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Li C, Zhang X, Tang Q, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Zou X, Sun Z. Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for ethyl carbamate detection in Baijiu based on "on-off" nanozyme-catalyzing process. Food Chem 2024; 453:139626. [PMID: 38759440 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a carcinogen widely found in the fermentation process of Baijiu. Herein, we construct a molecularly imprinted polymers/MXene/cobalt (II) based zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (MIP/MXene/ZIF-67) nano-enzyme sensor for the detection of EC during Baijiu production. The ZIF-67 is synthesized in situ on the MXene nanosheets to provide a superior catalytic activity to H2O2 and amplify the electrochemical signal. The MIP is prepared by the polymerization reaction to recognize EC. Owing to the interaction between EC and EC-MIP, the interferences are effectively eliminated, greatly improving the accuracy of the expected outcome. This approach attains an ultrasensitive assay of EC ranging from 8.9 μg/L to 44.5 mg/L with detection limit of 0.405 μg/L. The accuracy of this method is confirmed by the recovery experiment with good recoveries from 95.07% to 107.41%. This method is applied in natural EC analyses, and the results are consistent with certified gas chromatograph- mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xinai Zhang
- Department of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qunyong Tang
- Jiangsu King's Luck Brewery Co. Ltd., Lianshui 223411, China
| | - Yiqing Guo
- Department of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Environment & Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Photoelectric Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- Department of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zongbao Sun
- Department of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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2
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Šantrůčková V, Fischer J, Klikarová J. A rapid and improved method for the determination of ethyl carbamate in foodstuffs of different matrices. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:4733-4742. [PMID: 38949067 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00643g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
This work deals with the rapid and simple determination of the probable carcinogen ethyl carbamate (EC), which is naturally present in fermented food products. An undemanding, robust, and rapid pre-column derivatization utilizing a 9-xanthydrol reagent has been developed. The resulting derivative was subsequently analysed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection. As a result of the thorough optimisation of the chromatographic conditions, the run was completed in just 5 minutes, considerably speeding up the usual time of EC separation (30-60 min). Thanks to the fast separation, satisfactory yields (around 90%), negligible matrix effects, no interfering peaks, very low detection limit, and simple sample pre-treatment (for the very first time, the derivatization was performed in the presence of light and without any extraction step), the proposed method represents a significant improvement of the EC determination protocol used so far. After method validation, a total of fifty food samples were subjected to analysis without any additional sample pre-treatment despite their diverse matrix. Due to its robustness, simplicity, and low time, cost, and manual demands, this method is suitable for rapid screening of EC in both final food products and during their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Šantrůčková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Fischer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Klikarová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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3
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Wang Z, Liu Q, Luo J, Luo P, Wu Y. A Straightforward, Sensitive, and Reliable Strategy for Ethyl Carbamate Detection in By-Products from Baijiu Production by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Foods 2024; 13:1835. [PMID: 38928776 PMCID: PMC11203372 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Baijiu is a renowned Chinese distilled liquor, notable for its distinctive flavor profile and intricate production process, which prominently involves fermentation and distillation. Ethyl carbamate (EC), a probable human carcinogen, can be potentially formed during these procedures, thus prompting significant health concerns. Consequently, the contamination of EC during Baijiu production has become an increasingly pressing issue. In this study, we developed a rapid and easily operable immunoassay for determining EC in the fermented materials used in Baijiu production. The development of a high-quality antibody specific to EC facilitated a streamlined analytical procedure and heightened method sensitivity. Furthermore, we systematically evaluated other essential parameters. Following optimization, the method achieved an IC50 value of 11.83 μg/kg, with negligible cross-reactivity against EC analogs. The recovery study demonstrated the method's good accuracy and precision, with mean recovery rates ranging from 86.0% to 105.5% and coefficients of variation all below 10%. To validate the feasibility of the technique, we collected and analyzed 39 samples simultaneously using both the proposed immunoassay and confirmatory gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A robust correlation was observed between the results obtained from the two methods (R2 > 0.99). The detected EC levels ranged from 2.36 μg/kg to 7.08 μg/kg, indicating an increase during the fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Wang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jiaqi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
