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Park M, Somborn A, Schlehuber D, Keuter V, Deerberg G. Raman spectroscopy in crop quality assessment: focusing on sensing secondary metabolites: a review. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad074. [PMID: 37249949 PMCID: PMC10208899 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As a crop quality sensor, Raman spectroscopy has been consistently proposed as one of the most promising and non-destructive methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of plant substances, because it can measure molecular structures in a short time without requiring pretreatment along with simple usage. The sensitivity of the Raman spectrum to target chemicals depends largely on the wavelength, intensity of the laser power, and exposure time. Especially for plant samples, it is very likely that the peak of the target material is covered by strong fluorescence effects. Therefore, methods using lasers with low energy causing less fluorescence, such as 785 nm or near-infrared, are vigorously discussed. Furthermore, advanced techniques for obtaining more sensitive and clear spectra, like surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, time-gated Raman spectroscopy or combination with thin-layer chromatography, are being investigated. Numerous interpretations of plant quality can be represented not only by the measurement conditions but also by the spectral analysis methods. Up to date, there have been attempted to optimize and generalize analysis methods. This review summarizes the state of the art of micro-Raman spectroscopy in crop quality assessment focusing on secondary metabolites, from in vitro to in vivo and even in situ, and suggests future research to achieve universal application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annette Somborn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technologies UMSICHT, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Dennis Schlehuber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technologies UMSICHT, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Volkmar Keuter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technologies UMSICHT, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Görge Deerberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technologies UMSICHT, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
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Cytotoxic evaluation and chemical investigation of tomatoes from plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown in uncontaminated and experimentally contaminated soils. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13024. [PMID: 35906264 PMCID: PMC9338037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic activity and the chemical composition of the tomato extracts coming from, Pomodoro Giallo and San Marzano Cirio 3, and then to evaluate the potential changes when plants were grown in soils contaminated by cadmium, chromium and lead. Extracts were investigated by UHPLC-HRMS and UV–Vis. Cell viability (CellTiter-Glo Luminescent assay), enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDEFLOUR Assay), cell cycle progression (Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer), apoptosis and necrosis (Annexin V-FITC assay) were evaluated on two gastric cancer (AGS and NCI-N87) and two colorectal cancer (HT-29 and HCT 116) cell lines. Different content of polyphenol and carotenoid constituents was observed. Extracts from uncontaminated soil induced cytotoxic activity towards all selected cancer cells, while extracts coming from contaminated soils showed the aberrant phenotype increased in colorectal cancer cells. Chloroform extracts exerted the highest cytotoxic activity. AGS and HT-29 were the most sensitive to cell cycle arrest and to apoptosis. No necrotic effect was observed in HCT 116. The contrasting effects on cancer cells were observed based on tomato variety, the extract polarity, heavy metal identity, and tested cell line. The investigation of potential adverse health effects due to Cd in the fruits should be explored.
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Tirado-Kulieva VA, Hernández-Martínez E, Suomela JP. Non-destructive assessment of vitamin C in foods: a review of the main findings and limitations of vibrational spectroscopic techniques. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe constant increase in the demand for safe and high-quality food has generated the need to develop efficient methods to evaluate food composition, vitamin C being one of the main quality indicators. However, its heterogeneity and susceptibility to degradation makes the analysis of vitamin C difficult by conventional techniques, but as a result of technological advances, vibrational spectroscopy techniques have been developed that are more efficient, economical, fast, and non-destructive. This review focuses on main findings on the evaluation of vitamin C in foods by using vibrational spectroscopic techniques. First, the fundamentals of ultraviolet–visible, infrared and Raman spectroscopy are detailed. Also, chemometric methods, whose use is essential for a correct processing and evaluation of the spectral information, are described. The use and importance of vibrational spectroscopy in the evaluation of vitamin C through qualitative characterization and quantitative analysis is reported. Finally, some limitations of the techniques and potential solutions are described, as well as future trends related to the utilization of vibrational spectroscopic techniques.
