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Development of an Immunoassay Method for the Sensitive Detection of Histamine and Tryptamine in Foods Based on a CuO@Au Nanoenzyme Label and Molecularly Imprinted Biomimetic Antibody. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010021. [PMID: 36616370 PMCID: PMC9823797 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a novel biomimetic enzyme-linked immunoassay method (BELISA) was successfully established for the detection of histamine and tryptamine, based on catalytically active cupric oxide@gold nanoparticles (CuO@Au NPs) as a marker and a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as the biomimetic antibody. Under optimized conditions, the detection limitations of the BELISA method for histamine and tryptamine were 0.04 mg L-1 and 0.14 mg L-1, respectively. For liquor spiked with histamine and tryptamine, the BELISA method delivered satisfactory recoveries ranging from 89.90% to 115.00%. Furthermore, the levels of histamine and tryptamine in fish, soy sauce, and rice vinegar samples were detected by the BELISA method and a high performance liquid chromatography method, with no significant difference between the two methods being found. Although the catalytic activity of nanozymes is still lower than that of natural enzymes, the BELISA method could still sensitively determine the histamine and tryptamine levels in food samples.
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Xu L, El-Aty AA, Eun JB, Shim JH, Zhao J, Lei X, Gao S, She Y, Jin F, Wang J, Jin M, Hammock BD. Recent Advances in Rapid Detection Techniques for Pesticide Residue: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13093-13117. [PMID: 36210513 PMCID: PMC10584040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As an important chemical pollutant affecting the safety of agricultural products, the on-site and efficient detection of pesticide residues has become a global trend and hotspot in research. These methodologies were developed for simplicity, high sensitivity, and multiresidue detection. This review introduces the currently available technologies based on electrochemistry, optical analysis, biotechnology, and some innovative and novel technologies for the rapid detection of pesticide residues, focusing on the characteristics, research status, and application of the most innovative and novel technologies in the past 10 years, and analyzes challenges and future development prospects. The current review could be a good reference for researchers to choose the appropriate research direction in pesticide residue detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - A.M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Jong-Bang Eun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingmei Lei
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongxin She
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Maojun Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology & Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Xu L, Zhang X, Abd El-Aty A, Wang Y, Cao Z, Jia H, Salvador JP, Hacimuftuoglu A, Cui X, Zhang Y, Wang K, She Y, Jin F, Zheng L, Pujia B, Wang J, Jin M, Hammock BD. A highly sensitive bio-barcode immunoassay for multi-residue detection of organophosphate pesticides based on fluorescence anti-quenching. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:637-644. [PMID: 36105157 PMCID: PMC9463527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Balancing the risks and benefits of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) on human and environmental health relies partly on their accurate measurement. A highly sensitive fluorescence anti-quenching multi-residue bio-barcode immunoassay was developed to detect OPs (triazophos, parathion, and chlorpyrifos) in apples, turnips, cabbages, and rice. Gold nanoparticles were functionalized with monoclonal antibodies against the tested OPs. DNA oligonucleotides were complementarily hybridized with an RNA fluorescent label for signal amplification. The detection signals were generated by DNA-RNA hybridization and ribonuclease H dissociation of the fluorophore. The resulting fluorescence signal enables multiplexed quantification of triazophos, parathion, and chlorpyrifos residues over the concentration range of 0.01-25, 0.01-50, and 0.1-50 ng/mL with limits of detection of 0.014, 0.011, and 0.126 ng/mL, respectively. The mean recovery ranged between 80.3% and 110.8% with relative standard deviations of 7.3%-17.6%, which correlate well with results obtained by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The proposed bio-barcode immunoassay is stable, reproducible and reliable, and is able to detect low residual levels of multi-residue OPs in agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - A.M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Türkiye
| | - Yuanshang Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huiyan Jia
- Institute of Livestock and Poultry, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, China
| | - J.-Pablo Salvador
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics Group, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, 08034, Spain,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Türkiye
| | - Xueyan Cui
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yudan Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongxin She
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lufei Zheng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Baima Pujia
- Inspection and Testing Center of Agricultural and Livestock Products of Tibet, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Maojun Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China,Department of Entomology & Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA,Corresponding author. Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology & Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Cell-Based Chemical Safety Assessment and Therapeutic Discovery Using Array-Based Sensors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073672. [PMID: 35409032 PMCID: PMC8998465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic chemicals are widely used in food, agriculture, and medicine, making chemical safety assessments necessary for environmental exposure. In addition, the rapid determination of chemical drug efficacy and safety is a key step in therapeutic discoveries. Cell-based screening methods are non-invasive as compared with animal studies. Cellular phenotypic changes can also provide more sensitive indicators of chemical effects than conventional cell viability. Array-based cell sensors can be engineered to maximize sensitivity to changes in cell phenotypes, lowering the threshold for detecting cellular responses under external stimuli. Overall, array-based sensing can provide a robust strategy for both cell-based chemical risk assessments and therapeutics discovery.
