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Olgun M, Sivrikaya Özak S, Dalmaz A. Spectrophotometric determination for green hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based microextraction of Brilliant Blue FCF (E133) from beverages. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1736:465374. [PMID: 39298926 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a simple, sensitive, and rapid method called green hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based liquid-liquid microextraction was developed to extract Brilliant Blue FCF dye from beverages. This method utilizes hydrophobic DES obtained by forming tetrabutylammonium bromide and 1-octanol in a 1:5 ratio as green extraction solvent. The transition of Brilliant Blue FCF to the DES phase occurred on its own, without the need for any reagents such as added salt or tetrahydrofuran. Several crucial factors were tried to get the best extraction efficiency, including species, DES volume and molar ratio, solution pH, ultrasonication, and centrifugation time. Under optimum conditions, extraction recoveries were achieved in the range of 95.1-101.3 % with the method developed for Brilliant Blue FCF. The detection and determination limits were observed to be 4.1 μg l-1 and 12.1 μg l-1, respectively. In addition, the relative standard deviation values for the method's accuracy were found to be 2.23 % and 3.48 % within and between days, respectively. It has been established that the developed method is highly environmentally friendly thanks to the application of the Analytical GREENness (AGREE) and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) tools. This study shows that DES applications can be carried out without the use of emulsifiers and dispersants by prioritizing the use of hydrophobic DES compounds as environmentally friendly and green extraction solvents in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Olgun
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate Education Institute, Düzce University, Düzce 81620, Turkey
| | - Sezen Sivrikaya Özak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Düzce University, Düzce 81620, Turkey.
| | - Aslıhan Dalmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Düzce University, Düzce 81620, Turkey
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Yao K, Jiang R, Wang P, Zhang J, Shao B, Ding X. Comparison of aqueous and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis for the determination of four benzalkonium chloride homologues in compound chemical disinfectants. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31797. [PMID: 38845926 PMCID: PMC11154611 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A new method was established for the simultaneous analysis of four homologous benzalkonium chlorides (dodecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, tetradecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, hexadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, and octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride) in compound chemical disinfectants using non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (CE) based on a micellar electrokinetic chromatography mode with direct ultraviolet detection. The separation was performed on an uncoated fused quartz capillary with a total length of 60.2 cm and a diameter of 25 μm. The separation buffer consisted of a mixture of methanol/acetonitrile (60:40, v/v) containing 70 mmol/L sodium acetate, 60 mmol/L trifluoroacetic acid and 20 mmol/L sodium dodecyl sulfate. The sample buffer was a methanol solution containing only 2 mmol/L trifluoroacetic acid. The separation voltage was set at 8 kV with a working current of approximately 2.3 μA. The detection wavelength was 214 nm. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection and limit of quantification for these four benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) were 1.0 mg/L and 5.0 mg/L, respectively. Good linearities were observed in the concentration ranges from 5.0 to 100.0 mg/L, with correlation coefficients above 0.999 for all compounds. The recoveries of these four BACs ranged from 92.5 % to 109.1 % with relative standard deviations below 4.7 %. With the new method, all four BACs could be analyzed in a single injection. In contrast, the aqueous CE method in the National Standard GB/T 26369-2020 only allowed for the simultaneous analysis of the first three homologous. The new method demonstrated the improved peak shape compared to the aqueous CE method and then was successfully applied to the analysis of 19 commercially available samples, such as object table disinfectants, hand sanitizers, and disinfectant wipes, which claimed to contain quaternary ammonium compound. The results obtained using the new method were compared with those of the aqueous CE of the National Standard Method, and no statistically significant differences were observed. The new method is simple in pre-treatment and provides accurate results, making it highly suitable for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ping Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Xiaojing Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
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Zhu K, Chen Y, Yu L, Hou C, Qiao X, Wang T. Determination of neotame in various foods by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection. Food Chem 2023; 416:135863. [PMID: 36898340 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical technique involving protein precipitation, heating, lipid degreasing, and SPE procedures combined with HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS/MS has been developed for the determination of neotame in a variety of food samples. This method is applicable for high-protein, high-lipid, or gum-based solid samples. The limit of detection of the HPLC-UV method was 0.5 μg/mL, while that of the HPLC-MS/MS method was 3.3 ng/mL. The spiked recoveries of neotame in 73 kinds of foods were in the range of 81.1-107.2 % with UV detection. The spiked recoveries obtained by HPLC-MS/MS in 14 kinds of foods ranged from 81.6 % to 105.8 %. This technique was successfully used to determine the contents of neotame in two positive samples, indicating its applicability in food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Zhu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Yihui Chen
- Ningbo Customs Technology Center, Ningbo 315040, PR China.
| | - Lanlan Yu
- Ningbo Customs Technology Center, Ningbo 315040, PR China
| | - Chunyan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Tingting Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, PR China; Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo 315201, PR China.