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Sultanbawa Y, Smyth HE, Truong K, Chapman J, Cozzolino D. Insights on the role of chemometrics and vibrational spectroscopy in fruit metabolite analysis. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2021; 3:100033. [PMID: 35415666 PMCID: PMC8991517 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The use of vibrational spectroscopy combined with data analytics is discussed. The measure of bioactive compounds metabolites in fruit samples is presented. Advantages and limitations of these techniques are discussed.
The last three decades have demonstrated the ability of combining data analytics (e.g. big data, machine learning) with modern analytical instrumental techniques such as vibrational spectroscopy (VIBSPEC) (e.g. NIR, Raman, MIR) and sensing technologies (e.g. electronic noses and tongues, colorimetric sensors) to analyse, measure and monitor a wide range of properties and samples. Developments in instrumentation, hardware and software have placed VIBSPEC as a useful tool to quantify several bioactive compounds and metabolites in a wide range of fruit and plant samples. With the incorporation of hand-held and portable instrumentation, these techniques have been valuable for the development of in-field and high throughput applications, opened new frontiers of analysis in fruits and plants. This review will present and discuss some of the current applications on the use of VIBSPEC techniques combined with data analytics on the measurement bioactive compounds and plant metabolites in different fruit samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sultanbawa
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - H E Smyth
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - K Truong
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - J Chapman
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - D Cozzolino
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
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Wang K, Li Z, Li J, Lin H. Raman spectroscopic techniques for nondestructive analysis of agri-foods: A state-of-the-art review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Müller-Maatsch J, van Ruth SM. Handheld Devices for Food Authentication and Their Applications: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:2901. [PMID: 34945454 PMCID: PMC8700508 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarises miniaturised technologies, commercially available devices, and device applications for food authentication or measurement of features that could potentially be used for authentication. We first focus on the handheld technologies and their generic characteristics: (1) technology types available, (2) their design and mode of operation, and (3) data handling and output systems. Subsequently, applications are reviewed according to commodity type for products of animal and plant origin. The 150 applications of commercial, handheld devices involve a large variety of technologies, such as various types of spectroscopy, imaging, and sensor arrays. The majority of applications, ~60%, aim at food products of plant origin. The technologies are not specifically aimed at certain commodities or product features, and no single technology can be applied for authentication of all commodities. Nevertheless, many useful applications have been developed for many food commodities. However, the use of these applications in practice is still in its infancy. This is largely because for each single application, new spectral databases need to be built and maintained. Therefore, apart from developing applications, a focus on sharing and re-use of data and calibration transfers is pivotal to remove this bottleneck and to increase the implementation of these technologies in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Müller-Maatsch
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Saskia M. van Ruth
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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A Four-Level Maturity Index for Hot Peppers (Capsicum annum) Using Non-Invasive Automated Mobile Raman Spectroscopy for On-Site Testing. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A handheld Raman spectrometer was used to determine the ripeness of peppers. Raman spectra were recorded non-invasively on the fruit surface. The spectroscopic data were transformed into a classification scheme referred to as the maturity index which allowed for attribution of the fruit stadium to four levels from immature to fully mature. Hot pepper and tomato ripening includes pectic polysaccharide depolymerization, chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid formation, among others. The latter were followed non-invasively by Raman spectroscopy. Two portable systems and one benchtop system were compared for their applicability and robustness to establish a suitable maturity index. Spectral acquisition, data treatment and multivariate data analysis were automated using a Matlab script on a laptop computer. The automated workflow provided a graphic visualization of the relevant parameters and results on-site in real time. In terms of reliability and applicability, the chemometric model to determine the maturity of fruits was compared to a univariate procedure based on the average intensity and ratio of three characteristic signals. Portable Raman spectrometers in combination with the maturity index or a chemometric model should be suitable to assess the stage of maturing for carotenoid-containing fruits and thus to determine ripeness on-site or during a sorting process in an automated manner.
