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Katib S, Apichai S, Pattananandecha T, Jiaranaikulwanitch J, Sirithunyalug B, Grudpan K, Saenjum C. Development of a sustainable procedure for smartphone-based colorimetric determination of benzalkonium chloride in pharmaceutical preparations. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28965. [PMID: 38694067 PMCID: PMC11061672 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A sustainable procedure offering green, simple, and rapid analysis was developed to determine benzalkonium chloride (BKC) in pharmaceutical preparations. The determination using smartphones was based on the ion pair colorimetric reaction with bromothymol blue (BTB), which produces a yellow color. The intensity of the product color, which is proportional to the concentration of BKC, was detected and evaluated using a smartphone camera and an image processing application. The procedure was performed in a microliter and was rapidly detected within 1 min after incubation. This offered high throughput at 28 samples per well plate in duplicate. Linear calibration, which was a plot of BKC concentrations and relative red intensities, was in the range of 2.0-24.0 μg/mL with an R2 of 0.997. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were 1.0 and 3.2 μg/mL, respectively. This work was successful in applying it to pharmaceutical materials, disinfectant products, and pharmaceutical products containing BKC. It was discovered that the concentrations of BKC as an active ingredient in pharmaceutical materials were 82% w/v, whereas those in disinfectant products ranged from 0.4 to 2.1% w/v. In pharmaceutical products, ophthalmic drops and nasal sprays contain BKC as preservatives in the 0.01-0.02, and the 0.02% w/v, respectively. The results obtained by the proposed procedure compared with a reference titration method showed no significant differences at a 95% confidence level with 1.2-3.4% RSDs. This promotes the efficiency of pharmaceutical preparations regarding infection prevention and control by ensuring that available disinfectants contain a sufficient concentration of BKC. Additionally, this improves the efficiency of pharmaceutical preparations for quality control of pharmaceutical products by ensuring that the available preservatives maintain a sufficient concentration throughout the lifespan of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suphakorn Katib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sutasinee Apichai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thanawat Pattananandecha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jutamas Jiaranaikulwanitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Busaban Sirithunyalug
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kate Grudpan
- Research Center for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chalermpong Saenjum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity Based Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Liu C, Wei Z, Huo Z, Fu S, Li S, Yang Y, Shi J, Wu Q. Constructing a Contact-Active Antimicrobial Surface Based on Quarternized Amphiphilic Carbonaceous Particles against Biofilms. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5048-5055. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Institutes of Environment and Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhihong Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Institutes of Environment and Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhiyuan Huo
- College of Pharmacy, Institutes of Environment and Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Shuang Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Institutes of Environment and Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Kaifeng Health School (Medical Department of Kaifeng University), Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Institutes of Environment and Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jiahua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Institutes of Environment and Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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Distance-based paper device using polydiacetylene liposome as a chromogenic substance for rapid and in-field analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3221-3230. [PMID: 32242258 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an affordable distance-based microfluidic paper-based device (μPAD), using polydiacetylene (PDA) liposome as a chromogenic substance with a smartphone-based photo editor, for rapid and in-field analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) (e.g., didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), benzyldimethyltetradecyl ammonium chloride (BAC), and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)). In-field analysis of these compounds is important to ensure their antimicrobial activity and user safety since they are widely utilized as disinfectants in households and hospitals. The μPAD featured a thermometer-like shape consisting of a sample reservoir and a microchannel as the detection zone, which was pre-deposited with PDA liposome. The color change from blue to red appeared in the presence of QACs and the color bar lengths were proportional to the QAC concentrations. Reactions of QACs with the PDA required a specific pH range (from pH 4.0 to 10.0) and a readout time of 7 min. Analytical performance characteristics of the device were tested with DDAC, BAC, and CPC showing acceptable specificity, accuracy (96.1-109.4%), and precision (%RSDs ≤ 9.3%). Limits of detection and quantitation were in the ranges of 20 to 80 and 70 to 250 μM, respectively. Feasibility of the newly developed device was demonstrated for in-field analysis of QACs in fumigation solution providing comparable results with those obtained from a colorimetric assay (P > 0.05). The proposed device shows potentials for further applications of other analytes since it offers speed, simplicity, and affordability for in-field analysis, especially in remote areas where expertise, resources, and infrastructures are limited. Graphical abstract.
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Serra-Mora P, Muñoz-Ortuño M, Gallego-Prieto P, Verdú-Andrés J, Herráez-Hernández R, Campíns-Falcó P. Cotton swabs supported in-situ assay for quaternary ammonium compounds residues in effluents and surfaces. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xian Y, Dong H, Wu Y, Guo X, Hou X, Wang B. QuEChERS-based purification method coupled to ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) to determine six quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in dairy products. Food Chem 2016; 212:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kane DM, Getty KJK, Mayer B, Mazzotta A. Sanitizing in Dry-Processing Environments Using Isopropyl Alcohol Quaternary Ammonium Formula. J Food Prot 2016; 79:112-6. [PMID: 26735036 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dry-processing environments are particularly challenging to clean and sanitize because introduced water can favor growth and establishment of pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella. Our objective was to determine the efficacy of an isopropyl alcohol quaternary ammonium (IPAQuat) formula for eliminating potential Salmonella contamination on food contact surfaces. Clean stainless steel coupons and conveyor belt materials used in dry-processing environments were spot inoculated in the center of coupons (5 by 5 cm) with a six-serotype composite of Salmonella (approximately 10 log CFU/ml), subjected to IPAQuat sanitizer treatments with exposure times of 30 s, 1 min, or 5 min, and then swabbed for enumeration of posttreatment survivors. A subset of inoculated surfaces was soiled with a breadcrumb-flour blend and allowed to sit on the laboratory bench for a minimum of 16 h before sanitation. Pretreatment Salmonella populations (inoculated controls, 0 s treatment) were approximately 7.0 log CFU/25 cm(2), and posttreatment survivors were 1.31, 0.72, and < 0.7 (detection limit) log CFU/25 cm(2) after sanitizer exposure for 30 s, 1 min, or 5 min, respectively, for both clean (no added soil) and soiled surfaces. Treatment with the IPAQuat formula using 30-s sanitizer exposures resulted in 5.68-log reductions, whereas >6.0-log reductions were observed for sanitizer exposures of 1 and 5 min. Because water is not introduced into the processing environment with this approach, the IPAQuat formula could have sanitation applications in dry-processing environments to eliminate potential contamination from Salmonella on food contact surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Kane
- Campbell Soup Company, 1 Campbell Place, Box 57Q, Camden, New Jersey 08103, USA; Food Science Institute and Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, 216 Call Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA; AeroFarms, 89 Market Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Kelly J K Getty
- Food Science Institute and Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, 216 Call Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
| | - Brian Mayer
- Campbell Soup Company, 1 Campbell Place, Box 57Q, Camden, New Jersey 08103, USA
| | - Alejandro Mazzotta
- Food Science Institute and Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, 216 Call Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA; Chobani, 147 State Highway 320, Norwich, New York 13815, USA
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Mousavi ZE, Fanning S, Butler F. Effect of surface properties of different food contact materials on the efficiency of quaternary ammonium compounds residue recovery and persistence. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab E. Mousavi
- School of Biosystems Engineering; Agriculture and Food Science Centre; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4; Ireland
| | - Seamus Fanning
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4; Ireland
| | - Francis Butler
- School of Biosystems Engineering; Agriculture and Food Science Centre; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4; Ireland
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