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Chen L, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Shi D, Feng XS. Sweeteners in food samples: An update on pretreatment and analysis techniques since 2015. Food Chem 2023; 408:135248. [PMID: 36571882 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sweeteners play an irreplaceable role in daily life and have been found in multitudinous food products. However, excessive or unreasonable intake of sweeteners as food additives brings about untoward problems due to the accumulation in the human body. Therefore, a comprehensive review of different sweeteners' pretreatment and determination methods is urgently needed. In this review, we comprehensively reviewed the progress of different pretreatment and detection methods for sweeteners in various food, focusing on the latest development since 2015. Current state-of-the-art technologies, such as headspace single-drop microextraction, ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction, solid-phase microextraction, two-dimensional liquid chromatography, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, are thoroughly discussed. The advantages, disadvantages, critical comments, and future perspectives are also proposed. This review is expected to provide rewarding insights into the future development and broad application of pretreatment and detection methods for sweeteners in different food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Du Shi
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Shi Z, Li X, Wu Y, Chen M, Zhang H. Determination of Synthetic Colorants in Beverages by Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Effervescence-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:887-897. [PMID: 33529307 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based effervescence-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was proposed for the determination of four synthetic colorants in beverages by high-performance liquid chromatography. In this method, DES synthesized from choline chloride and phenol was used as extractant. The dispersion of DES was assisted by in situ CO2 produced from the effervescence reaction between NaH2PO4 and Na2CO3 without using any organic solvent or auxiliary equipment. Furthermore, phase separation occurred naturally in the presence of the salt products of effervescence reaction, without the addition of any other salting out reagents. Some important parameters, such as species, molar ratio and volume of DES, composition and amount of effervescent agents, were optimized to achieve the best extraction efficiency. Under the optimal conditions, extraction recoveries were obtained for the analytes in the range of 83.5-114.8%. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.6-3.0 ng/mL. Relative standard deviations for intra- and interday precision were <4.68 and 6.08%, respectively. This simple, rapid, cost-effective and environmentally friendly method has been successfully applied to the analysis of synthetic colorants in 10 kinds of beverage samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Shi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University; Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xinye Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University; Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University; Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Man Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University; Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University; Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
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Feng J, Li J, Huang W, Cheng H, Zhang Z, Li L. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Determination of Five Trace Food Additives in Beverage Samples Using Counterflow Transient Isotachophoresis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hu W, Chen S, Li Y, Wang Q, Fang Z. X-ray absorption spectrum combined with deep neural network for on-line detection of beverage preservatives. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:103108. [PMID: 30399815 DOI: 10.1063/1.5048281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at the problem that the common preservative detection methods are too cumbersome and costly, a rapid on-line detection method based on X-ray absorption spectrum (XAS) for beverage preservatives is proposed. Benzoic acid, potassium sorbate, sodium dehydrogenate, and propyl p-hydroxybenzoate were selected to form standard concentration and excess concentration solutions. XAS data were collected by an X-ray spectrum detection system, and the leave one out cross-validation method was used to divide the data set. Principal component analysis was used to extract the main features of the spectrum. Deep neural network (DNN) and support vector machine were established to classify samples of different powders and different concentrations of solutions. DNN reached 100% and 94.17% recognition rates on preservative powders and potassium sorbate solutions, respectively. The experimental results show that XAS combined with DNN can identify different types of preservative powder and detect whether the preservative content of the beverage exceeds the standard, which provides a new way to achieve fast on-line detection of preservative content in beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Hu
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuqi Li
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Department of Instrumental and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Álvarez G, Montero L, Llorens L, Castro-Puyana M, Cifuentes A. Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:136-159. [PMID: 28975648 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review work presents and discusses the main applications of capillary electromigration methods in food analysis and Foodomics. Papers that were published during the period February 2015-February 2017 are included following the previous review by Acunha et al. (Electrophoresis 2016, 37, 111-141). The paper shows the large variety of food related molecules that have been analyzed by CE including amino acids, biogenic amines, carbohydrates, chiral compounds, contaminants, DNAs, food additives, heterocyclic amines, lipids, peptides, pesticides, phenols, pigments, polyphenols, proteins, residues, toxins, vitamins, small organic and inorganic compounds, as well as other minor compounds. This work describes the last results on food quality and safety, nutritional value, storage, bioactivity, as well as uses of CE for monitoring food interactions and food processing including recent microchips developments and new applications of CE in Foodomics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María Castro-Puyana
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Le THH, Nguyen TQH, Tran CS, Vu TT, Nguyen TL, Cao VH, Ta TT, Pham TNM, Nguyen TAH, Mai TD. Screening determination of food additives using capillary electrophoresis coupled with contactless conductivity detection: A case study in Vietnam. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Amelin VG, Lavrukhina OI. Food safety assurance using methods of chemical analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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