| | - Pengjie Luo
- Research Unit of Food Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
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4
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Farooq S, Xu L, Ostovan A, Qin C, Liu Y, Pan Y, Ping J, Ying Y. Assessing the greenification potential of cyclodextrin-based molecularly imprinted polymers for pesticides detection. Food Chem 2023; 429:136822. [PMID: 37450994 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins, with their unparalleled attributes of eco-friendliness, natural abundance, versatile utility, and facile functionalization, make a paramount contribution to the field of molecular imprinting. Leveraging the unique properties of cyclodextrins in molecularly imprinted polymers synthesis has revolutionized the performance of molecularly imprinted polymers, resulting in enhanced adsorption selectivity, capacity, and rapid extraction of pesticides, while also circumventing conventional limitations. As the concern for food quality and safety continues to grow, the need for standard analytical methods to detect pesticides in food and environmental samples has become paramount. Cyclodextrins, being non-toxic and biodegradable, present an attractive option for greener reagents in imprinting polymers that can also ensure environmental safety post-application. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the significance of cyclodextrins in molecular imprinting for pesticide detection in food and environmental samples. The recent advancements in the synthesis and application of molecularly imprinted polymers using cyclodextrins have been critically analyzed. Furthermore, the current limitations have been meticulously examined, and potential opportunities for greenification with cyclodextrin applications in this field have been discussed. By harnessing the advantages of cyclodextrins in molecular imprinting, it is possible to develop highly selective and efficient methods for detecting pesticides in food and environmental samples while also addressing the challenges of sustainability and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Farooq
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Lizhou Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Abbas Ostovan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering Technology of Shandong Province, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Chunlian Qin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Yingjia Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Yuxiang Pan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China.
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Gao X, Zhao X, Hu F, Fu J, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Wang B, He R, Ma H, Ho CT. The latest advances on soy sauce research in the past decade: Emphasis on the advances in China. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113407. [PMID: 37803742 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
As an indispensable soybean-fermented condiment, soy sauce is extensively utilized in catering, daily cooking and food industry in East Asia and Southeast Asia and is becoming popular in the whole world. In the past decade, researchers began to pay great importance to the scientific research of soy sauce, which remarkably promoted the advances on fermentation strains, quality, safety, function and other aspects of soy sauce. Of them, the screening and reconstruction of Aspergillus oryzae with high-yield of salt and acid-tolerant proteases, mechanism of soy sauce flavor formation, improvement of soy sauce quality through the combination of novel physical processing technique and microbial/enzyme, separation and identification of soy sauce functional components are attracting more attention of researchers, and related achievements have been reported continually. Meanwhile, we pointed out the drawbacks of the above research and the future research directions based on published literature and our knowledge. We believe that this review can provide an insightful reference for international related researchers to understand the advances on soy sauce research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Xue Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Feng Hu
- Guangdong Meiweixian Flavoring Foods Co., Ltd., 1 Chubang Road, Zhongshan 5284012, China.
| | - Jiangyan Fu
- Guangdong Meiweixian Flavoring Foods Co., Ltd., 1 Chubang Road, Zhongshan 5284012, China.
