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Advantages of Multiplexing Ability of the Orbitrap Mass Analyzer in the Multi-Mycotoxin Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020134. [PMID: 36828448 PMCID: PMC9965799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In routine measurements, the length of the analysis time and nfumber of samples analysed during a time unit are crucial parameters, which are especially important for the food analysis, particularly in the case of mycotoxin determinations. High-resolution equipment, including time-of-flight or Orbitrap analyzators, can provide stable instrumental background for high-throughput analyses. In this report, a short, 1 min MS-based multi-mycotoxin method was developed with the application of a short column as a reduced chromatographic separation, taking advantages of the multiplexing and high-resolution capability of the QExactive Orbitrap MS possessing sub-1 ppm mass accuracy. The performance of the method was evaluated regarding selectivity, LOD, LOQ, linearity, matrix effect, and recovery, and compared to a UHPLC-MS/MS method. The final multiplexing method was able to quantify 11 mycotoxins in defined ranges (aflatoxins (corn, 2.8-600 μg/kg; wheat, 1.5-350 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (corn, 640-9600 μg/kg; wheat, 128-3500 μg/kg), fumonisins (corn, 20-1500 μg/kg; wheat, 30-3500 μg/kg), HT-2 (corn, 64-5200 μg/kg; wheat, 61-3500 μg/kg), T-2 (corn, 10-800 μg/kg; wheat, 4-250 μg/kg), ochratoxin (corn, 4.7-600 μg/kg; wheat, 1-1000 μg/kg), zearalenone (corn, 64-4800 μg/kg; wheat, 4-500 μg/kg)) within one minute in corn and wheat matrices at the MRL levels stated by the European Union.
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Mycotoxins Contamination in Rice: Analytical Methods, Occurrence and Detoxification Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090647. [PMID: 36136585 PMCID: PMC9504649 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of mycotoxins in the environment is associated with potential crop contamination, which results in an unavoidable increase in human exposure. Rice, being the second most consumed cereal worldwide, constitutes an important source of potential contamination by mycotoxins. Due to the increasing number of notifications reported, and the occurrence of mycotoxins at levels above the legislated limits, this work intends to compile the most relevant studies and review the main methods used in the detection and quantification of these compounds in rice. The aflatoxins and ochratoxin A are the predominant mycotoxins detected in rice grain and these data reveal the importance of adopting safety storage practices that prevent the growth of producing fungi from the Aspergillus genus along all the rice chain. Immunoaffinity columns (IAC) and QuECHERS are the preferred methods for extraction and purification and HPLC-MS/MS is preferred for quantification purposes. Further investigation is still required to establish the real exposition of these contaminants, as well as the consequences and possible synergistic effects due to the co-occurrence of mycotoxins and also for emergent and masked mycotoxins.
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Stability of a calibrant as certified reference material for determination of trans-zearalenone by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3631-3641. [PMID: 35305116 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a trans-zearalenone (trans-ZEN) calibrant in acetonitrile as certified reference material (CRM) was prepared and intensively investigated the stability by high performance liquid chromatography coupled diode array detection and triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). The photoisomerization and degradation of main component and related impurities in trans-ZEN calibrant CRM was studied in detail under different light conditions such as UV light (254 nm), sunlight, and visible light. Trans-ZEN in acetonitrile was confirmed a significant shift toward cis-ZEN up to a 52% cis-isomerization rate after exposing to UV light (254 nm) in transparent ampule for 1 day. The unsaturated double bond photosensitive groups of trans-ZEN and cis-ZEN will further undergo photoreaction to generate more isomers and related products with the increase of UV irradiation time. The calibrant in amber ampules was relatively stable after exposing to sunlight for 28 days, with only 0.35% cis-isomer observed. The results indicated that trans-ZEN solution calibrant should be packed in amber ampules to avoid UV rays. Thermal stability test exhibited this calibrant was stable over 6 weeks even at 60 °C. Trans-ZEN was found to be more stable in acetonitrile than in methanol since an unknown impurity was observed in methanol after 6 weeks placed at 25 °C. The stability study of trans-ZEN calibrant provided a basis for the usage, storage, and transportation of the CRM. A concentration and expanded uncertainty of the trans-ZEN calibrant CRM of 11.01 ± 0.18 µg/mL was developed.
