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Satoh Y, Hanaoka K, Ikegawa C, Imai M, Watanabe S, Morimoto-Ishikawa D, Onishi H, Ito T, Komoike Y, Ishii K. Organ-Specific Positron Emission Tomography Scanners for Breast Imaging: Comparison between the Performances of Prior and Novel Models. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13061079. [PMID: 36980385 PMCID: PMC10047304 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The performances of photomultiplier tube (PMT)-based dedicated breast positron emission tomography (PET) and silicon photomultiplier tube (SiPM)-based time-of-flight (TOF) PET, which is applicable not only to breast imaging but also to head imaging, were compared using a phantom study. A cylindrical phantom containing four spheres (3–10 mm in diameter) filled with 18F-FDG at two signal-to-background ratios (SBRs), 4:1 and 8:1, was scanned. The phantom images, which were reconstructed using three-dimensional list-mode dynamic row-action maximum likelihood algorithm with various β-values and post-smoothing filters, were visually and quantitatively compared. Visual evaluation showed that the 3 mm sphere was more clearly visualized with higher β and smaller post-filters, while the background was noisier; SiPM-based TOF-PET was superior to PMT-based dbPET in sharpness, smoothness, and detectability, although the background was noisier at the SBR of 8:1. Quantitative evaluation revealed that the detection index (DI) and recovery coefficient (CRC) of SiPM-based TOF-PET images were higher than those of PMT-based PET images, despite a higher background coefficient of variation (CVBG). The two organ-specific PET systems showed that a 3 mm lesion in the breast could be visualized at the center of the detector, and there was less noise in the SiPM-based TOF-PET image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Satoh
- Yamanashi PET Imaging Clinic, Chuo 409-3821, Japan
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Kohei Hanaoka
- Division of Positron Emission Tomography, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan
| | | | | | - Shota Watanabe
- Division of Positron Emission Tomography, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morimoto-Ishikawa
- Division of Positron Emission Tomography, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onishi
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo 409-3898, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ito
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Komoike
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ishii
- Division of Positron Emission Tomography, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama 577-8502, Japan
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Fujioka T, Satoh Y, Imokawa T, Mori M, Yamaga E, Takahashi K, Kubota K, Onishi H, Tateishi U. Proposal to Improve the Image Quality of Short-Acquisition Time-Dedicated Breast Positron Emission Tomography Using the Pix2pix Generative Adversarial Network. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123114. [PMID: 36553120 PMCID: PMC9777139 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the ability of the pix2pix generative adversarial network (GAN) to improve the image quality of low-count dedicated breast positron emission tomography (dbPET). Pairs of full- and low-count dbPET images were collected from 49 breasts. An image synthesis model was constructed using pix2pix GAN for each acquisition time with training (3776 pairs from 16 breasts) and validation data (1652 pairs from 7 breasts). Test data included dbPET images synthesized by our model from 26 breasts with short acquisition times. Two breast radiologists visually compared the overall image quality of the original and synthesized images derived from the short-acquisition time data (scores of 1−5). Further quantitative evaluation was performed using a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM). In the visual evaluation, both readers revealed an average score of >3 for all images. The quantitative evaluation revealed significantly higher SSIM (p < 0.01) and PSNR (p < 0.01) for 26 s synthetic images and higher PSNR for 52 s images (p < 0.01) than for the original images. Our model improved the quality of low-count time dbPET synthetic images, with a more significant effect on images with lower counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Fujioka
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoko Satoh
- Yamanashi PET Imaging Clinic, Chuo City 409-3821, Japan
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City 409-3898, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomoki Imokawa
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Mio Mori
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Emi Yamaga
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kanae Takahashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kubota
- Department of Radiology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya 343-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onishi
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City 409-3898, Japan
| | - Ukihide Tateishi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Satoh Y, Imai M, Ikegawa C, Hirata K, Abo N, Kusuzaki M, Oyama-Manabe N, Onishi H. Effect of radioactivity outside the field of view on image quality of dedicated breast positron emission tomography: preliminary phantom and clinical studies. Ann Nucl Med 2022; 36:1010-1018. [PMID: 36207497 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-022-01789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Semi-quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) values, such as the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), are widely used to identify malignant lesions and evaluate the response to treatment. The image quality of ring-shaped dedicated breast positron emission tomography (dbPET) has been known to decrease the closer it is to the detector's edge. This study aimed to investigate the effect of radioactivity (RI) outside the detector field of view (FOV) on the image quality of the ring-shaped dbPET. METHODS A breast phantom containing the left myocardium, which was prepared using a 3D printer, filled with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) solution with various RI concentration ratios (RCRs) of myocardium to background and scanned with the edge of an apex positioned exactly in line with the edge of the FOV of the dbPET scanner. The phantom image quality was visually and quantitatively evaluated. Following the phantom study, left-right breast differences (the left breast uptake ratio to the right breast (LUR)) on clinical dbPET images of 74 women were quantitatively evaluated. The relationships between these parameters, clinical indices, and FDG uptake in the left myocardium on PET/computed tomography (CT) images were analyzed. RESULTS The phantom study showed that the higher the RCR of the myocardium and the closer it is to the top edge of the phantom, the higher is the pixel value of the dbPET images. In a clinical study, LUR was significantly correlated with myocardial SUVmax (r = 0.96, p < 0.0001) and metabolic myocardial volume (r = 0.63, p = 0.001) for whole-body PET/CT imaging. Although no significant correlations were found between LUR and age (r = 0.05, p = 0.6865), body mass index (r = 0.03, p = 0.8178), or distance between the left myocardial apex and chest wall (r = 0.16, p = 0.1667). CONCLUSIONS FDG uptake in the myocardium affected dbPET images of the left breast, especially near the chest wall. Further, the effect of RI outside the FOV, such as in the myocardium, must be considered in the quantitative evaluation of breast cancer using dbPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Satoh
- Yamanashi PET Imaging Clinic, Chuo City, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City, Yamanashi Prefecture, 409-3821, Japan.