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The Early, Rapid, and Non-Destructive Detection of Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) Based on Microscopic Confocal Raman. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Recent Progress in Rapid Analyses of Vitamins, Phenolic, and Volatile Compounds in Foods Using Vibrational Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics: a Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01573-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Skolik P, Morais CLM, Martin FL, McAinsh MR. Determination of developmental and ripening stages of whole tomato fruit using portable infrared spectroscopy and Chemometrics. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:236. [PMID: 31164091 PMCID: PMC6549295 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development and ripening of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit are important processes for the study of crop biology related to industrial horticulture. Versatile uses of tomato fruit lead to its harvest at various points of development from early maturity through to red ripe, traditionally indicated by parameters such as size, weight, colour, and internal composition, according to defined visual 'grading' schemes. Visual grading schemes however are subjective and thus objective classification of tomato fruit development and ripening are needed for 'high-tech' horticulture. To characterize the development and ripening processes in whole tomato fruit (cv. Moneymaker), a biospectroscopy approach is employed using compact portable ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics. RESULTS The developmental and ripening processes showed unique spectral profiles, which were acquired from the cuticle-cell wall complex of tomato fruit epidermis in vivo. Various components of the cuticle including Cutin, waxes, and phenolic compounds, among others, as well as from the underlying cell wall such as celluloses, pectin and lignin like compounds among others. Epidermal surface structures including cuticle and cell wall were significantly altered during the developmental process from immature green to mature green, as well as during the ripening process. Changes in the spectral fingerprint region (1800-900 cm- 1) were sufficient to identify nine developmental and six ripening stages with high accuracy using support vector machine (SVM) chemometrics. CONCLUSIONS The non-destructive spectroscopic approach may therefore be especially useful for investigating in vivo biochemical changes occurring in fruit epidermis related to grades of tomato during development and ripening, for autonomous food production/supply chain applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Skolik
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK
| | - Camilo L. M. Morais
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Francis L. Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Martin R. McAinsh
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK
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Skolik P, McAinsh MR, Martin FL. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy non-destructively detects damage-induced sour rot infection in whole tomato fruit. PLANTA 2019; 249:925-939. [PMID: 30488286 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with subsequent multivariate analysis non-destructively identifies plant-pathogen interactions during disease progression, both directly and indirectly, through alterations in the spectral fingerprint. Plant-environment interactions are essential to understanding crop biology, optimizing crop use, and minimizing loss to ensure food security. Damage-induced pathogen infection of delicate fruit crops such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are therefore important processes related to crop biology and modern horticulture. Fruit epidermis as a first barrier at the plant-environment interface, is specifically involved in environmental interactions and often shows substantial structural and functional changes in response to unfavourable conditions. Methods available to investigate such systems in their native form, however, are limited by often required and destructive sample preparation, or scarce amounts of molecular level information. To explore biochemical changes and evaluate diagnostic potential for damage-induced pathogen infection of cherry tomato (cv. Piccolo) both directly and indirectly, mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy was applied in combination with exploratory multivariate analysis. ATR-FTIR fingerprint spectra (1800-900 cm-1) of healthy, damaged or sour rot-infected tomato fruit were acquired and distinguished using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA). Main biochemical constituents of healthy tomato fruit epidermis are characterized while multivariate analysis discriminated subtle biochemical changes distinguishing healthy tomato from damaged, early or late sour rot-infected tomato indirectly based solely on changes in the fruit epidermis. Sour rot causing agent Geotrichum candidum was detected directly in vivo and characterized based on spectral features distinct from tomato fruit. Diagnostic potential for indirect pathogen detection based on tomato fruit skin was evaluated using the linear discriminant classifier (PCA-LDC). Exploratory and diagnostic analysis of ATR-FTIR spectra offers biological insights and detection potential for intact plant-pathogen systems as they are found in horticultural industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Skolik
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Martin R McAinsh
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Francis L Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
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Hussain A, Pu H, Sun DW. Measurements of lycopene contents in fruit: A review of recent developments in conventional and novel techniques. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:758-769. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1518896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abid Hussain
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Pu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
- Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Ciaccheri L, Tuccio L, Mencaglia AA, Mignani AG, Hallmann E, Sikorska-Zimny K, Kaniszewski S, Verheul MJ, Agati G. Directional versus total reflectance spectroscopy for the in situ determination of lycopene in tomato fruits. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Skolik P, McAinsh MR, Martin FL. Biospectroscopy for Plant and Crop Science. VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY FOR PLANT VARIETIES AND CULTIVARS CHARACTERIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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