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González-Jartín JM, Alfonso A, Sainz MJ, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Multi-detection method for mycotoxins with a modified QuEChERS extraction in feed and development of a simple detoxification procedure. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mycotoxins Analysis in Cereals and Related Foodstuffs by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Techniques. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8888117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the entire world, cereals and related foodstuffs are used as an important source of energy, minerals, and vitamins. Nevertheless, their contamination with mycotoxins kept special attention due to harmful effects on human health. The present paper was conducted to evaluate published studies regarding the identification and characterization of mycotoxins in cereals and related foodstuffs by liquid chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. For sample preparation, published studies based on the development of extraction and clean-up strategies including solid-phase extraction, solid-liquid extraction, and immunoaffinity columns, as well as on methods based on minimum clean-up (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)) technology, are examined. LC-MS/MS has become the golden method for the simultaneous multimycotoxin analysis, with different sample preparation approaches, due to the range of different physicochemical properties of these toxic products. Therefore, this new strategy can be an alternative for fast, simple, and accurate determination of multiclass mycotoxins in complex cereal samples.
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Varga E, Ladányi M, Fodor P, Soros C. Comparison of QuEChERS and "dilute and shoot" extraction methods for multi-mycotoxin analysis of samples from button mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus) cultivation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 56:99-108. [PMID: 33571042 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1852046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several components of mushroom compost (wheat straw, chicken manure) can be contaminated with mycotoxins posing food health risks to mushroom consumers. To assess the relevance of such contaminations high-throughput analytical methods are needed. In this study, two sample preparation approaches, dilute & shoot (D&S) and modified citrate buffered Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS) were compared in terms of extraction efficiency and matrix effect in case of 13 mycotoxins in complex matrices-wheat straw, the growing media and button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)-of mushroom cultivation using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). D&S method resulted in recoveries of LB medium, button mushroom and compost for ≥60% in case of all investigated mycotoxins except for DON-3G. However, using modified citrate buffered QuEChERS with 2% acidification of the extraction solvent showed the complete loss of strongly polar DON-3G and fumonisin B1 (FB1). The investigated matrices had suppressive effect on ionization in all target mycotoxins except for FB1. Regarding the use of isotopologues to compensate matrix effect, even U-[13C15]-DON and U-[13C24]-T-2 can also be used to quantify their related metabolites in the studied matrices, using internal standard method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Varga
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Ladányi
- Faculty of Horticultural Science, Department of Biometrics and Agricultural Informatics, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Fodor
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Soros
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
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Sapozhnikova Y, Zomer P, Gerssen A, Nuñez A, Mol HG. Evaluation of flow injection mass spectrometry approach for rapid screening of selected pesticides and mycotoxins in grain and animal feed samples. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Recent Advances and Trends in Applications of Solid-Phase Extraction Techniques in Food and Environmental Analysis. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Impact of pre-harvest rainfall on the distribution of fusarium mycotoxins in wheat mill fractions. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Malachová A, Stránská M, Václavíková M, Elliott CT, Black C, Meneely J, Hajšlová J, Ezekiel CN, Schuhmacher R, Krska R. Advanced LC-MS-based methods to study the co-occurrence and metabolization of multiple mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based food. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:801-825. [PMID: 29273904 PMCID: PMC5775372 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) is widely used for the determination of mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based products. In addition to the regulated mycotoxins, for which official control is required, LC-MS is often used for the screening of a large range of mycotoxins and/or for the identification and characterization of novel metabolites. This review provides insight into the LC-MS methods used for the determination of co-occurring mycotoxins with special emphasis on multiple-analyte applications. The first part of the review is focused on targeted LC-MS approaches using cleanup methods such as solid-phase extraction and immunoaffinity chromatography, as well as on methods based on minimum cleanup (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe; QuEChERS) and dilute and shoot. The second part of the review deals with the untargeted determination of mycotoxins by LC coupled with high-resolution MS, which includes also metabolomics techniques to study the fate of mycotoxins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Malachová
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Milena Stránská
- Department of Food Analysis & Nutrition, Faculty of Food & Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry & Technology, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Václavíková
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Connor Black
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Department of Food Analysis & Nutrition, Faculty of Food & Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry & Technology, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, 121103, Nigeria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
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Development of a nanoarray capable of the rapid and simultaneous detection of zearalenone, T2-toxin and fumonisin. Talanta 2017; 164:368-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Amelin VG, Lavrukhina OI. Food safety assurance using methods of chemical analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Recent Advances and Developments in the QuEChERS Method. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Berthiller F, Brera C, Crews C, Iha M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stroka J, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2014-2015. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2014 and mid-2015. In tradition with previous articles of this series, analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are new methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed LC-MS based multi-mycotoxin methods. The critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address shortcomings of current methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Vienna, Austria
| | - C. Brera
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety – GMO and mycotoxins unit, ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - C. Crews
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - M.H. Iha
- Laboratorio I de Ribeiro Preto, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Rua Minas 877, CEP 14085-410 Ribeiro Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - R. Krska
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - S. MacDonald
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr., Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA-ARS NCAUR, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | | | - J. Stroka
- IRMM, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - T.B. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
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