharynx, and (3) controversies that exist regarding the biological aggressiveness of the tumor. The objective of the present review was to address the issues mentioned above by focusing primarily on oral BSCCs, using literature that has been published in the English language up to 2013. According to the literature review, oral BSCCs were found to be relatively more common in elderly patients with a mean age of 64 years. A male predominance with a male/female ratio of 3:1 was observed. The predominant site was the tongue, with almost half of the reported cases occurring at this site, followed by the floor of the mouth and palate. With reference to habit history, majority were found to be tobacco and alcohol users. However, only 3 studies revealed data on HPV status of purely oral BSCC, and according to the results of these studies, of the 17 tumors tested, 4 had harbored high-risk HPV. Furthermore, most oral BSCCs were in an advanced clinical stage, namely, stage III or IV with T3 or T4 lesions and cervical lymph node metastasis at initial presentation, whereas 41% of patients had presented with local recurrences and 45% had died of the disease. In conclusion, although, the present literature review found enough evidence to consider tobacco and alcohol as risk factors for the development of oral BSCC, steps should be taken to fill the gap in our knowledge that exist with reference to contribution of oncoviruses, particularly HPV in the etiology of oral BSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primali Rukmal Jayasooriya
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
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Ishida M, Okabe H. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus: Report of two cases in association with cathepsin K expression. Oncol Lett 2013; 5:1755-1759. [PMID: 23833636 PMCID: PMC3700937 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma. The occurrence of BSCC in the nasal cavity is extremely rare. In the present study, two cases of BSCC occurring in the maxillary sinus are reported and the clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical characteristics of this rare tumor are discussed. Two patients, aged 85 (case 1) and 60 years (case 2), presented with nasal tumors and persistent nasal obstruction. In each case, the biopsy or resected specimen of the maxillary sinus tumor revealed an infiltrative proliferation of solid epithelial nests composed of basaloid cells exhibiting hyperchromatic nuclei without conspicuous nucleoli and scant cytoplasm. Mitotic figures were frequently observed and spherical hyalinized materials were present within the tumor nests. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells exhibited diffuse positive immunoreactivity for p63 and perinuclear dot-like positivity for vimentin, leading to a final diagnosis of BSCC of the maxillary sinus. Furthermore, it was demonstrated for the first time in the two cases that cathepsin K, a cysteine protease with marked collagenolytic and elastolytic activities, was expressed in a diffuse manner. One patient (case 2) succumbed to multiple metastases, while the other (case 1) remains alive with the disease. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that cathepsin K was immunopositive in two cases of BSCC of the maxillary sinus and that it may be involved in tumor invasion by this highly aggressive carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Ishida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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Zvrko E, Knežević V, Golubović M. BASALOID SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE LARYNX: A CASE REPORT. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2013. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2013.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Fritsch VA, Lentsch EJ. Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 148:611-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599812474793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is considered an aggressive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) variant. However, we hypothesized that BSCC of the oropharynx may carry a similar prognosis to SCC. A series of exclusively oropharyngeal BSCC patients has not been previously reported. Our objective was to describe the clinical presentation and prognosis of BSCC in a large series of patients with BSCC of the oropharynx and to compare these with a series of patients with conventional-type oropharyngeal SCC. Study Design Retrospective analysis of population-based data. Setting Data reported by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program are based on medical records of patients who are treated at academic medical centers, community and county hospitals, and health maintenance organizations. Subjects and Methods Clinicopathologic data and disease-specific survival (DSS) were compared between 650 patients with oropharyngeal BSCC and 19,484 with SCC. Results High-grade tumors and nodal metastasis were more common in the BSCC group ( P < .02). On multivariable analysis controlling for disease stage, BSCC patients had improved DSS ( P < .001). More BSCC patients received multimodality treatment ( P < .001). Disease-specific survival was similar in BSCC and SCC patients who were treated with primary surgery; however, among patients who received radiotherapy, DSS was better for those with BSCC ( P < .04). Conclusion Analysis of the largest oropharyngeal BSCC series to date demonstrates that BSCC of the oropharynx carries a more favorable prognosis than conventional-type oropharyngeal SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A. Fritsch
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Eric J. Lentsch
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Rachel JR, Kumar NS, Jain NK. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of retromolar trigone: A case report with review of literature. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2013; 15:192-6. [PMID: 22529579 PMCID: PMC3329705 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.84495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare distinct histologic variant of squamous - cell carcinoma of the head and neck region. BSCC is more aggressive and has a poorer prognosis, although histologically, it is associated with squamous cell carcinoma and squamous atypia. The usual site of occurrence for BSCC is the upper aerodigestive tract, floor of the mouth and base of the tongue. This is a case report of an unusual case of BSCC of retromolar trigone, which is quite rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rachel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Vinayaka Mission's Sankarachariyar Dental College and Hospital, Ariyanoor, Salem, India
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Gropper AB, Girouard SD, Hojman LP, Huang SJ, Qian X, Murphy GF, Vleugels RA. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma of the posterior neck: case report and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2012; 39:526-34. [PMID: 22515224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2012.01871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although primary basal cell carcinoma (BCC) represents an extremely common malignancy, metastases derived from BCC are exceedingly rare. The prognosis for metastatic BCC is poor, and little consensus exists regarding predictive factors or optimal treatment strategies. Here, we present the case of a 63-year-old man with BCC of the neck who subsequently developed multiple metastases to subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes, and the parotid gland. Risk factors and clinical features of metastatic BCC are reviewed, as is the relationship of histopathologic subtype to metastatic behavior. Current chemotherapeutic and targeted therapies also are discussed in the context of recent advances in molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne B Gropper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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