| | - Zhankai Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Zhan Liu
- Guangdong Meiweixian Flavoring Foods Co., Ltd., 1 Chubang Road, Zhongshan 5284012, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Ronghai He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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6
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Shalamitskiy MY, Tanashchuk TN, Cherviak SN, Vasyagin EA, Ravin NV, Mardanov AV. Ethyl Carbamate in Fermented Food Products: Sources of Appearance, Hazards and Methods for Reducing Its Content. Foods 2023; 12:3816. [PMID: 37893709 PMCID: PMC10606259 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate, the ethyl ester of carbamic acid, has been identified in fermented foods and alcoholic beverages. Since ethyl carbamate is a probable human carcinogen, reduction of its content is important for food safety and human health. In alcoholic beverages, ethyl carbamate is mostly formed from the reaction of ethanol with urea, citrulline and carbamyl phosphate during fermentation and storage. These precursors are generated from arginine metabolism by wine yeasts and lactic acid bacteria. This review summarizes the mechanisms of ethyl carbamate formation, its impact on human health and methods used in winemaking to minimize its content. These approaches include genetic modification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strains targeting pathways of arginine transport and metabolism, the use of lactic acid bacteria to consume arginine, direct degradation of ethyl carbamate by enzymes and microorganisms, and different technological methods of grape cultivation, alcoholic fermentation, wine aging, temperature and duration of storage and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Yu. Shalamitskiy
- All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking “Magarach” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 298600 Yalta, Russia; (M.Y.S.); (T.N.T.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Tatiana N. Tanashchuk
- All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking “Magarach” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 298600 Yalta, Russia; (M.Y.S.); (T.N.T.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Sofia N. Cherviak
- All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking “Magarach” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 298600 Yalta, Russia; (M.Y.S.); (T.N.T.); (S.N.C.)
| | - Egor A. Vasyagin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.V.); (N.V.R.)
| | - Nikolai V. Ravin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.V.); (N.V.R.)
| | - Andrey V. Mardanov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.V.); (N.V.R.)
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7
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Han L, Zhu X, Zhang D, Liu H, Sun B. Peptide-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymer: A Visual and Digital Platform for Specific Recognition and Detection of Ethyl Carbamate. ACS Sens 2023; 8:694-703. [PMID: 36706033 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A visual and digital platform was constructed by peptide-based molecularly imprinted polymers (PMIPs) for specific recognition and detection of ethyl carbamate (EC). Here, the optosensing core was creatively constructed by the covalent assembly of dipeptides (H-Phe-Phe-OH) and genipin biomolecules for high fluorescence quantum yield and dual-signal response capability. MIPs were wrapped in the shell of the optosensing core for selectivity of EC from actual samples of alcoholic beverages. The genipin-FF nanoparticles (GFPNs)@PMIPs exhibited dual-band red-blue fluorescence image with a low detection limit of 0.817 and 1.65 μg L-1, respectively, in the optimal linear range of 2-240 μg L-1. The accuracy of this method was verified by the spiked recovery experiment, and a good recovery from 83.97 to 106.75% of the proposed optosensing method was obtained. In addition, a smartphone application was coupled with GFPNs@PMIPs to realize online real-time detection of EC. With the addition of EC, the color change of G and B values was negligible compared with the R value. This work also provides a potential method for on-site visual detection of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxuan Han
- Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing100048, China
| | - Xuecheng Zhu
- Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing100048, China
| | - Dianwei Zhang
- Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing100048, China
| | - Huilin Liu
- Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing100048, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing100048, China
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8
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Han L, Meng C, Zhang D, Liu H, Sun B. Fabrication of a fluorescence probe via molecularly imprinted polymers on carbazole-based covalent organic frameworks for optosensing of ethyl carbamate in fermented alcoholic beverages. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1192:339381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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9
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Zhou K, Zhang X, Li B, Shen C, Sun YM, Yang J, Xu ZL. Citrulline Accumulation Mechanism of Pediococcus acidilactici and Weissella confusa in Soy Sauce and the Effects of Phenolic Compound on Citrulline Accumulation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:757542. [PMID: 34925267 PMCID: PMC8678507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.757542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrulline is one of the major precursors of ethyl carbamate in soy sauce, and the accumulation of citrulline is attributed to the metabolism of arginine by bacteria with the arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway. However, key strains and factors affecting citrulline accumulation are not yet clear. In this study, two key strains of Pediococcus acidilactici and Weissella confusa were isolated from soy sauce moromi, and the regularity of citrulline formation was studied. Results showed that the conversion rates