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Angelopoulou M, Kourti D, Misiakos K, Economou A, Petrou P, Kakabakos S. Mach-Zehnder Interferometric Immunosensor for Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, Chocolate Milk, and Yogurt. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:592. [PMID: 37366957 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is detected in the milk of animals after ingestion of aflatoxin B1-contaminated food; since 2002, it has been categorized as a group I carcinogen. In this work, a silicon-based optoelectronic immunosensor for the detection of AFM1 in milk, chocolate milk, and yogurt has been developed. The immunosensor consists of ten Mach-Zehnder silicon nitride waveguide interferometers (MZIs) integrated on the same chip with the respective light sources, and an external spectrophotometer for transmission spectra collection. The sensing arm windows of MZIs are bio-functionalized after chip activation with aminosilane by spotting an AFM1 conjugate with bovine serum albumin. For AFM1 detection, a three-step competitive immunoassay is employed, including the primary reaction with a rabbit polyclonal anti-AFM1 antibody, followed by biotinylated donkey polyclonal anti-rabbit IgG antibody and streptavidin. The assay duration was 15 min with limits of detection of 0.005 ng/mL in both full-fat and chocolate milk, and 0.01 ng/mL in yogurt, which are lower than the maximum allowable concentration of 0.05 ng/mL set by the European Union. The assay is accurate (% recovery values 86.7-115) and repeatable (inter- and intra-assay variation coefficients <8%). The excellent analytical performance of the proposed immunosensor paves the way for accurate on-site AFM1 determination in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michailia Angelopoulou
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Dimitra Kourti
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Misiakos
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Anastasios Economou
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Petrou
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Sotirios Kakabakos
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
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Länge K. Bulk and Surface Acoustic Wave Biosensors for Milk Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080602. [PMID: 36005001 PMCID: PMC9405821 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Milk and dairy products are common foods and, therefore, are subject to regular controls. Such controls cover both the identification and quantification of specific components and the determination of physical parameters. Components include the usual milk ingredients, mainly carbohydrates, proteins, and fat, and any impurities that may be present. The latter range from small molecules, such as drug residues, to large molecules, e.g., protein-based toxins, to pathogenic microorganisms. Physical parameters of interest include viscosity as an indicator of milk gelation. Bulk and surface acoustic wave sensors, such as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, can principally be used for both types of analysis, with the actual application mainly depending on the device coating and the test format. This review summarizes the achievements of acoustic sensor devices used for milk analysis applications, including the determination of physical liquid parameters and the detection of low- and high-molecular-weight analytes and microorganisms. It is shown how the various requirements resulting from the respective analytes and the complex sample matrix are addressed, and to what extent the analytical demands, e.g., with regard to legal limits, are met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Länge
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Emerging biosensors to detect aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products. Food Chem 2022; 398:133848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ravindran N, Kumar S, M Y, S R, C A M, Thirunavookarasu S N, C K S. Recent advances in Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensors for food analysis: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1055-1077. [PMID: 34328048 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1958745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Food safety is the prime area of concern that builds trust. With the prevailing advancements, it has become facile to ensure safety in almost all aspects. Technology has grown from tedious lab techniques to modern chromatographic techniques and immunoassays, progressed with more precise and rapid sensing through the advent of Biosensors. Biosensors provide an automated technology by presenting superfast, nondestructive and cost-effective detection in food analysis. SPR biosensor is an optical biosensor known for its versatility and has wider applications in food testing and analysis. It has an optical system for excitation and interrogation of surface plasmons, and a biomolecular recognition element to detect and seize the target analyte present in a sample. The optical signal detects the binding analyte, on the recognition element, which results in a change in refractive index at the surface and modifies the surface plasmons' propagation constant. SPR aids in label-free detection of various components such as adulterants, antibiotics, biomolecules, genetically modified foods, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, microorganisms and microbial toxins in food and assures safety. The distinct advancements of SPR in food analysis have been found and discussed. The review also provides knowledge on the advantages and the key challenges encountered by SPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevetha Ravindran
- Department of Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur, India
