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Pekkaya S, Yıldız E, Çabuk H. New di-(2-Ethylhexyl)Phosphoric Acid-Based Supramolecular Solvent (DEHPA-SUPRAS) Microextraction Coupled to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Tea Drinks. ANAL LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2023.2167086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Semra Pekkaya
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Elif Yıldız
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Hasan Çabuk
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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de Andrade JC, Galvan D, Effting L, Tessaro L, Aquino A, Conte-Junior CA. Multiclass Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables from Brazil: A Systematic Review of Sample Preparation Until Post-Harvest. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1174-1196. [PMID: 34908509 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2013157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Brazil annually produces around 43 million tons of fruits and vegetables. Therefore, large amounts of pesticides are needed to grow these foods. The use of unauthorized or indiscriminate pesticides can lead to the adherence of residues of these compounds to the product in a concentration above the maximum residue limit (MRL). Pesticide residues (PRs) monitoring is a continuous challenge due to several factors influencing the detection of these compounds in the food matrix. Currently, several adaptations to conventional techniques have been developed to minimize these problems. This systematic review presents the main information obtained from 52 research articles, taken from five databases, on changes and advances in Brazil in sample preparation methods for determining PRs in fruits and vegetables in the last nine years. We cover the preexisting ones and some others that might be suitable alternatives approaches. In addition, we present a brief discussion on the monitoring of PRs in different Brazilian regions, and we found that residues belonging to the organophosphate and pyrethroid classes were detected more frequently. Approximately 67% of the residues detected are of irregular use in 28 types of fruits and vegetables commonly consumed and exported by Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmir Craveiro de Andrade
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Galvan
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciane Effting
- Chemistry Department, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Letícia Tessaro
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Aquino
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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Ambrus Á, Kerekes K, Szemánné-Dobrik H, Domák Z. Sources of Random Variation of Pesticide Residue Analytical Results. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:526-538. [PMID: 33417702 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide residues are analyzed in thousands of samples yearly by national authorities and private laboratories. Intensive research is ongoing to develop new methods or improve existing ones concentrating on extraction, cleanup, and detection techniques. Little attention has been paid to the contribution of prior steps in the determination process to overall laboratory sampling errors, though several publications demonstrate their practical importance. Consequently, the repeatability and reproducibility of the results are often reported based on the recovery tests alone. A few previous publications are cited in this paper which illustrate the magnitude of random errors derived from subsampling, comminution of analytical samples, and selection of small test portions. OBJECTIVES We aim to call attention to the importance of considering all steps of laboratory sampling and analysis processes in calculating the combined uncertainty of results and realistic performance assessments of methods including their long-term intermediate precision. METHOD Validation of laboratory sampling of large fruits is used to illustrate the recommended procedures, determination of their random error, and long-term method performance. RESULTS The results indicate that subsampling, comminution, and selection of test portions can be major contributors to the combined uncertainty of results. CONCLUSIONS All these steps should be considered in estimation of random variation (uncertainty) of measured residues. HIGHLIGHTS Random error of laboratory sampling for pesticide residues. Mass reduction of large crop units. Internal quality control of laboratory operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Árpád Ambrus
- University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kata Kerekes
- National Food Chain Safety Office, System Management and Supervision Directorate, Kis Rókus str. 15/b, 1024 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henriet Szemánné-Dobrik
- Food Chain Safety Centre Nonprofit Ltd., Pesticide Residue Analytical Laboratory, Miskolc, 3526 Miskolc, Blaskovics L. str. 24, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Domák
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, Pesticide Analytical National Reference Laboratory, Ország út 23, 2481 Velence, Hungary
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Ma K, Wu ZZ, Wang GL, Yang XP. Separation and purification of pyrroloquinoline quinone from Gluconobacter oxydans fermentation broth using supramolecular solvent complex extraction. Food Chem 2021; 361:130067. [PMID: 34062456 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, new supramolecular extractants, which contained surfactant, alkane and alkanol, were designed and used to separate PQQ. After a series of tests, the optimal extractant composition was determined as benzalkalonium (C8-C16) chloride (BC): n-hexane:n-pentanol, and the highest extraction rate could reach 98%. The extraction equilibrium could be reached in five minutes. The mechanism of the extraction selectivity was inferred as an ion-pair and π-π complexation interaction between PQQ and BC, which was indicated by UV and fluorescence quenching experiments. To recycle the organic extractant, the extract was back-extracted with sodium chloride solution. After extraction, back extraction and crystallization, an isolated product with a purity of 97.5% was obtained from G. oxydans fermentation broth. The product was identified as PQQ by HPLC analysis and MS. Above all, the present research developed a simple and efficient method for the separation of PQQ from fermentation broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Dongfeng Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Dongfeng Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Lu Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Dongfeng Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Peng Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Dongfeng Road, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China.