| | - Masamichi Imai
- Yamanashi PET Imaging Clinic, Chuo City, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ikegawa
- Yamanashi PET Imaging Clinic, Chuo City, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirata
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Norifumi Abo
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mao Kusuzaki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noriko Oyama-Manabe
- Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onishi
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City, Yamanashi Prefecture, 409-3821, Japan
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Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the clinical feasibility of high-resolution dedicated breast positron emission tomography (dbPET) with real low-dose 18F-2-fluorodeoxy-d-glucose (18F-FDG) by comparing images acquired with full-dose FDG. Materials and methods Nine women with no history of breast cancer and previously scanned by dbPET injected with a clinical 18F-FDG dose (3 MBq/kg) were enrolled. They were injected with 50% of the clinical 18F-FDG dose and scanned with dbPET for 10 min for each breast 60 and 90 min after injection. To investigate the effect of the scan start time and acquisition time on image quality, list-mode data were divided into 1, 3, 5, and 7 min (and 10 min with 50% FDG injected) from the start of acquisition and reconstructed. The reconstructed images were visually and quantitatively compared for contrast between mammary gland and fat (contrast) and for coefficient of variation (CV) in the mammary gland. Results In visual evaluation, the contrast between the mammary gland and fat acquired at a 50% dose for 7 min was comparable and even better in smoothness than that in the images acquired at a 100% dose. No visual difference between the images with a 50% dose was found with scan start times 60 and 90 min after injection. Quantitative evaluation showed a slightly lower contrast in the image at 60 min after 50% dosing, with no difference between acquisition times. There was no difference in CV between conditions; however, smoothness decreased with shorter acquisition time in all conditions. Conclusions The quality of dbPET images with a 50% FDG dose was high enough for clinical application. Although the optimal scan start time for improved lesion-to-background mammary gland contrast remained unknown in this study, it will be clarified in future studies of breast cancer patients.
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Satoh Y, Imokawa T, Fujioka T, Mori M, Yamaga E, Takahashi K, Takahashi K, Kawase T, Kubota K, Tateishi U, Onishi H. Deep learning for image classification in dedicated breast positron emission tomography (dbPET). Ann Nucl Med 2022; 36:401-410. [PMID: 35084712 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-022-01719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate and determine the best deep learning (DL) model to predict breast cancer (BC) with dedicated breast positron emission tomography (dbPET) images. METHODS Of the 1598 women who underwent dbPET examination between April 2015 and August 2020, a total of 618 breasts on 309 examinations for 284 women who were diagnosed with BC or non-BC were analyzed in this retrospective study. The Xception-based DL model was trained to predict BC or non-BC using dbPET images from 458 breasts of 109 BCs and 349 non-BCs, which consisted of mediallateral and craniocaudal maximum intensity projection images, respectively. It was tested using dbPET images from 160 breasts of 43 BC and 117 non-BC. Two expert radiologists and two radiology residents also interpreted them. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were calculated. RESULTS Our DL model had a sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 93%, respectively, while radiologists had a sensitivity and specificity of 77-89% and 79-100%, respectively. Diagnostic performance of our model (AUC = 0.937) tended to be superior to that of residents (AUC = 0.876 and 0.868, p = 0.073 and 0.073), although not significantly different. Moreover, no significant differences were found between the model and experts (AUC = 0.983 and 0.941, p = 0.095 and 0.907). CONCLUSIONS Our DL model could be applied to dbPET and achieve the same diagnostic ability as that of experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Satoh
- Yamanashi PET Imaging Clinic, Chuo City, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Tomoki Imokawa
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujioka
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mio Mori
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Yamaga
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanae Takahashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Takahashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kawase
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kubota
- Department of Radiology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Ukihide Tateishi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onishi
- Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo City, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan
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