| | - Sandhya Kumar
- Department of Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur, India
| | - Yashini M
- Department of Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur, India
| | - Rajeshwari S
- Department of Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur, India
| | - Mamathi C A
- Department of Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Sunil C K
- Department of Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology, Thanjavur, India
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Wood JE, Gill BD, Indyk HE, Rhemrev R, Pazdanska M, Mackay N, Marley E. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Liquid Milk, Cheese, and Selected Milk Proteins by Automated Online Immunoaffinity Cleanup with Liquid Chromatography‒Fluorescence Detection. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:719-724. [PMID: 33337481 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by a number of species of Aspergillus fungi. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and is found in the milk of cows fed with feed spoilt by Aspergillus species. AFM1 is carcinogenic, especially in the liver and kidneys, and mutagenic, and is also an immunosuppressant in humans. OBJECTIVE A high-throughput method for the quantitative analysis of AFM1 that is applicable to liquid milk, cheese, milk protein concentrate (MPC), whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein isolate (WPI), and whey powder (WP) was developed and validated. METHOD AFM1 in cheese, milk, and protein products is extracted using 1% acetic acid in acetonitrile with citrate salts. The AFM1 in the resulting extract is concentrated using RIDA®CREST/IMMUNOPREP® ONLINE cartridges followed by quantification by HPLC‒fluorescence. RESULTS The method was shown to be accurate for WP, WPC, WPI, MPC, liquid milk, and cheese, with acceptable recovery (81-112%) from spiked samples. Acceptable precision for WP, WPC, WPI, MPC, liquid milk, and cheese was confirmed, with repeatabilities of 4-12% RSD and intermediate precisions of 5-13% RSD. Method detection limit and ruggedness experiments further demonstrated the suitability of this method for routine compliance testing. An international proficiency scheme (FAPAS) cheese sample showed that this method gave results that were comparable with those from other methods. CONCLUSIONS A method for high-throughput, routine testing of AFM1 is described. The method was subjected to single-laboratory validation and was found to be accurate, precise, and fit-for-purpose. HIGHLIGHTS An automated online immunoaffinity cleanup HPLC‒fluorescence method for milk proteins, cheese, and milk was developed and single-laboratory validated. It allows for high-throughput analysis of AFM1 and can be used for the analysis of AFM1 in whey protein products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie E Wood
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3341, New Zealand
| | - Brendon D Gill
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3341, New Zealand
| | - Harvey E Indyk
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3341, New Zealand
| | - Ria Rhemrev
- R-Biopharm Rhône Ltd, Block 10 Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Road, Glasgow G20 0XA, Scotland
| | - Monika Pazdanska
- R-Biopharm Rhône Ltd, Block 10 Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Road, Glasgow G20 0XA, Scotland
| | - Naomi Mackay
- R-Biopharm Rhône Ltd, Block 10 Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Road, Glasgow G20 0XA, Scotland
| | - Elaine Marley
- R-Biopharm Rhône Ltd, Block 10 Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Road, Glasgow G20 0XA, Scotland
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Yi J, Xiao W, Li G, Wu P, He Y, Chen C, He Y, Ding P, Kai T. The research of aptamer biosensor technologies for detection of microorganism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9877-9890. [PMID: 33047168 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The activities and transmissions of microorganisms are closely related to human, and all kinds of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms have attracted attention in the world and brought many challenges to human health and public health. The traditional microbial detection technologies have characteristics of longer detection cycle and complicated processes, therefore, which can no longer meet the detection requirements in the field of public health. At present, it is the focus to develop and design a novel, rapid, and simple microbial detection method in the field of public health. Herein, this article summarized the development of aptamer biosensor technologies for detection of microorganism in the aspect of bacteria, viruses, and toxins in detail, including optical aptamer sensors such as fluorometry and colorimetry, electrochemical aptamer sensors, and other technologies combined with aptamer. KEY POINTS: • Aptamer biosensor is a good platform for microbial detection. • Aptamer biosensors include optical sensors and electrochemical sensors. • Aptamer sensors have been widely used in the detection of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiecan Yi
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.,School of Public Health, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Hunan Institute of Food Quality Supervision Inspection and Research, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyin Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541014, Guangxi, China
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Yayuan He
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Cuimei Chen
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Yafei He
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Tianhan Kai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
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