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Lemes LFR, Tarley CRT. Combination of supramolecular solvent-based microextraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction for cadmium determination in flaxseed flour by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chem 2021; 357:129695. [PMID: 33866245 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the development of a new analytical method for cadmium determination in flaxseed flour based on ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with supramolecular preconcentration followed by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Cadmium from flaxseed flour was extracted by ultrasound-assisted radiation in acid medium (1.5 mol L-1HNO3) followed by liquid-liquid microextraction of the acid extractwith dodecanoic acid/THF supramolecular solvent using diethyl dithiophosphate as a chelating agent. The limit of detection and the analytical curve range were found to be 0.10 μg L-1 and 0.35 to 20.0 μg L-1, respectively. The cadmium concentration in the flaxseed flours was ranged from 0.11 ± 0.04 to 0.79 ± 0.03 µg g-1. The proposed methodis considered simpler, faster, low-cost, and environmentally friendly compared to procedures currently used for the determination of cadmium based on acid digestion and using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Francisco Rafael Lemes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR CEP 86051-990, Brazil
| | - César Ricardo Teixeira Tarley
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, PR CEP 86051-990, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) de Bioanalítica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz s/n, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-970, Brazil.
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Musarurwa H, Tavengwa NT. Emerging green solvents and their applications during pesticide analysis in food and environmental samples. Talanta 2021; 223:121507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Musarurwa H, Tavengwa NT. Supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction of pesticides in food and environmental samples. Talanta 2021; 223:121515. [PMID: 33303131 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction is a very important green technique for the isolation and pre-concentration of pesticide residues in food and environmental samples prior to their chromatographic analysis. The attractive features of supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction include its simplicity, high pre-concentration factor, fastness, accuracy, low cost, less consumption of chemical reagents and environmental friendliness. The supramolecular solvent is generated from a ternary mixture of amphiphiles, water and a water miscible dispersion and coacervating solvent. Tehydrofuran is one of the solvents commonly used as both a dispersion solvent and a coacervating agent. This paper gives a recent comprehensive review on the application of alkanols as amphiphiles during supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction of pesticide residues in food and environmental samples. Other researchers used long chain fatty acids as amphiphiles during pesticide analysis in food and environmental samples using supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction, and this is discussed in this paper. The incorporation of ferrofluids in supramolecular solvents enables phase separation using a magnet instead of the time-consuming centrifugation technique. This paper also gives a detailed review of the application of ferrofluid-based supramolecular solvent micro-extraction of pesticide residues in food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Musarurwa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Nikita Tawanda Tavengwa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.