from arginine to citrulline (A/C rate) and the citrulline accumulation ability of W. confusa and P. acidilactici significantly increased in the presence of different concentrations of NaCl, indicating that salt stress was the main factor for citrulline accumulation. The inconsistent expression of arc genes by salt stress was the reason for citrulline accumulation for P. acidilactici, but for W. confusa, it may be due to the influence of arginine/citrulline on the transportation system: the intracellular citrulline could neither transport to extracellular space nor convert into ornithine. Environmental factors greatly influenced citrulline accumulation of the two key bacteria; A/C rate and citrulline formation in both strains decreased at low temperature (15°C) under high salt stress, but opposite effects were observed for the two key strains under anaerobic light condition. Moreover, quercetin and gallic acid significantly decreased the A/C rate and citrulline accumulation ability of the two key strains. The optimal quercetin and gallic acid as suggested by simulation experiment were 100 and 10 mg/l, respectively, and the lowest A/C rate of 28.4% and citrulline level of 1326.7 mg/l were achieved in the simulation system. This study explored the main factors for citrulline formation by the two key strains and proposed a targeted way to control citrulline in soy sauce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhou
- Institute of Jiangxi Oil-Tea Camellia, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Production-Learning-Research, Shenzhen Total-Test Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Institute of Jiangxi Oil-Tea Camellia, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Bingyong Li
- Institute of Jiangxi Oil-Tea Camellia, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Chaoqun Shen
- Department of Production-Learning-Research, Shenzhen Total-Test Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan-Ming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyuan Yang
- Institute of Jiangxi Oil-Tea Camellia, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Abt E, Incorvati V, Robin LP, Redan BW. Occurrence of Ethyl Carbamate in Foods and Beverages: Review of the Formation Mechanisms, Advances in Analytical Methods, and Mitigation Strategies. J Food Prot 2021; 84:2195-2212. [PMID: 34347857 PMCID: PMC9092314 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a process contaminant that can be formed as a by-product during fermentation and processing of foods and beverages. Elevated EC concentrations are primarily associated with distilled spirits, but this compound has also been found at lower concentrations in foods and beverages, including breads, soy sauce, and wine. Evidence from animal studies suggests that EC is a probable human carcinogen. Consequently, several governmental institutions have established allowable limits for EC in the food supply. This review includes EC formation mechanisms, occurrence of EC in the food supply, and EC dietary exposure assessments. Current analytical methods used to detect EC will be covered, in addition to emerging technologies, such as nanosensors and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Various mitigation methods have been used to maintain EC concentrations below allowable limits, including distillation, enzymatic treatments, and genetic engineering of yeast. More research in this field is needed to refine mitigation strategies and develop methods to rapidly detect EC in the food supply. HIGHLIGHTS
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11
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Qi Q, Huang J, Zhou R, Yang M, Zhang L, Peng C, Jin Y, Wu C. Exploring a degradation strategy for biogenic amines based on the Cantonese soy sauce production method. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Sassi S, Wan‐Mohtar WAAQI, Jamaludin NS, Ilham Z. Recent progress and advances in soy sauce production technologies: A review. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Sassi
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory Institute of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Biomass Energy Laboratory Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan‐Mohtar
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory Institute of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Bioresources and Bioprocessing Research Group Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | | | - Zul Ilham
- Biomass Energy Laboratory Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Bioresources and Bioprocessing Research Group Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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13
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Wu L, Wang Y, Zhou S, Zhu Y, Chen X. Enzyme-induced Cu 2+/Cu + conversion as the electrochemical signal for sensitive detection of ethyl carbamate. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1151:338256. [PMID: 33608078 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (t-ELISA) method suffers from its relatively low sensitivity or accuracy in the detection of trace level of analyte in complicated samples. In this work, to extend the application of ELISA in practical samples, a newly electrochemical immunoassay (ECIA) was developed based on an enzyme-induced Cu2+/Cu+ conversion for the determination of ethyl carbamate (EC). Wherein, three rounds of signal transformation-the catalysis of ALP enzyme, the conversion of Cu2+/Cu+ and signal output of square wave voltammetry (SWV), can be realized to obtain higher sensitivity as compared to t-ELISA. The ECIA method combines the advantages of electrochemistry and ELISA, behaving superior detection performance, such as good selectivity, high sensitivity, and low background signal. For the wine samples, the method showed a linear detection range from 2.5 nM to 2.5 × 104 nM with a limit of detection of 2.28 nM (S/N = 3), which reveals that the ECIA sensor is a promising platform for the detection of trace level of EC in practical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, PR China; College of Food Sciences & Engineering, Hainan University, 58 People Road, Haikou, 570228, PR China.
