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Hitzemann M, Kirk AT, Lippmann M, Bohnhorst A, Zimmermann S. Miniaturized Drift Tube Ion Mobility Spectrometer with Ultra-Fast Polarity Switching. Anal Chem 2022; 94:777-786. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hitzemann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T. Kirk
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Lippmann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Bohnhorst
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Lattouf E, Anttalainen O, Kotiaho T, Hakulinen H, Vanninen P, Eiceman G. Parametric Sensitivity in a Generalized Model for Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2218-2226. [PMID: 34264074 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gas phase reactions between hydrated protons H+(H2O)n and a substance M, as seen in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) with mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), were modeled computationally using initial amounts of [M] and [H+(H2O)n], rate constants k1 to form protonated monomer (MH+(H2O)x) and k2 to form proton bound dimer (M2H+(H2O)z), and diffusion constants. At 1 × 1010 cm-3 (0.4 ppb) for [H+(H2O)n] and vapor concentrations for M from 10 ppb to 10 ppm, a maximum signal was reached at 4.5 μs to 4.6 ms for MH+(H2O)x and 7.8 μs to 46 ms for M2H+(H2O)z. Maximum yield for protonated monomer for a reaction time of 1 ms was ∼40% for k1 from 10-11 to 10-8 cm3·s-1, for k2/k1 = 0.8, and specific values of [M]. This model demonstrates that ion distributions could be shifted from [M2H+(H2O)z] to [MH+(H2O)x] using excessive levels of [H+(H2O)n], even for [M] > 10 ppb, as commonly found in APCI MS and IMS measurements. Ion losses by collisions on surfaces were insignificant with losses of <0.5% for protonated monomer and <0.1% for proton bound dimer of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) at 5 ms. In this model, ion production in an APCI environment is treated over ranges of parameters important in mass spectrometric measurements. The models establish a foundation for detailed computations on response with mixtures of neutral substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Lattouf
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Osmo Anttalainen
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Hakulinen
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gary Eiceman
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, 1175 N Horseshoe Drive, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
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Kirk AT, Kueddelsmann MJ, Bohnhorst A, Lippmann M, Zimmermann S. Improving Ion Mobility Spectrometer Sensitivity through the Extended Field Switching Ion Shutter. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4838-4847. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar T. Kirk
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian J. Kueddelsmann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Bohnhorst
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Lippmann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Bunert E, Berger M, Kirk AT, Zimmermann S. Non-radioactive electron source with nanosecond pulse modulation for atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:113306. [PMID: 31779458 DOI: 10.1063/1.5126507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometers (IMSs) are well-known instruments for fast and ultrasensitive trace gas detection. In recent years, we introduced a compact nonradioactive electron source providing a defined current of free electrons with high kinetic energy at atmospheric pressure for initiating a chemical gas phase ionization of the analytes identical to radioactive sources. Besides its nonradioactivity, one major advantage of this electron source is its controlled electron emission current even in pulsed mode. By optimizing the geometric parameters and developing faster control electronics, we now achieve electron pulses with extremely short pulse widths down to 23 ns. This allows us to kinetically control the formation of reactants and analyte ions by chemical gas phase ionization (e.g., reducing discrimination processes caused by competing ionization), enhancing the analytical performance of the IMS. However, this paper concentrates on the pulsed electron source. For its characterization, we developed a measurement setup, which allows the detection of nanosecond electron pulses with amplitudes of only a few nanoamperes. Furthermore, we investigated the spatial ion distribution in the ionization region depending on several operating parameters, such as the kinetic electron energy or the ionization time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Bunert
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Berger
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Bohnhorst A, Kirk AT, Yin Y, Zimmermann S. Ion Fragmentation and Filtering by Alpha Function in Ion Mobility Spectrometry for Improved Compound Differentiation. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8941-8947. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bohnhorst
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T. Kirk
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yu Yin
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Asadi M, Valadbeigi Y, Tabrizchi M. Thermionic sodium ion source versus corona discharge in detection of alkaloids using ion mobility spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-019-00249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bunert E, Kirk AT, Käbein O, Zimmermann S. Comparison of spatial ion distributions from different ionization sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-018-0241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vautz W, Franzke J, Zampolli S, Elmi I, Liedtke S. On the potential of ion mobility spectrometry coupled to GC pre-separation – A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1024:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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