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Liang M, Xian Y, Wang B, Hou X, Wang L, Guo X, Wu Y, Dong H. High throughput analysis of 21 perfluorinated compounds in drinking water, tap water, river water and plant effluent from southern China by supramolecular solvents-based microextraction coupled with HPLC-Orbitrap HRMS. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114389. [PMID: 32220691 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present work reported a high-throughput strategy for the analysis of 21 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in drinking water, tap water, river water and plant effluent from southern China by supramolecular solvent (SUPARS) vortex-mixed microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-Orbitrap HRMS). The SUPRAS without heating assistance is less solvent-consumption, meeting the requirements for green environmental protection and sustainable development. Parameters in the microextraction such as volume of dodecanol and tetrahydrofuran (THF), vortexing extraction and centrifugation time, salt concentration were investigated. The optimal extraction conditions were 250 μL of undecanol, 1.0 mL of THF and 20.0% (w/v, 4 g) NaCl. Under the optimum conditions, method limit of detection and method limit of quantitation in the ranges of 0.01-0.08 μg/L and 0.03-0.25 μg/L, good recoveries (72.5-117.8%) and intra-day precision (1.1-11.2%, n = 6), high enrichment factors (48-78) were obtained. The developed method was successfully applied for analysis of PFCs in 13 drinking water, tap water, river water and plant effluent samples collected from southern China. Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid was detected in one river water with concentration of 0.48 μg/L and 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid was detected in one river water and two plant effluent samples with concentrations in the range of 0.14-0.67 μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liang
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou City Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety, Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety, No. 1-2, Zhujiang Road, Chaotian Industrial Zone, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511447, China
| | - Yanping Xian
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou City Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety, Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety, No. 1-2, Zhujiang Road, Chaotian Industrial Zone, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511447, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou City Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety, Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety, No. 1-2, Zhujiang Road, Chaotian Industrial Zone, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511447, China
| | - Xiangchang Hou
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou City Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety, Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety, No. 1-2, Zhujiang Road, Chaotian Industrial Zone, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511447, China
| | - Li Wang
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou City Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety, Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety, No. 1-2, Zhujiang Road, Chaotian Industrial Zone, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511447, China
| | - Xindong Guo
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou City Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety, Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety, No. 1-2, Zhujiang Road, Chaotian Industrial Zone, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511447, China
| | - Yuluan Wu
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou City Research Center of Risk Dynamic Detection and Early Warning for Food Safety, Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Food Safety, No. 1-2, Zhujiang Road, Chaotian Industrial Zone, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511447, China
| | - Hao Dong
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, No. 24, Dongsha Street, Fangzhi Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China.
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Biparva P, Gorji S, Hedayati E. Promoted reaction microextraction for determining pesticide residues in environmental water samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1612:460639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Plasmon-active optical fiber functionalized by metal organic framework for pesticide detection. Talanta 2020; 208:120480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Deng H, Wang H, Liang M, Su X. A novel approach based on supramolecular solvent microextraction and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS for simultaneous analysis of perfluorinated compounds and fluorine-containing pesticides in drinking and environmental water. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Roussev M, Lehotay SJ, Pollaehne J. Cryogenic Sample Processing with Liquid Nitrogen for Effective and Efficient Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Foods and Feeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9203-9209. [PMID: 31369261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the monitoring of hundreds of pesticides in food and feed, the comminution step is equally crucial as any other to achieve valid results. However, sample processing is often underestimated in its importance and practical difficulty to produce consistent test portions for analysis. The scientific literature is rife with descriptions of microextraction methods, but ironically, sample comminution is often ignored or dismissed as being prosaic, despite it being the foundation upon which the viability of such techniques relies. Cryogenic sample processing using dry ice (-78 °C) is generally accepted in practice, but studies have not shown it to yield representative test portions of <1 g. Remarkably, liquid nitrogen has rarely been used as a cryogenic agent in pesticide residue analysis, presumably as a result of access, cost, and safety concerns. However, real-world implementation of blending unfrozen bulk food portions with liquid nitrogen (-196 °C) using common food processing devices has demonstrated this approach to be safe, simple, fast, and cost-effective and yield high-quality results for various commodities, including increased stability of labile or volatile analytes. For example, analysis of dithiocarbamates as carbon disulfide has shown a significant increase of thiram recoveries (up to 95%) using liquid nitrogen during sample comminution. This perspective is intended to allay concerns among working laboratories about the practical use of liquid nitrogen for improved sample processing in the routine monitoring of pesticide residues in foods and feeds, which also gives promise for feasible test sample size reduction in high-throughput miniaturized methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manol Roussev
- WESSLING GmbH , Haynauer Straße 60 , D-12249 Berlin ; Germany
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , 600 East Mermaid Lane , Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania 19038 , United States
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