| | - Yasheng Wang
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, PR China
| | - Shuhong Zhou
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, PR China
| | - Yongheng Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, And Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, PR China.
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Zhang L, Huang J, Zhou R, Qi Q, Yang M, Peng C, Wu C, Jin Y. Dynamics of microbial communities, ethyl carbamate, biogenic amines, and major metabolites during fermentation of soy sauce. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.27.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University
| | - Jun Huang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University
| | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University
| | - Qi Qi
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University
| | - Menglu Yang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University
| | - Can Peng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University
| | - Chongde Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University
| | - Yao Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University
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Inhibition of ethyl carbamate accumulation in soy sauce by adding quercetin and ornithine during thermal process. Food Chem 2020; 343:128528. [PMID: 33189477 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC), a genotoxic and carcinogenic compound in soy sauce accumulated during thermal processes, has raised public health concern for its multipoint potential carcinogenic risk to human. In this work, based on the analysis of EC accumulation during thermal processes of soy sauce, ornithine and quercetin were added before thermal processes to reduce EC accumulation. A reduction rate of 23.7-63.8% in simulated solution was founded. Kinetic studies indicated that ornithine was a byproduct of alcoholysis reaction when EC formed, while quercetin could compete with the precursor ethanol and react with carbamyl compounds, which therefore preventedEC accumulation. A maximum of 47.2% decrease of EC in soy sauce was achieved, and no remarkable changes in volatile compounds profile and color of soy sauce were found. In conclusion, the addition of quercetin and ornithine before thermal processes may be preferable for the controlling of EC content in soy sauce.
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Development of Cu(II)/Cu(I)-induced quantum dot-mediated fluorescence immunoassay for the sensitive determination of ethyl carbamate. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:533. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Automated pre-column derivatization with 9-xanthydrol for the determination of ethyl carbamate in food matrices by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Zhou K, Siroli L, Patrignani F, Sun Y, Lanciotti R, Xu Z. Formation of Ethyl Carbamate during the Production Process of Cantonese Soy Sauce. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081474. [PMID: 30991675 PMCID: PMC6514843 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to clarify the formation of ethyl carbamate (EC) and its influence factors throughout the production process of Cantonese soy sauce. The results showed that EC was not detected in the koji-making and early moromi fermentation stages, but started to be generated when pH of the moromi decreased to about 4.9—at the same time, the levels of ethanol, urea and citrulline increased significantly. Most EC was formed during raw soy sauce hot extraction (40.6%) and sterilization (42.9%) stages. The EC content exhibited the highest correlation with ethanol throughout the whole production process (R = 0.97). The simulation soy sauce produced in laboratory led the same conclusion—moreover, the contents of EC, ethanol and citrulline were higher in soy sauce fermented at 30 °C than in soy sauce fermented at 15 °C. Extraction of raw soy sauce by squeezing contributed little to EC formation. Further research showed that citrulline and ethanol led to significant increases in EC levels in raw soy sauce upon heating. These results indicate that ethanol and citrulline are two critical precursors of EC and that EC is mainly formed during the heat treatment stage of soy sauce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lorenzo Siroli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Patrignani
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy.
| | - Yuanming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Rosalba Lanciotti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy.
| | - Zhenlin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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19
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Quantitative strategies for detecting different levels of ethyl carbamate (EC) in various fermented food matrices: An overview. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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