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Fang L, Jia M, Zhao H, Kang L, Shi L, Zhou L, Kong W. Molecularly imprinted polymer-based optical sensors for pesticides in foods: Recent advances and future trends. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cui X, Abd El-Aty AM, Zhang C, Xu L, Liu H, Jia H, Wang Y, Cao Z, Salvador JP, She Y, Jin F, Wang J, Jin M, Hammock BD. Enhanced Bio-Barcode Immunoassay Using Droplet Digital PCR for Multiplex Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11131-11141. [PMID: 34494438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A bio-barcode immunoassay based on droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) was developed to simultaneously quantify triazophos, parathion, and chlorpyrifos in apple, cucumber, cabbage, and pear. Three gold nanoparticle (AuNP) probes and magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) probes were prepared, binding through their antibodies with the three pesticides in the same tube. Three groups of primers, probes, templates, and three antibodies were designed to ensure the specificity of the method. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limits (expressed as IC10) of triazophos, parathion, and chlorpyrifos were 0.22, 0.45, and 4.49 ng mL-1, respectively. The linear ranges were 0.01-20, 0.1-100, and 0.1-500 ng mL-1, and the correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.9661, 0.9834, and 0.9612, respectively. The recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the ranges of 75.5-98.9 and 8.3-16.7%. This study provides the first insights into the ddPCR for the determination of organophosphate pesticides. It also laid the foundation for high-throughput detection of other small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Cui
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Chan Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Lingyuan Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Haijin Liu
- Inspection and Testing Center of Agricultural and Livestock Products of Tibet, Lhasa 850000, P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Jia
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, Zhengjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuanshang Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - J-Pablo Salvador
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics Group, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, IQAC-CSIC, C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pavillion 11, Floor 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yongxin She
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Fen Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Maojun Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology & Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Chen MJ, Yang HL, Si YM, Tang Q, Chow CF, Gong CB. A hollow visible-light-responsive surface molecularly imprinted polymer for the detection of chlorpyrifos in vegetables and fruits. Food Chem 2021; 355:129656. [PMID: 33813158 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-responsive azobenzene derivative, 3,5-dichloro-4-((2,6-dichloro-4-(methacryloyloxy)phenyl)diazenyl)benzoic acid, was synthesized and used as the functional monomer to fabricate a visible-light-responsive core-shell structured surface molecularly imprinted polymer (PS-co-PMAA@VSMIP). After removal of the sacrificial PS-co-PMAA core, a hollow structured surface molecularly imprinted polymer (HVSMIP) was obtained. Both the PS-co-PMAA@VSMIP and HVSMIP were used for the detection of chlorpyrifos, a moderately toxic organophosphate pesticide. They exhibited good visible-light-responsive properties (550 nm for trans→cis and 440 nm for cis→trans isomerization for an azobenzene chromophore) in ethanol/water (9:1, v/v). Compared with the PS-co-PMAA@VSMIP, the HVSMIP had a larger surface area, pore volume, binding capacity, imprinting effect, maximum chemical binding capacity, dissociation constant, and photo-isomerization rate. The HVSMIP was applied to detect trace chlorpyrifos in fruit and vegetable samples. This was achieved by measuring the trans→cis rate constant of the HVSMIP in the sample solution, with good recoveries, low relative standard deviations, and a low detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jun Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Hai-Lin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Ya-Min Si
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qian Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Cheuk-Fai Chow
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong.
| | - Cheng-Bin Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Yao J, Wang Z, Guo L, Xu X, Liu L, Xu L, Song S, Xu C, Kuang H. Advances in immunoassays for organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Wang Y, Shen L, Gong Z, Pan J, Zheng X, Xue J. Analytical methods to analyze pesticides and herbicides. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:1009-1024. [PMID: 31233653 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Presented in this paper is an annual review of literatures published in 2018 on topics relating to analytical methods for pesticides and herbicides. According to the different techniques, this review is divided into six sections, including extraction methods; chromatographic or mass spectrometric techniques; electrochemical techniques; spectrophotometric techniques; chemiluminescence and fluorescence methods; and biochemical assays. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Totally 134 relevant research articles are summarized. The review is divided into six parts according to the techniques. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods are the most widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhanyang Gong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jian Pan
- Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Jiande, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Hangzhou Bertzer Catalyst Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinkai Xue
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Selective and Sensitive Fluorescence Probe for Detection of Al3+ in Food Samples Based on Aggregation-Induced Emission and Its Application for Live Cell Imaging. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Deng S, Yang T, Zhang W, Ren C, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Cui T, Yue W. Rapid detection of trichlorfon residues by a microfluidic paper-based phosphorus-detection chip (μPPC). NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00898e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel microfluidic paper-based phosphorus-detection chip (μPPC) for rapid analysis of trichlorfon, one of the most common organophosphate pesticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Deng
- Department of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Sciences
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
| | - Tingyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Sciences
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
| | - Wenxian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Sciences
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
| | - Chongbo Ren
- Department of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Sciences
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Sciences
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Sciences
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
| | - Tianyu Cui
- Department of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Sciences
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
| | - Wanqing Yue
- Department of Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Sciences
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
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